Avoidance and processing as predictors of symptom change and positive growth in an integrative therapy for depression

International Journal of Behavioral Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 111-122

  Hayes, Adele M ^a   Beevers, Christopher G ^b   Feldman, Greg C ^c   Laurenceau, Jean Philippe ^c   Perlman, Carol ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^c Department of Biology   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Avoidance; Cognitive processing; Depression; Emotion regulation; Emotional processing; Expressive writing; Rumination

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; DEPRESSION; DISABILITY; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MALE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; WRITING;

AFFECT; COGNITION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERCEPTION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 20444389387     PISSN: 10705503     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_9     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Angus, L., Levitt, H., & Hardtke, K. (1999). The Narrative Processes Coding System: Research applications and implications for psychotherapy practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1255-1270.
2. Antoni, M. H. (2003). Stress management intervention for women with breast cancer. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
3. Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Suffering and unhappiness. Meanings of life (pp. 232-268). New York: Guilford.
4. Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., Davis, D. D., & Associates. (2004). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford.
5. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Wiley.
6. Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford.
7. Beevers, C. G., Wenzlaff, R. M., Hayes, A. M., & Scott, W. D. (1999). Depression and the ironic effects of thought suppression: Therapeutic strategies for improving mental control. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 133-148.
8. Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579-616.
9. Borkovec, T. D. (2002). Life in the future versus life in the present. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 76-80.
10. Bostwick, J. M., & Pankratz, V. S. (2000). Affective disorders and suicide risk: A reexamination. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1925-1932.
11. Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670-686.
12. Brewin, C. R., Reynolds, M., & Tata, P. (1999). Autobiographical memory processes and the course of depression. Journal of Abnormal sychology, 108, 511-517.
13. Carney, R. M., & Freedland, K. E. (2003). Depression, mortality, and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease Biological Psychiatry, 54, 241-247.
14. Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685-716.
15. Cicchetti, D., Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 1-10.
16. Davidson, R. J. ( 2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55, 1196-1214.
17. Evans, D. L., & Charney, D. S. (2003). Mood disorders and medical illness: A major public health problem. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 177-180
18. Fava, G. A., Rafanelli, C., Grandi, S., Conti, S., & Belluardo, P. (1998). Prevention of recurrent depression with cognitive behavioral therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 816-820.
19. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1995). User's guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I/P), (Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
20. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.
21. Frank, E., Prien, R. F., Jarrett, R. B., Keller, M. B., Kupfer, D. J., Lavori, P. W., Rush, A. J., & Weissman, M. M. (1991). Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder-remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 851-855.
22. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
23. Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Patterns of recovery from trauma: The use of intraindividual analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 11, 392-400.
24. Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (2002). Handbook of depression. New York: Guilford.
25. Greenberg, L. S. (2002a). Integrating an emotion-focused approach to treatment in psychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 12, 154-189.
26. Greenberg, L. S. (2002b). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27. Greenberg, L. S., Elliott, R., & Foerster, F. (1990). Essential process in the psychotherapeutic treatment of depression. In D. McCann & N. Endler (Eds.), Depression: Development in theory, research, and practice (pp. 157-185). Toronto, Canada: Thompson.
28. Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. (1997). Working with emotion. New York: Guilford.
29. Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1987). Emotion in psychotherapy: Affect, cognition, and the process of change. New York: Guilford.
30. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.
31. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.
32. Hamilton, M. (1960). Development of a rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56-62.
33. Hayes, A. M., Castonguay, L. G., & Goldfried, M. R. (1996). The effectiveness of targeting the vulnerability factors of depression in cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 623-627.
34. Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 255-262.
35. Hayes, A. M., Feldman, G. C., & Goldfried, M. R. (in press). From insight to processing: Two measures of therapeutic change. In L. G. Castonguay & C. Hill (Eds.), Insight and change in psychotherapy (pp. 00-00). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
36. Hayes, A. M., & Harris, M. S. (2000). The development of an integrative treatment for depression. In S. Johnson, A. M. Hayes, T. Field, N. Schneiderman, & P. McCabe (Eds.), Stress, coping, and depression (pp. 291-306). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
37. Hayes, A. M., & Strauss, J. L. (1998). Dynamic systems theory as a paradigm for the study of change in psychotherapy: An application to cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 939-947.
38. Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. W., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Emotional avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152-1168.
39. Hollon, S. D., Muñoz, R. F., Barlow, D. H., Beardslee, W. R., Bell, C. C., Bernal, G., Clarke, G. N., Franciosi, L., Kazdin, A. E., Kohn, L., Linehan, M. M., Markowitz, J. C., Miklowitz, D. J., Persons, J. B., Niederehe, G., & Sommers, D. (2002). Psychosocial intervention development for the prevention and treatment of depression: Promoting innovation and increasing access. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 610-630.
40. Hollon, S. D., Thase, M. E., & Markowitz, J. C. (2002). Treatment and prevention of depression. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 3, 39-77.
41. Hunt, M. G. (1998). The only way out is through: Emotional processing and recovery after a depressing life event. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 361-384.
42. Ironson, G., Antoni, M., Schneiderman, N., Chesney, M., O'Cleirigh, C., Balbin, E., Greenwood, D., Lutgendorf, S., LaPerriere, A., Klimas, N., & Fletcher, M. A. (2002). Coping: Interventions for optimal disease management in HIV. In M. Chesney & M. Antoni (Eds.), Innovative approaches to health psychology: Prevention and treatment lessons from AIDS (pp. 167-196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
43. Joynt, K. E., Whellan, D. J., & O'Connor, C. M. (2003). Depression and cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms of interaction. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 248-261.
44. Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Zeller, P. H., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Paulus, M. P., Kunovac, J. L., Leon, A. C., Mueller, T. I., Rice, J. A., & Keller, M. B. (1998). A prospective 12-year study of subsyndromal and syndromal depressive symptoms in unipolar major depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 694-700.
45. Katon, W. J. (2003). Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 216-226.
46. Kaufmann, P. G. (2003), Depression in cardiovascular disease: Can the risk be reduced? Biological Psychiatry, 54, 187-190.
47. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 83-107.
48. Klein, M. H., Mathieu-Coughlan, P., & Kiesler, D. J. (1986). The Experiencing Scales. In L. S. Greenberg & W. M. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook. (pp. 21-71). New York: Guilford.
49. Klerman, G. L., Weissman, M. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Chevron, E. S. (1984). Interpersonal psychotherapy of depression. New York: Basic Books
50. Kumar, S. M., Feldman, G. C., & Hayes, A. M. (2004). Change in mindfulness in an integrative therapy for depression. Manuscript submitted for publication.
51. Leserman, J. (2003). HIV disease progression: Depression, stress, and possible mechanisms Biological Psychiatry, 54, 295-306.
52. Lewinsohn, P. M., Hoberman, H. M., & Clarke, G. N. (1989). The "Coping with Depression" course: Review and future directions. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 21, 470-493.
53. Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 11-21.
54. Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993). Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 339-349.
55. Martell, C. R., Addis, M. E., & Jacobson, N. S. (2001). Depression in context: Strategies for guided action. New York: Norton.
56. Martin, L. T., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts (pp. 1-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
57. McCullough, J. P. (2000). Treatment for chronic depression: Cognitive behavioral analysis system for psychotherapy (CBASP). New York: Guilford.
58. Miller, I. W., Bishop, S. B., Norman, W. H., & Maddever, H. (1985). Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: Reliability and validity. Psychiatry Research, 14, 131-142.
59. Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1997). Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet, 349, 1436-1442.
60. Musselman, D. L., Betan, E., Larsen, H., & Phillips, L. S. (2003). Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: Epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 317-329.
61. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
62. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504-511.
63. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Davis, C. G. (2004). Theoretical and methodological issues in the assessment and interpretation of posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 60-64.
64. O'Cleirigh, C., Ironson, G., Antoni, M., Fletcher, M. A., McGuffey, L., Balbin, E., Schneiderman, N., & Solomon, G. (2003). Emotional expression and depth processing of trauma and their relation to long-term survival in patient with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 225-235.
65. Ottenbreit, N. D., & Dobson, K. S. (2004). Avoidance and depression: The construction of the cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 293-313.
66. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
67. Pennebaker, J. W., & Francis, M. E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 601-626.
68. Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1243-1254.
69. Pos, A. E., Greenberg, L. S., Goldman, R. N., & Korman, L. M. (2003). Emotional processing during experiential treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71, 1007-1016.
70. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. Reynolds, M., & Brewin, C. R. (1999). Intrusive memories in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 201-215.
72. Riso, L. P., Miyatake, R. K., & Thase, M. E. (2002). The search for determinants of chronic depression: A review of six factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 70, 103-116.
73. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1-28.
74. Salovey, P., Rothman, A. J., Detweiler, J. B., & Steward, W. T. (2000). Emotional states and physical health. American Psychologist, 55, 110-121.
75. Samoilov, A., & Goldfried, M. R. (2000). Role of emotion in cognitive-behavior therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 373-385.
76. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guildford.
77. Segerstrom, S. C., Stanton, A. L., Alden, L. E., & Shortridge, B. E. (2003). Multidimensional structure for repetitive thought: What's on your mind, and how, and how much? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 909-921.
78. Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004a). A closer examination of the structured written disclosure procedure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 165-175.
79. Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004b). Taking pen to hand: Evaluating theories underlying the written disclosure paradigm. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 121-137.
80. Smyth, J. M., True, N., & Souto, J. (2001). Effects of writing about traumatic experiences: The necessity for narrative restructuring. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20, 161-172.
81. Spiegel, D., & Giese-Davis, J. (2003). Depression and cancer: Mechanisms and disease progression. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 269-282.
82. Stiles, W. B., Elliott, R., Llewelyn, S. P., Firth-Cozens, J. A., Margison, F. R., Shapiro, D. A., & Hardy, G. (1990). Assimilation of problematic experiences by clients in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, & Training, 27, 411-420.
83. Stover, E., Fenton, W., Rosenfeld, A., & Insel, T. R. (2003). Depression and comorbid mental illness: The National Institute of Mental Health perspective. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 184-186.
84. Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Emotional processing, three modes of mind, and the prevention of relapse in depression. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 37, S53-S78.
85. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-18.
86. Watkins, E., & Baracaia, S. (2001). Why do people ruminate in dysphoric moods? Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 723-734.
87. Weissman, M. M., Markowitz, J. C., & Klerman, G. L. (2000). Comprehensive guide to interpersonal psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
88. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Luxton, D. D. (2003). The role of thought suppression in depressive rumination, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 293-308.
89. Whelton, W. J. (2004). Emotional processes in psychotherapy: Evidence across therapeutic modalities. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 58-71.
90. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford.