The role of Thymoglobulin induction in kidney transplantation: An update

Clinical Transplantation

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2012, Pages

  Mourad, Georges ^a   Morelon, Emmanuel ^b,c   Noël, Christian ^d   Glotz, Denis ^e   Lebranchu, Yvon ^f  

^a UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

^b EDOUARD HERRIOT HOSPITAL   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON   (France)

^d LILLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^e SAINT LOUIS HOSPITAL   (France)

^f FHU SUPORT   (France)

Author keywords

Antilymphocyte globulin; Antithymocyte globulin; Induction; Kidney transplantation; Thymoglobulin

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; BASILIXIMAB; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; DACLIZUMAB; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 3; RAPAMYCIN; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; TACROLIMUS; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTHRALGIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DELAYED GRAFT FUNCTION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEVER; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LEUKOPENIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATIENT MONITORING; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; SERUM SICKNESS; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN DISFIGUREMENT; SKIN MALFORMATION; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM; HUMANS; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; RABBITS;

EID: 84867599816     PISSN: 09020063     EISSN: 13990012     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12021     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. ®): 25 years and new frontiers in solid organ transplantation and haematology. Drugs 2010: 70: 691.
2. Starzl TE. Hetrologous antilymphocyte globulin. N Engl J Med 1958: 279: 700.
3. Starzl TE, Porter KA, Iwasaki Y, Marchioro TL, Kashiwagi N. The use of antilymphocyte globulin in human renal homotransplantations. In: Wolstenholme GEW and O'Connor M eds. Antilymphocyte Serum. London: J & A Churchill Ltd, 1967: 4.
4. Brennan DC, Daller JA, Lake KD, Cibrik D, Del Castillo D, Thymoglobin Induction Study Group. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin versus basiliximab in renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 2006: 355: 1967.
5. Noël C, Abramowicz D, Durand D et al. Daclizumab versus antithymocyte globulin in high-immunological-risk renal transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009: 20: 1385.
6. Lebranchu Y, Bridoux F, Büchler M et al. Immunoprophylaxis with basiliximab compared with antithymocyte globulin in renal transplant patients receiving MMF-containing triple therapy. Am J Transplant 2002: 2: 48.
7. Mourad G, Rostaing L, Legendre C, Garrigue V, Thervet E, Durand D. Sequential protocols using basiliximab versus antithymocyte globulins in renal-transplant patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. Transplantation 2004: 78: 584.
8. Bonnefoy-Bérard N, Vincent C, Revillard JP. Antibodies against functional leukocyte surface molecules in polyclonal antilymphocyte and antithymocyte globulins. Transplantation 1991: 53: 669.
9. Préville X, Flacher M, LeMauff B et al. Mechanisms involved in antithymocyte globulin immunosuppressive activity in a nonhuman primate model. Transplantation 2001: 71: 460.
10. Genestier L, Fournel S, Flacher M, Assossou O, Revillard JP, Bonnefoy-Berard N. Induction of Fas (Apo-1, CD95)-mediated apoptosis of activated lymphocytes by polyclonal antithymocyte globulins. Blood 1998: 91: 2360.
11. Michallet MC, Saltel F, Preville X, Flacher M, Revillard JP, Genestier L. Cathepsin-B-dependent apoptosis triggered by antithymocyte globulins: a novel mechanism of T-cell depletion. Blood 2003: 102: 3719.
12. Merion RM, Howell T, Bromberg JS. Partial T-cell activation and anergy induction by polyclonal antithymocyte globulin. Transplantation 1998: 65: 1481.
13. Zand MS, Vo T, Huggins J et al. Polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin triggers B-cell and plasma cell apoptosis by multiple pathways. Transplantation 2005: 79: 1507.
14. Gillet-Hladky S, de Carvalho CM, Bernaud J, Bendahou C, Bloy C, Rigal D. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin inhibits monocyte-derived dendritic cells maturation in vitro and polarizes monocyte-derived dendritic cells towards tolerogenic dendritic cells expressing indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase. Transplantation 2006: 82: 965.
15. Lopez M, Clarkson MR, Albin M, Sayegh MH, Najafian N. A novel mechanism of action for anti-thymocyte globulin: induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006: 17: 2844.
16. Michallet MC, Preville X, Flacher M, Fournel S, Genestier L, Revillard JP. Functional antibodies to leukocyte adhesion molecules in antithymocyte globulins. Transplantation 2003: 75: 657.
17. Wu O, Levy AR, Briggs A, Lewis G, Jardine A. Acute rejection and chronic nephropathy: a systematic review of the literature. Transplantation 2009: 87: 1330.
18. Diethelm AG, Aldrete JS, Shaw JF et al. Clinical evaluation of equine antithymocyte globulin in recipients of renal allograft: analysis of survival, renal function, rejection, histocompatibility, and complications. Ann Surg 1974: 180: 20.
19. Najarian JS, Simmons RL, Condie RM et al. Seven years' experience with antilymphoblast globulin for renal transplantation from cadaver donors. Ann Surg 1976: 184: 352.
20. Borel JF, Feurer C, Magnée C, Stähelin H. Effects of the new anti-lymphocytic peptide cyclosporin A in animals. Immunology 1977: 32: 1017.
21. Calne RY, White DJ, Thiru S et al. Cyclosporin A in patients receiving renal allograft from cadaver donors. Lancet 1978: 2: 1323.
22. European Multicenter Trial. Cyclosporin A as sole immunosuppressive agent in recipients of kidney allografts from cadaver donors. Preliminary results of a European multicentre trial. Lancet 1982: 2: 57.
23. Slakey DP, Johnson CP, Callaluce RD et al. A prospective randomized comparison of quadruple versus triple therapy for first cadaver transplants with immediate function. Transplantation 1993: 56: 827.
24. Mourad G, Garrigue V, Squifflet JP et al. Induction versus noninduction in renal transplant recipients with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Transplantation 2001: 72: 1050.
25. Charpentier B, Rostaing L, Berthoux F et al. A three-arm study comparing immediate tacrolimus therapy with antithymocyte globulin induction therapy followed by tacrolimus or cyclosporine A in adult renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2003: 75: 844.
26. Uslu A, Nart A. Treatment of first acute rejection episode: systematic review of level I evidence. Transplant Proc 2011: 43: 841.
27. Hardinger KL, Schnitzler MA, Miller B et al. Five-year follow up of thymoglobulin versus ATGAM induction in adult renal transplantation. Transplantation 2004: 78: 136.
28. Hardinger KL, Rhee S, Buchanan P et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded comparison of thymoglobulin versus Atgam for induction immunosuppressive therapy: 10-year results. Transplantation 2008: 86: 947.
29. Webster AC, Ruster LP, McGee R et al. Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010: 20: CD003897.
30. Ciancio G, Burke GW, Gaynor JJ et al. A randomized trial of three renal transplant induction antibodies: early comparison of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroid dosing, and newer immune-monitoring. Transplantation 2005: 80: 457.
31. Abou-Ayache R, Büchler M, Lepogamp P et al. CMV infections after two doses of daclizumab versus thymoglobulin in renal transplant patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil, steroids and delayed cyclosporine A. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008: 23: 2024.
32. Locke J, Simpkins C, Leffell MS et al. Results of a randomized prospective study of induction therapy with daclizumab versus thymoglobulin among crossmatch positive renal transplant recipients. [abstract 521]. Transplantation 2008: 86(Suppl 2): 182.
33. Pourfarziani V, Lesanpezeshki M, Einollahi B et al. Zenapax versus ALG prophylaxis in immunologically high-risk group of allograft recipients. [abstract]. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003: 18(Suppl 4): 494.
34. Soulillou JP, Cantarovich D, Le Mauff B et al. Randomized controlled trial of a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-2 receptor (33B3.1) as compared with rabbit antithymocyte globulin for prophylaxis against rejection of renal allografts. N Engl J Med 1990: 332: 1175.
35. Hernández D, Miquel R, Porrini E et al. Randomized controlled study comparing reduced calcineurin inhibitors exposure versus standard cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Transplantation 2007: 84: 706.
36. Vincenti F, de Andrés A, Becker T et al. Interleukin-2 receptor antagonist induction in modern immunosuppression regimens for renal transplant recipients. Transplant Int 2006: 19: 446.
37. Brennan DC, Schnitzler MA. Long-term results of rabbit antithymocyte globulin and basiliximab induction. N Engl J Med 2008: 359: 1736.
38. Hardinger KL, Brennan DC, Schnitzler MA. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin is more beneficial in standard kidney than in extended donor recipients. Transplantation 2009: 87: 1372.
39. Willoughby LM, Schnitzler MA, Brennan DC et al. Early outcomes of thymoglobulin and basiliximab induction in kidney transplantation: application of statistical approaches to reduce bias in observational comparisons. Transplantation 2009: 87: 1520.
40. Hanaway MJ, Woodle ES, Mulgaonkar S et al. Alemtuzumab induction in renal transplantation. Engl N Med J 2011: 364: 1909.
41. Jindal RM, Das NP, Neff RT et al. Outcomes in African-Americans vs. Caucasians using thymoglobulin or interleukin-2 receptor inhibitor induction: analysis of USRDS database. Am J Nephrol 2009: 29: 501.
42. Schenker P, Ozturk A, Vonend O et al. Single-dose thymoglobulin induction in living-donor renal transplantation. Ann Transplant 2011: 16: 50.
43. Hardinger KL, Schnitzler MA, Koch MJ et al. Thymoglobulin induction is safe and effective in live-donor renal transplantation: a single center experience. Transplantation 2006: 81: 1285.
44. Laftavi MR, Patel S, Soliman MR et al. Low-dose thymoglobulin use in elderly renal transplant recipients is safe and effective induction therapy. Transplant Proc 2011: 43: 466.
45. Mehrabi A, Mood ZA, Sadeghi M et al. Thymoglobulin and ischemia reperfusion injury in kidney and liver transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007: 22(Suppl 8): viii54.
46. Huang Y, Rabb H, Womer KL. Ischemia-reperfusion and immediate T cell responses. Cell Immunol 2007: 248: 4.
47. Chappell D, Beiras-Fernandez A, Hammer C, Thein E. In vivo visualization of the effect of polyclonal antithymocyte globulins on the microcirculation after ischemia/reperfusion in a primate model. Transplantation 2006: 81: 552.
48. Beiras-Fernandez A, Chappell D, Hammer C, Thein E. Influence of polyclonal antithymocyte globulins upon ischemia-reperfusion injury in a non-human primate model. Transpl Immunol 2006: 15: 273.
49. Beiras-Fernandez A, Thein E, Chappell D et al. Polyclonal anti-thymocyte globulins influence apoptosis in reperfused tissues after ischemia in a non-human primate model. Transpl Int 2004: 17: 453.
50. Mueller TF. Mechanisms of action of Thymoglobulin. Transplantation 2007: 84(Suppl 11): S5.
51. Beiras-Fernandez A, Thein E, Hammer C. Induction of immunosuppression with polyclonal antithymocyte globulins: an overview. Exp Clin Transplant 2003: 1: 79.
52. Aiello S, Cassis P, Mister M et al. Rabbit anti-rat thymocyte immunoglobulin preserves renal function during ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney transplantation. Transplant Int 2011: 24: 829.
53. Goggins WC, Pascual MA, Powelson JA et al. A prospective, randomized, clinical trial of intraoperative versus postoperative Thymoglobulin in adult cadaveric renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2003: 76: 798.
54. Ojo AO, Wolfe RA, Held PJ, Port FK, Schmouder RL. Delayed graft function: risk factors and implications for renal allograft survival. Transplantation 1997: 63: 968.
55. Kamar N, Garrigue V, Karras A et al. Impact of early or delayed cyclosporine on delayed graft function in renal transplant recipients: a randomized, multicenter study. Am J Transplant 2006: 6(5 Pt 1): 1042.
56. Knight SR, Morris PJ. Steroid avoidance or withdrawal after renal transplantation increases the risk of acute rejection but decreases cardiovascular risk. A meta-analysis. Transplantation 2010: 89: 1.
57. Vanrenterghem Y, Lebranchu Y, Hené R, Oppenheimer F, Ekberg H. Double-blind comparison of two corticosteroid regimens plus mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 2000: 70: 1352.
58. Lebranchu Y, Aubert P, Bayle F et al. Could steroids be withdrawn in renal transplant patients sequentially treated with ATG, cyclosporine, and cellcept? One-year results of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter study comparing normal dose versus low-dose and withdrawal of steroids. M 55002 French Study Group. Transplant Proc 2000: 32: 396.
59. Matas AJ, Kandaswamy R, Humar A et al. Long-term immunosuppression, without maintenance prednisone, after kidney transplantation. Ann Surg 2004: 240: 510.
60. Kandaswamy R, Melancon JK, Dunn T et al. A prospective randomized trial of steroid-free maintenance regimens in kidney transplant recipients-an interim analysis. Am J Transplant 2005: 5: 1529.
61. Woodle ES, First MR, Pirsch J, Shihab F, Gaber AO, Van Veldhuisen P, Astellas Corticosteroid Withdrawal Study Group. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing early (7 day) corticosteroid cessation versus long-term, low-dose corticosteroid therapy. Ann Surg 2008: 248: 564.
62. Woodle ES, Peddi VR, Tomlanovich S, Mulgaonkar S, Kuo PC, TRIMS Study Investigators. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study evaluating early corticosteroid withdrawal with Thymoglobulin in living-donor kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 73.
63. Flechner SM, Kobashigawa J, Klintmalm G. Calcineurin inhibitor-sparing regimens in solid organ transplantation: focus on improving renal function and nephrotoxicity. Clin Transplant 2008: 22: 1.
64. Zeier M, Van Der Giet M. Calcineurin inhibitor sparing regimens using m-target of rapamycin inhibitors: an opportunity to improve cardiovascular risk following kidney transplantation? Transpl Int 2011: 24: 30.
65. Rostaing L, Kamar N. mTOR inhibitor/proliferation signal inhibitors: entering or leaving the field? J Nephrol 2010: 23: 133.
66. Vincenti F, Charpentier B, Vanrenterghem Y et al. A phase III study of belatacept-based immunosuppression regimens versus cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients (BENEFIT study). Am J Transplant 2010: 10: 535.
67. Durrbach A, Pestana JM, Pearson T et al. A phase III study of belatacept versus cyclosporine in kidney transplants from extended criteria donors (BENEFIT-EXT study). Am J Transplant 2010: 10: 547.
68. Ferguson R, Grinyó J, Vincenti F et al. Immunosuppression with belatacept-based, corticosteroid-avoiding regimens in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2011: 11: 66.
69. Swanson SJ, Hale DA, Mannon RB et al. Kidney transplantation with rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction and sirolimus monotherapy. Lancet 2002: 360: 1662.
70. Grinyó JM, Gil-Vernet S, Cruzado JM et al. Calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppression based on antithymocyte globulin and mycophenolate mofetil in cadaveric kidney transplantation: results after 5 years. Transpl Int 2003: 16: 820.
71. Büchler M, Caillard S, Barbier S et al., SPIESSER Group. Sirolimus versus cyclosporine in kidney recipients receiving thymoglobulin, mycophenolate mofetil and a 6-month course of steroids. Am J Transplant 2007: 7: 2522.
72. Glotz D, Charpentier B, Abramovicz D et al. Thymoglobulin induction and sirolimus versus tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. Transplant 2010: 89: 1511.
73. Larson TS, Dean PG, Stegall MD et al. Complete avoidance of calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplantation: a randomized trial comparing sirolimus and tacrolimus. Am J Transplant 2006: 6: 514.
74. Lo A, Egidi MF, Gaber LW et al. Observations regarding the use of sirolimus and tacrolimus in high-risk cadaveric renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2004: 18: 53.
75. Lebranchu Y, Snanoudj R, Toupance O et al. Five-year results of a randomized trial comparing de novo sirolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplantation: the Spiesser study. Am J Transplant 2012: 12: 1801.
76. Ekberg H, Tedesco-Silva H, Demirbas A et al., ELITE-Symphony Study. Reduced exposure to calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 2007: 357: 2562.
77. Flechner SM, Glyda M, Cockfield S et al. The ORION Study: comparison of two sirolimus-based regimens versus tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in renal allograft recipients. Am J Transplant 2011: 11: 1633.
78. Genzyme Europe B.V. Thymoglobulin 25 mg powder for solution for infusion: summary of product characteristics. Updated 08/2009.
79. Brennan DC, Flavin K, Lowell JA et al. A randomized, double-blinded comparison of Thymoglobulin versus Atgam for induction immunosuppressive therapy in adult renal transplant recipients. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin versus basiliximab in renal transplantation. Transplantation 1999: 67: 1011.
80. Büchler M, Hurault de Ligny B, Madec C, Lebranchu Y, French Thymoglobuline Pharmacovigilance Study Group. Induction therapy by anti-thymocyte globulin (rabbit) in renal transplantation: a 1-yr follow-up of safety and efficacy. Clin Transplant 2003: 17: 539.
81. Tsapepas D, Mohan S, Crew RJ, Cohen D, Ratner LE. Small thymoglobulin dose adjustments have profound impact on early rejections in renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2011: 11(Suppl 2): Abstract 389.
82. Agha IA, Rueda J, Alvarez A et al. Short course induction immunosuppression with thymoglobulin for renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002: 73: 473.
83. Wong W, Agrawal N, Pascual M et al. Comparison of two dosages of thymoglobulin used as a short-course for induction in kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 2006: 19: 629.
84. Hardinger KL. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction therapy in adult renal transplantation. Pharmacotherapy 2006: 26: 1771.
85. Thymoglobulin (anti-thymocyte globulin [rabbit]) Prescribing Information. Genzyme Polyclonals. Marcy L'Etoile, France: SAS. Updated September 2008.
86. Bunn D, Lea CK, Bevan DJ, Higgins RM, Hendry BM. Pharmacokinetics of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) following intravenous infusion in man. Clin Nephrol 1996: 45: 29.
87. Stevens RB, Mercer DF, Grant WJ et al. Randomized trial of single-dose versus divided-dose rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin induction in renal transplantation: an interim report. Transplantation 2008: 85: 1391.
88. Djamali A, Turc-Baron C, Portales P et al. Low dose antithymocyte globulins in renal transplantation: daily versus intermittent administration based on T-cell monitoring. Transplantation 2000: 69: 799.
89. Peddi VR, Bryant M, Roy-Chaudhury P, Woodle ES, First MR. Safety and efficacy, and cost analysis of thymoglobulin induction therapy with intermittent dosing based on CD3+ lymphocyte counts in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002: 73: 1514.
90. Pollock-BarZiv SM, Allain-Rooney T, Manlhiot C et al. Continuous infusion of thymoglobulin for induction therapy in pediatric heart transplant recipients; experience and outcomes with a novel strategy for administration. Pediatr Transplant 2009: 13: 585.
91. Erickson AL, Roberts K, Malek SK, Chandraker AK, Tullius SG, Gabardi S. Analysis of infusion-site reactions in renal transplant recipients receiving peripherally administered rabbit antithymocyte globulin as compared with basiliximab. Transpl Int 2010: 23: 636.
92. Marvin MR, Droogan C, Sawinski D, Cohen DJ, Hardy MA. Administration of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin) in ambulatory renal-transplant patients. Transplantation 2003: 75: 488.
93. Mathis AS, Rao V. Deep vein thrombosis during rabbit antithymocyte globulin administration. Transplant Proc 2004: 36: 3250.
94. Wiland AM, Fink JC, Philosophe B et al. Peripheral administration of thymoglobulin for induction therapy in pancreas transplantation. Transplant Proc 2001: 33: 1910.
95. Khositseth S, Matas A, Cook ME, Gillingham KJ, Chavers BM. Thymoglobulin versus ATGAM induction therapy in pediatric kidney transplant recipients: a single-center report. Transplantation 2005: 79: 958.
96. Schwartz JJ, Ishitani MB, Weckwerth J, Morgenstern B, Milliner D, Stegall MD. Decreased incidence of acute rejection in adolescent kidney transplant recipients using antithymocyte induction and triple immunosuppression. Transplantation 2007: 84: 715.
97. Brophy PD, Thomas SE, McBryde KD, Bunchman TE. Comparison of polyclonal induction agents in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2001: 5: 174.
98. Kamel MH, Mohan P, Little DM, Awan A, Hickey DP. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin as induction immunotherapy for pediatric deceased donor kidney transplantation. J Urol 2005: 174: 703.
99. Boothpur R, Hardinger KL, Skelton RM et al. Serum sickness after treatment with rabbit antithymocyte globulin in kidney transplant recipients with previous rabbit exposure. Am J Kidney Dis 2010: 55: 141.
100. Gurkan S, Luan Y, Dhillon N et al. Immune reconstitution following rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Am J Transplant 2010: 10: 2132.
101. Morelon E, Lefrançois N, Besson C et al. Preferential increase in memory and regulatory subsets during T-lymphocyte immune reconstitution after Thymoglobulin induction therapy with maintenance sirolimus vs cyclosporine. Transplant Immunol 2010: 23: 53.
102. Ducloux D, Carron PL, Racadot E et al. CD4 lymphocytopenia in long-term renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1998: 30: 2859.
103. Issa N, Fishman JA. Infectious complications of antilymphocyte therapies in solid organ transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2009: 8: 772.
104. Döcke WD, Prösch S, Fietze E et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation and tumour necrosis factor. Lancet 1994: 343: 268.
105. Schold JD, Rehman S, Kayle LK, Magliocca J, Srinivas TR, Meier-Kriesche HU. Treatment for BK virus: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for kidney transplant recipients in the United States. Transplant Int 2009: 22: 626.
106. Dharnidharka VR, Cherikh WS, Abbott KC. An OPTN analysis of national registry data on treatment of BK virus allograft nephropathy in the United States. Transplantation 2009: 87: 1019.
107. Dadhania D, Snopkowski C, Ding R et al. Epidemiology of BK virus in renal allograft recipients: independent risk factors for BK virus replication. Transplantation 2008: 86: 521.
108. Srinivas TR, Schold J, Guerra G et al. Total rabbit ATG dose is a risk factor for onset of BK viremia in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2007: 7(Suppl 2): 235.
109. Ducloux D, Carron PL, Motte G et al. Lymphocyte subsets and assessment of cancer risk in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Int 2002: 15: 393.
110. Glowacki F, Al Morabiti M, Lionet A et al. Long-term kinetics of a T-lymphocytes subset in kidney transplant recipients: relationship with posttransplant malignancies. Transplant Proc 2009: 41: 3323.
111. Opelz G, Naujokat C, Daniel V, Terness P, Döhler B. Disassociation between risk of graft loss and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with induction agents in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2006: 81: 1227.
112. Caillard S, Dharnidharka V, Agodoa L, Bohen E, Abbott K. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after renal transplantation in the United States in era of modern immunosuppression. Transplantation 2005: 80: 1233.
113. Bustami RT, Ojo AO, Wolfe RA et al. Immunosuppression and the risk of post-transplant malignancy among cadaveric first kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2004: 4: 87.
114. Cherikh WS, Kauffman HM, McBride MA, Maghirang J, Swinnen LJ, Hanto DW. Association of the type of induction immunosuppression with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, graft survival, and patient survival after primary kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2003: 76: 1289.
115. Dharnidharka VR, Stevens G. Risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after polyclonal antibody induction in kidney transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2005: 9: 622.
116. Faull RJ, Hollett P, McDonald SP. Lymphoproliferative disease after renal transplantation in Australia and New Zealand. Transplantation 2005: 80: 193.
117. Kirk AD, Cherikh WS, Ring M et al. Dissociation of depletional induction and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in kidney recipients treated with alemtuzumab. Am J Transplant 2007: 7: 2619.
118. Thibaudin D, Alamartine E, Mariat C, Absi L, Berthoux F. Long-term kinetic of T-lymphocyte subsets in kidney-transplant recipients: influence of anti-T-cell antibodies and association with posttransplant malignancies. Transplantation 2005: 80: 1514.
119. Vergani A, D'Addio F, Jurewicz M et al. A novel clinically relevant strategy to abrogate autoimmunity and regulate alloimmunity in NOD mice. Diabetes 2010: 59: 2253.
120. D'Addio F, Yuan X, Habicht A et al. A novel clinically relevant approach to tip the balance toward regulation in stringent transplant model. Transplantation 2010: 90: 260.