A Latent profile analysis of implicit and explicit cognitions associated with depression

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 458-473

  Phillips, Wendy J ^a   Hine, Donald W ^a   Bhullar, Navjot ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cognitive bias; Depression; Dual process; Explicit; Implicit

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSPHORIA; EXPLICIT MEMORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMPLICIT MEMORY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; SELF ESTEEM; TREATMENT INDICATION;

EID: 84867580638     PISSN: 01475916     EISSN: 15732819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9381-z     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hogan, M. E., Whitehouse, W. G., Donovan, P., Rose, D. T., et al. (2002). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: Theory and evidence. In R. L. Leahy & E. T. Dowd (Eds.), Clinical advances in cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and application (Vol. xiv, pp. 75-92). New York: Springer
2. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372
3. Adams, P., Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2007). Factorial categorization of depression-related constructs in early adolescents Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 21, 123-139
4. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Hogan, M. F., Whitehouse, W. G., Rose, D. T., Robinson, M. S., et al. (2000). The temple- wisconsin cognitive vulnerability to depression project: Lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 403-418
5. Anderson, M. C., & Green, C. (2001). Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature, 410, 366-369
6. Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive model of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1, 2-27
7. Beck, A. T. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 969-977
8. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford
9. Beevers, C. G. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 975-1002
10. Bellew, M., & Hill, A. B. (1991). Schematic processing and the prediction of depression following childbirth. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 943-949
11. Blatt, S. J., & Homann, E. (1992). Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 72, 47-91
12. Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631-643
13. Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148
14. Bradley, B., & Mathews, A. (1983). Negative self-schemata in clinical depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 173-181
15. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Wheeler, S. C. (2006). Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-concepts: Consequences for information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 154-170
16. Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., & Joormann, J. (2008). Serotonergic function, two-mode models of self-regulation, and vulnerability to depression: What depression has in common with impulsive aggression. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 912-943
17. Ciesla, J. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2007). Rumination, negative cognition, and their interactive effects on depressed mood. Emotion, 7, 555-565
18. Dozois, D. J. A., & Dobson, K. S. (2001). A longitudinal investigation of information processing and cognitive organization in depression: Stability of schematic interconnectedness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 914-925
19. Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255-278
20. Franck, E., & De Raedt, R. (2007). Self-esteem reconsidered: Unstable self-esteem outperforms level of self-esteem as vulnerability marker for depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1531-1541
21. Franck, E., De Raedt, R., & De Houwer, J. (2007). Implicit but not explicit self-esteem predicts future depressive symptomatology Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2448-2455
22. Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Beevers, C. G., & Miller, I. W. (2004). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 81-89
23. Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. (2005). Emotion-focused therapy of depression. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
24. Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038
25. Haeffel, G. J., Abramson, L. Y., Brazy, P. C., Shah, J. Y., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2007). Explicit and implicit cognition: A preliminary test of a dual-process theory of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1155-1167
26. Halberstadt, L., Haeffel, G. J., Abramson, L. Y., Mukherji, B. R., Metalsky, G. I., & Dykman, B. M. (2008). Schematic processing: A comparison of clinically depressed, dysphoric, and nondepressed college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 843-855
27. Hankin, B. L., Lakdawalla, Z., Carter, I., Abela, J. R. Z., & Adams, P (2007). Are neuroticism, cognitive vulnerability and self-esteem overlapping or distinct risks for depression? Evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 29-63
28. Haslam, N. (2007). The latent structure of mental disorders: A taxometric update on the categorical vs dimensional debate Current Psychiatry Reviews, 3, 172-177
29. Haslam, N., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Subtyping major depression: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 686-692
30. Hayes, A. M., Beevers, C., Feldman, G., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Perlman, C. (2005). Avoidance and emotional processing as predictors of symptom change and positive growth in an integrative therapy for depression. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 111-122
31. Ingram, R. E. (1984). Toward an information-processing analysis of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 443-477
32. Johnson, S. L., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2007). Does processing of emotional stimuli predict symptomatic improvement and diagnostic recovery from major depression? Emotion, 7, 201-206
33. Joormann, J. (2009). Cognitive aspects of depression. In I. H. Gotlib & C. L. Hammen (Eds.), Handbook of depression (2nd ed., pp. 298-321). New York: Guilford Press
34. Joormann, J., Hertel, P. T., LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009) Training forgetting of negative material in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 34-43
35. Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001). What's in a name: Implicit self-esteem and the automatic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 669-685
36. LeBel, E. P., & Gawronski, B. (2009). How to find what's in a name: Scrutinizing the optimality of five scoring algorithms for the name-letter task. European Journal of Personality, 32, 85- 106
37. Lieberman, M. D., Jarcho, J. M., & Satpute, A. B. (2004). Evidencebased and intution-based self knowledge: An fMRI study Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 421-435
38. Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88, 767-778
39. McLachlan, G., & Peel, D. (2000). Finite mixture models. New York: Wiley
40. Moors, A., Spruyt, A., & De Houwer, J. (2010). In search of a measure that qualifies as implicit: Recommendations based on a decompositional view of automaticity. In B. Gawronski & K. B. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford Press
41. Muthe'n, L. K., & Muthe'n, B. O. (2006). MPlus 4.1. Los Angeles, CA: Muthe'n and Muthe'n
42. Neumann, A., & Philippot, P. (2007). Specifying what makes a personal memory unique enhances emotion regulation. Emotion, 7, 566-578
43. Nuttin, J. M. (1985). Narcissism beyond Gestalt awareness: The name letter effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 353-361
44. Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Maes, J., & Schmitt, M (2009). Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 472-478
45. Philippot, P., & Brutoux, F. (2008). Induced rumination dampens executive processes in dysphoric young adults. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 219-227
46. Phillips, W. J., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2010). Implicit cognition and depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 691-709
47. Reilly-Harrington, N. A., Alloy, L. B., Fresco, D. M., & Whitehouse, W. G. (1999). Cognitive styles and life events interact to predict bipolar and unipolar symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 567-578
48. Reno, R. M., & Halaris, A. E. (1989). Dimensions of depression: A comparative longitudinal study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 549-563
49. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
50. Rude, S. S., Valdez, C. R., Odom, S., & Ebrahimi, A. (2003) Negative cognitive biases predict subsequent depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 415-429
51. Rude, S. S., Wenzlaff, R. M., Gibbs, B., Vane, J., & Whitney, T (2002). Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 423-440
52. Ruscio, J., Brown, T. A., & Ruscio, A. M. (2009). A taxometric investigation of DSM-IV major depression in a large outpatient sample. Assessment, 16, 127-144
53. Ruscio, A. M., & Ruscio, J. (2002). The latent structure of analogue depression: Should the beck depression inventory be used to classify groups? Psychological Assessment, 14, 135-145
54. Scher, C. D., Ingram, R. E., & Segal, Z. V. (2005). Cognitive reactivity and vulnerability: Empirical evaluation of construct activation and cognitive diatheses in unipolar depression Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 487-510
55. Schröder-Abé, M., Rudolph, A., & Schütz, A. (2007). High implicit self-esteem is not necessarily advantageous: Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health. European Journal of Personality, 21, 319-339
56. Schwartz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461-464
57. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002) Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression - A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press Siemer
58. M. (2005). Mood-congruent cognitions constitute mood experience. Emotion, 5, 296-308
59. Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108-131
60. Steinberg, J. A., Karpinski, A., & Alloy, L. B. (2007). The exploration of implicit aspects of self-esteem in vulnerability-stress models of depression. Self and Identity, 6, 101-117
61. Tang, T. Z., DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Shelton, R., & Amsterdam, J. (2007). Sudden gains in cognitive therapy of depression and depression relapse/recurrence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 404-408
62. Teasdale, J. D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression Cognition and Emotion, 2, 247-274
63. Thase, M. E. (2009). Neurobiological aspects of depression. In I. H. Gotlib & C. L. Hammen (Eds.), Handbook of depression (pp. 187-217). New York: Guilford Press
64. Turner, J. A., & Romano, J. M. (1984). Self-report screening measures for depression in chronic pain patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 909-913
65. Waller, N. G., & Meehl, P. E. (1998). Multivariate taxometric procedures: Distinguishing types from continua. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
66. Weissman, A. N., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale: A preliminary investigation Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 62nd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, March 27-31, 1978
67. Wenzlaff, R. M. (1993). The mental control of depression: Psychological obstacles to emotional well-being. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 239-257). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
68. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Bates, D. E. (1998). Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1559-1571
69. Wenzlaff, R. M., Rude, S. S., Taylor, C. J., Stultz, C. H., & Sweatt, R A. (2001). Beneath the veil of thought suppression: Attentional bias and depression risk. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 435-452
70. Wisco, B. E. (2009). Depressive cognition: Self-reference and depth of processing. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 382-392
71. Wittenbrink, B., & Schwarz, N. (2007). Implicit measures of attitudes. New York: Guilford Press
72. Zelenski, J. M., & Larsen, R. J. (2003). The importance of knowing what we want: How implicit and explicit motives interact to predict well-being. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Los Angeles, CA
73. Zung, W. W. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63-70
74. Zung, W. W. (1986). Zung self-rating depression scale and depression status inventory. In N. Sartorius & T. A. Ban (Eds.), Assessment of depression. Berlin: Springer