Infectious complications of antilymphocyte therapies in solid organ transplantation

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 48, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 772-786

  Issa, Nicolas C ^a   Fishman, Jay A ^a,b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ALEMTUZUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; BASILIXIMAB; CYCLOSPORIN A; DACLIZUMAB; GANCICLOVIR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LYMPHOCYTE IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 3; STEROID; TACROLIMUS; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALGANCICLOVIR; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR ALPHA; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CARDIAC GRAFT REJECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DIARRHEA; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DYSPNEA; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; FEVER; GRAFT REJECTION; HEART GRAFT; HERPES SIMPLEX; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; KIDNEY GRAFT; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; LUNG GRAFT REJECTION; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; MENINGITIS; MYCOSIS; NAUSEA; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PANCREAS GRAFT REJECTION; PARASITIC MENINGITIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIGOR; SEPSIS; THORAX PAIN; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VIRUS INFECTION; VOMITING; DRUG ANTAGONISM; INCIDENCE; LYMPHOCYTE DEPLETION; REVIEW;

ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; INCIDENCE; INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT; LYMPHOCYTE DEPLETION; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 62449171076     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/597089     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Parasuraman R, Nizaar A, Karthikeyan V, et al. Significant increase in infection-associated renal allograft failure over the past decade: UNOS data analysis [abstract 146]. In: Program and abstracts of the 8th American Transplant Congress (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 2008: 218.
2. Ciancio G, Burke GW 3rd. Alemtuzumab (Campath-IH) in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:15-20.
3. Kaden J. Eleven years intraoperative ATG bolus: a list of successes. Ann Transplant 2002; 7:4-10.
4. + regulatory T cells in vitro. Blood 2008; 111:3675-83.
5. Raefsky EL, Gascon P, Gratwohl A, Speck B, Young NS. Biological and immunological characterization of ATG and ALG. Blood 1986; 68:712-9.
6. Bourdage JS, Hamlin DM. Comparative polyclonal antithymocyte globulin and antilymphocyte/antilymphoblast globulin anti-CD antigen analysis by flow cytometry. Transplantation 1995; 59:1194-200.
7. Hardinger KL, Schnitzler MA, Miller B, et al. Five-year follow up of thymoglobulin versus ATGAM induction in adult renal transplantation. Transplantation 2004; 78:136-41.
8. Agha IA, Rueda J, Alvarez A, et al. Short course induction immunosuppression with thymoglobulin for renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002; 73:473-5.
9. Brennan DC, Flavin K, Lowell JA, et al. A randomized, double-blinded comparison of thymoglobulin versus atgam for induction immunosuppressive therapy in adult renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1999; 67:1011-8.
10. + lymphocyte counts in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002; 73:1514-8.
11. Starzl TE, Murase N, Abu-Elmagd K, et al. Tolerogenic immunosuppression for organ transplantation. Lancet 2003; 361:1502-10.
12. Bunn D, Lea CK, Bevan DJ, Higgins RM, Hendry BM. The pharmacokinetics of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) following intravenous infusion in man. Clin Nephrol 1996; 45:29-32.
13. Mohty M. Mechanisms of action of antithymocyte globulin: T-cell depletion and beyond. Leukemia 2007;21:1387-94.
14. Louis S, Audrain M, Cantarovich D, et al. Long-term cell monitoring of kidney recipients after an antilymphocyte globulin induction with and without steroids. Transplantation 2007; 83:712-21.
15. Waller EK, Langston AA, Lonial S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-thymocyte globulin in recipients of partially HLA-matched blood hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2003; 9:460-71.
16. Alangaden GJ, Thyagarajan R, Gruber SA, et al. Infectious complications after kidney transplantation: current epidemiology and associated risk factors. Clin Transplant 2006; 20:401-9.
17. Lebranchu Y, Bridoux F, Buchler M, et al. Immunoprophylaxis with basiliximab compared with antithymocyte globulin in renal transplant patients receiving MMF-containing triple therapy. Am J Transplant 2002; 2:48-56.
18. Ashcraft E, Farney A, Moore P, et al. A prospective randomized single center trial of alemtuzumab versus rabbit anti-thymocyte induction in renal and pancreas transplantation: infectious complications [abstract 335]. In: Program and abstracts of the 7th American Transplant Congress (San Francisco). 2007: 234.
19. Schwartz JJ, Ishitani MB, Weckwerth J, Morgenstern B, Milliner D, Stegall MD. Decreased incidence of acute rejection in adolescent kidney transplant recipients using antithymocyte induction and triple immunosuppression. Transplantation 2007; 84:715-21.
20. Abou-Jaoude MM, Ghantous I, Najm R, Afif C, Almawi WY. Daclizumab versus anti-thymocyte globulin-fresenius as induction therapy for low-risk kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 2731-2.
21. Brennan DC, Daller JA, Lake KD, Cibrik D, Del Castillo D. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin versus basiliximab in renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1967-77.
22. Carlsen J, Johansen M, Boesgaard S, et al. Induction therapy after cardiac transplantation: a comparison of anti-thymocyte globulin and daclizumab in the prevention of acute rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24:296-302.
23. Mariat C, Afiani A, Alamartine E, Thibaudin D, de Filippis JP, Berthoux F. A pilot study comparing basiliximab and anti-thymocyte globulin as induction therapy in sensitized renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:3192-3.
24. Mourad G, Garrigue V, Squifflet JP, et al. Induction versus noninduction in renal transplant recipients with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Transplantation 2001; 72:1050-5.
25. Hartwig MG, Snyder LD, Appel JZ III, et al. Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin induction therapy does not prolong survival after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27:547-53.
26. Mattei MF, Redonnet M, Gandjbakhch I, et al. Lower risk of infectious deaths in cardiac transplant patients receiving basiliximab versus antithymocyte globulin as induction therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26:693-9.
27. Abou-Ayache R, Buchler M, Lepogamp P, et al. CMV infections after two doses of daclizumab versus thymoglobulin in renal transplant patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil, steroids and delayed cyclosporin A. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:2024-32.
28. Sollinger H, Kaplan B, Pescovitz MD, et al. Basiliximab versus antithymocyte globulin for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 2001; 72:1915-9.
29. Mullen JC, Oreopoulos A, Lien DC, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of daclizumab vs. anti-thymocyte globulin induction for lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26:504-10.
30. Hershberger RE, Starling RC, Eisen HJ, et al. Daclizumab to prevent rejection after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2705-13.
31. Ciancio G, Sageshima J, Burke GW. Evaluation of a randomized trial of three induction antibodies in deceased donor renal transplantation at 18 months follow-up [abstract 919]. In: Program and abstracts of the 1st World Transplant Congress (Boston). 2006: 376.
32. Clark G, Walsh G, Deshpande P, Koffman G. Improved efficacy of basiliximab over antilymphocyte globulin induction therapy in paediatric renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:1304-9.
33. Palmer SM, Miralles AP, Lawrence CM, Gaynor JW, Davis RD, Tapson VF. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin decreases acute rejection after lung transplantation: results of a randomized, prospective study. Chest 1999; 116:127-33.
34. McCurry KR, Iacono A, Zeevi A, et al. Early outcomes in human lung transplantation with thymoglobulin or Campath-1H for recipient pretreatment followed by posttransplant tacrolimus near-mono-therapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 130:528-37.
35. Pourmand G, Salem S, Mehrsai A, Taherimahmoudi M, Ebrahimi R, Pourmand MR. Infectious complications after kidney transplantation: a single-center experience. Transpl Infect Dis 2007; 9:302-9.
36. Shoja MM, Ardalan MR, Etemadi J, Tubbs RS, Varshochi M. Renal allograft abscesses following transplant: case report and literature review. Exp Clin Transplant 2007; 5:720-3.
37. Bijleveld CG, Klompmaker IT, van den Berg AP, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of antithymocyte globulin treatment of steroid-resistant rejection after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 1996; 9:570-5.
38. Jamil B, Nicholls KM, Becker GJ, Walker RG. Influence of anti-rejection therapy on the timing of cytomegalovirus disease and other infections in renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2000; 14:14-8.
39. Zamora MR. Controversies in lung transplantation: management of cytomegalovirus infections. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21:841-9.
40. Huurman VA, Kalpoe JS, van de Linde P, et al. Choice of antibody immunotherapy influences cytomegalovirus viremia in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:842-7.
41. Ozaki KS, Pestana JO, Granato CF, Pacheco-Silva A, Camargo LF. Sequential cytomegalovirus antigenemia monitoring in kidney transplant patients treated with antilymphocyte antibodies. Transpl Infect Dis 2004; 6:63-8.
42. Buchler M, Hurault de Ligny B, Madec C, Lebranchu Y. Induction therapy by anti-thymocyte globulin (rabbit) in renal transplantation: a 1-yr follow-up of safety and efficacy. Clin Transplant 2003; 17:539-45.
43. Docke WD, Prosch S, Fietze E, et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation and tumour necrosis factor. Lancet 1994; 343:268-9.
44. Fietze E, Prosch S, Reinke P, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients: the role of tumor necrosis factor. Transplantation 1994; 58:675-80.
45. Kaden J, Eichler S, May G, Strobelt V. The ATG bolus does not induce a persistent inversion of the CD4/8 ratio. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:2379-81.
46. Peleg AY, Husain S, Kwak EJ, et al. Opportunistic infections in 547 organ transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal CD-52 antibody. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:204-12.
47. von Muller L, Schliep C, Storck M, et al. Severe graft rejection, increased immunosuppression, and active CMV infection in renal transplantation. J Med Virol 2006; 78:394-9.
48. Mihalov ML, Gattuso P, Abraham K, Holmes EW, Reddy V. Incidence of post-transplant malignancy among 674 solid-organ-transplant recipients at a single center. Clin Transplant 1996; 10:248-55.
49. Penn I. Posttransplantation de novo tumors in liver allograft recipients. Liver Transpl Surg 1996; 2:52-9.
50. Penn I. De novo malignances in pediatric organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 1998; 2:56-63.
51. Jain AB, Yee LD, Nalesnik MA, et al. Comparative incidence of de novo nonlymphoid malignancies after liver transplantation under tacrolimus using surveillance epidemiologic end result data. Transplantation 1998; 66:1193-200.
52. Ondrus D, Pribylincova V, Breza J, et al. The incidence of tumours in renal transplant recipients with long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Int Urol Nephrol 1999; 31:417-22.
53. Winkelhorst JT, Brokelman WJ, Tiggeler RG, Wobbes T. Incidence and clinical course of de-novo malignancies in renal allograft recipients. Eur J Surg Oncol 2001; 27:409-13.
54. Kew CE 2nd, Lopez-Ben R, Smith JK, et al. Postransplant lymphoproliferative disorder localized near the allograft in renal transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 69:809-14.
55. Younes BS, McDiarmid SV, Martin MG, et al. The effect of immunosuppression on posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant patients. Transplantation 2000; 70:94-9.
56. Winter P, Schoeneich G, Miersch WD, Klehr HU. Tumour induction as a consequence of immunosuppression after renal transplantation. Int Urol Nephrol 1997; 29:701-9.
57. Opelz G, Dohler B. Lymphomas after solid organ transplantation: a collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:222-30.
58. Webber SA, Naftel DC, Fricker FJ, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders after paediatric heart transplantation: a multi-institutional study. Lancet 2006; 367:233-9.
59. Walker RC, Marshall WF, Strickler JG, et al. Pretransplantation assessment of the risk of lymphoproliferative disorder. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:1346-53.
60. Walker RC, Paya CV, Marshall WF, et al. Pretransplantation seronegative Epstein-Barr virus status is the primary risk factor for posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in adult heart, lung, and other solid organ transplantations. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995; 14:214-21.
61. Patel H, Vogl DT, Aqui N, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult liver transplant recipients: a report of seventeen cases. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48:885-91.
62. Armitage JM, Kormos RL, Stuart RS, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in thoracic organ transplant patients: ten years of cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991; 10:877-86; discussion, 86-7.
63. Holmes RD, Sokol RJ. Epstein-Barr virus and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6:456-64.
64. Preiksaitis JK. New developments in the diagnosis and management of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1016-23.
65. Paya CV, Fung JJ, Nalesnik MA, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-induced posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. ASTS/ASTP EBV-PTLD Task Force and the Mayo Clinic Organized International Consensus Development Meeting. Transplantation 1999; 68:1517-25.
66. Gaber AO, First MR, Tesi RJ, et al. Results of the double-blind, randomized, multicenter, phase III clinical trial of thymoglobulin versus Atgam in the treatment of acute graft rejection episodes after renal transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 66:29-37.
67. Bustami RT, Ojo AO, Wolfe RA, et al. Immunosuppression and the risk ofpost-transplant malignancy among cadaveric first kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:87-93.
68. Caillard S, Dharnidharka V, Agodoa L, Bohen E, Abbott K. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after renal transplantation in the United States in era of modern immunosuppression. Transplantation 2005; 80:1233-43.
69. Cherikh W, Ring M, Kauffman HM, et al. Updated analysis of dissociation of depletion and PTLD in kidney recipients treated with alemtuzumab induction therapy [abstract 332]. In: Program and abstracts of the 7th American Transplant Congress (San Francisco). 2007: 233.
70. Cherikh WS, Kauffman HM, McBride MA, Maghirang J, Swinnen LJ, Hanto DW. Association of the type of induction immunosuppression with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, graft survival, and patient survival after primary kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2003; 76:1289-93.
71. Dharnidharka VR, Stevens G. Risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after polyclonal antibody induction in kidney transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2005; 9:622-6.
72. Ciancio G, Burke GW, Gaynor JJ, et al. A randomized trial of three renal transplant induction antibodies: early comparison of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroid dosing, and newer immune-monitoring. Transplantation 2005; 80:457-65.
73. Knechtle SJ, Fernandez LA, Pirsch JD, et al. Campath-IH in renal transplantation: the University of Wisconsin experience. Surgery 2004; 136:754-60.
74. Watson CJ, Bradley JA, Friend PJ, et al. Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH 1HJ induction therapy in cadaveric kidney transplantation - efficacy and safety at five years. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:1347-53.
75. Vincenti F, Larsen C, Durrbach A, et al. Costimulation blockade with belatacept in renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:770-81.
76. Hirsch HH, Brennan DC, Drachenberg CB, et al. Polyomavirus-as-sociated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations. Transplantation 2005; 79:1277-86.
77. Dadhania D, Snopkowski C, Ding R, et al. Epidemiology of BK virus in renal allograft recipients: independent risk factors for BK virus replication. Transplantation 2008; 86:521-8.
78. Dharnidharka V, Cherikh W. Analysis of OPTN/UNOS data for rate of treatment for, and risk factors for, BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) in kidney transplant recipients [abstract 390]. In: Program and abstracts of the 8th American Transplant Congress (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). 2008:283.
79. Smith JM, Dharnidharka VR, Talley L, Martz K, McDonald RA. BK virus nephropathy in pediatric renal transplant recipients: an analysis of the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS) registry. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2:1037-42.
80. Srinivas TR, Schold JD, Eagan GA, et al. Total rabbit ATG dose is a risk factor for onset of BK viremia in Kidney transplant recipients [abstract 336], In: Program and abstracts of the 7th American Transplant Congress (San Francisco). 2007: 234.
81. Hirsch HH, Knowles W, Dickenmann M, et al. Prospective study of polyomavirus type BK replication and nephropathy in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:488-96.
82. Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V, Bunnapradist S, Dulai G. Hepatitis C virus antibody status and survival after renal transplantation: metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:1452-61.
83. Meier-Kriesche HU, Ojo AO, Hanson JA, Kaplan B. Hepatitis C antibody status and outcomes in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 72:241-4.
84. Luan FL, Schaubel DE, Zhang H, et al. Impact of immunosuppressive regimen on survival of kidney transplant recipients with hepatitis C. Transplantation 2008; 85:1601-6.
85. + renal transplant patients [abstract 140]. In: Program and abstracts of the 8th American Transplant Congress (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). 2008: 216.
86. Wheat LJ, Connolly P, Durkin M, et al. False-positive Histoplasma antigenemia caused by antithymocyte globulin antibodies. Transpl Infect Dis 2004; 6:23-7.
87. Wheat LJ, Connolly P, Durkin M, Book BK, Pescovitz MD. Elimination of false-positive Histoplasma antigenemia caused by human anti-rabbit antibodies in the second-generation Histoplasma antigen assay. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8:219-21.
88. Abbott KC, Hypolite I, Poropatich RK, et al. Hospitalizations for fungal infections after renal transplantation in the United States. Transpl Infect Dis 2001; 3:203-11.
89. Hibberd PL, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cosimi AB, et al. Symptomatic cytomegalovirus disease in the cytomegalovirus antibody seropositive renal transplant recipient treated with OKT3. Transplantation 1992; 53:68-72.
90. Oh CS, Stratta RJ, Fox BC, Sollinger HW, Belzer FO, Maki DG. Increased infections associated with the use of OKT3 for treatment of steroid-resistant rejection in renal transplantation. Transplantation 1988; 45:68-73.
91. Thistlethwaite JR Jr, Stuart JK, Mayes JT, et al. Complications and monitoring of OKT3 therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1988; 11:112-9.
92. Meier-Kriesche HU, Arndorfer JA, Kaplan B. Association of antibody induction with short-and long-term cause-specific mortality in renal transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:769-72.
93. Swinnen LJ, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Fisher SG, et al. Increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorder after immunosuppression with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:1723-8.
94. Jensen PB, Birkeland SA, Rohrp N, Elbirk A, Jorgensen KA. Development of anti-OKT3 antibodies after OKT3 treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1996; 30:227-30.
95. Nashan B. Antibody induction therapy in renal transplant patients receiving calcineurin-inhibitor immunosuppressive regimens: a comparative review. BioDrugs 2005; 19:39-46.
96. Nashan B, Moore R, Amlot P, Schmidt AG, Abeywickrama K, Soulillou JP. Randomised trial of basiliximab versus placebo for control of acute cellular rejection in renal allograft recipients. CHIB 201 International Study Group. Lancet 1997; 350:1193-8.
97. Amlot PL, Rawlings E, Fernando ON, et al. Prolonged action of a chimeric interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) monoclonal antibody used in cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 60:748-56.
98. Kovarik J, Breidenbach T, Gerbeau C, Korn A, Schmidt AG, Nashan B. Disposition and immunodynamics of basiliximab in liver allograft recipients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64: 66-72.
99. Kovarik JM, Rawlings E, Sweny P, et al. Prolonged immunosuppressive effect and minimal immunogenicity from chimeric (CD25) monoclonal antibody SDZ CHI 621 in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:913-4
100. Sterkers G, Baudouin V, Ansart-Pirenne H, et al. Duration of action of a chimeric interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody, basiliximab, in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:2757-9.
101. Vincenti F. Potential of daclizumab in solid organ transplantation. BioDrugs 1999; 11:333-41.
102. Nashan B, Light S, Hardie IR, Lin A, Johnson JR. Reduction of acute renal allograft rejection by daclizumab. Daclizumab Double Therapy Study Group. Transplantation 1999; 67:110-5.
103. Vincenti F, Kirkman R, Light S, et al. Interleukin-2-receptor blockade with daclizumab to prevent acute rejection in renal transplantation. Daclizumab Triple Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:161-5.
104. Mehra MR, Zucker MJ, Wagoner L, et al. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of basiliximab in heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24:1297-304.
105. Ponticelli C, Yussim A, Cambi V, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of basiliximab immunoprophylaxis plus triple therapy in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 72:1261-7.
106. Lawen JG, Davies EA, Mourad G, et al. Randomized double-blind study of immunoprophylaxis with basiliximab, a chimeric antiinterleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody, in combination with mycophenolate mofetil-containing triple therapy in renal transplantation. Transplantation 2003; 75:37-43.
107. Kahan BD, Rajagopalan PR, Hall M. Reduction of the occurrence of acute cellular rejection among renal allograft recipients treated with basiliximab, a chimeric anti-interleukin-2-receptor monoclonal antibody. United States Simulect Renal Study Group. Transplantation 1999; 67:276-84.
108. Webster AC, Playford EG, Higgins G, Chapman JR, Craig JC. Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists for renal transplant recipients: a metaanalysis of randomized trials. Transplantation 2004; 77:166-76.
109. Nelson DR, Soldevila-Pico C, Reed A, et al. Anti-interleukin-2 receptor therapy in combination with mycophenolate mofetil is associated with more severe hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001; 7:1064-70.
110. Kato T, Gaynor JJ, Yoshida H, et al. Randomized trial of steroid-free induction versus corticosteroid maintenance among orthotopic liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus: impact on hepatic fibrosis progression at one year. Transplantation 2007; 84:829-35.
111. Heffron TG, Smallwood GA, de Vera ME, Davis L, Martinez E, Stieber AC. Daclizumab induction in liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1527.
112. + placebo, in addition to cyclosporine and azathioprine. Transplantation 2004; 78:1488-95.
113. Stratta RJ, Alloway RR, Lo A, Hodge EE. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study evaluating the safety and efficacy of two dosing regimens of daclizumab compared to no antibody induction in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation: results at 3 years. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:3531-4.
114. Schadde E, D'Alessandro AM, Knechtle SJ, et al. Alemtuzumab induction and triple maintenance immunotherapy in kidney transplantation from donors after cardiac death. Transpl Int 2008; 21: 625-36.
115. Morris EC, Rebello P, Thomson KJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of alemtuzumab used for in vivo and in vitro T-cell depletion in allogeneic transplantations: relevance for early adoptive immunotherapy and infectious complications. Blood 2003; 102:404-6.
116. Tzakis AG, Kato T, Nishida S, et al. Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) combined with tacrolimus in intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Transplantation 2003; 75:1512-7.
117. Nath DS, Kandaswamy R, Gruessner R, Sutherland DE, Dunn DL, Humar A. Fungal infections in transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:934-6.
118. Malek SK, Obmann MA, Gotoff RA, Foltzer MA, Hartle JE, Potdar S. Campath-1H induction and the incidence of infectious complications in adult renal transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 81:17-20.
119. Magliocca JF, Knechtle SJ. The evolving role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) tor immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2006; 19:705-14.
120. Ortiz J, Palma-Vargas J, Wright F, et al. Campath induction for kidney transplantation: report of 297 cases. Transplantation 2008; 85:1550-6.
121. Kaufman DB, Leventhal JR., Gallon LG, Parker MA. Alemtuzumab induction and prednisone-free maintenance immunotherapy in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation comparison with rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction-long-term results. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:331-9.
122. Tan HP, Ellis D, Moritz ML, et al. Pediatric living donor kidney transplantation using alemtuzumab pre-conditioning and tacrolimus monotherapy [abstract 55]. In: Program and abstracts of the 8th American Transplant Congress (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). 2008: 193.
123. Gauthier GM, Safdar N, Klein BS, Andes DR. Blastomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2007; 9:310-7.
124. Humar A, Michaels M. American Society of Transplantation recommendations for screening, monitoring and reporting of infectious complications in immunosuppression trials in recipients of organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:262-74.
125. Kullberg-Lindh C, Olofsson S, Brune M, Lindh M. Comparison of serum and whole blood levels of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Transpl Infect Dis 2008; 10:308-15.
126. Nickeleit V, Klimkait T, Binet IF, et al. Testing for polyomavirus type BK DNA in plasma to identify renal-allograft recipients with viral nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1309-15.
127. McCormick SE, Goodman ZD, Maydonovitch CL, Sjogren MH. Evaluation of liver histology, ALT elevation, and HCV RNA titer in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91:1516-22.