The evolving management of postoperative Crohn's disease

Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 637-648

  Hashash, Jana G ^a   Regueiro, Miguel D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

5 aminosalicylates; 6 mercaptopurine; anti TNF therapy; azathioprine; Crohn's disease; immunomodulator; infliximab; postoperative recurrence; surgery

Indexed keywords

5 ACETAMIDOSALICYLIC ACID; ADALIMUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; BUDESONIDE; INFLIXIMAB; MERCAPTOPURINE; MESALAZINE; METRONIDAZOLE; NITROIMIDAZOLE; ORNIDAZOLE; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR;

BALLOON DILATATION; COLONOSCOPY; CROHN DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; INTESTINE ANASTOMOSIS; INTESTINE RESECTION; INTESTINE SURGERY; LACTOBACILLUS JOHNSONII; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); ONSET AGE; PATIENT MONITORING; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENCE RISK; RECURRENT DISEASE; REMISSION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

COLONOSCOPY; CROHN DISEASE; HUMANS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84867566209     PISSN: 17474124     EISSN: 17474132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/egh.12.45     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. D'Haens GR, Geboes K, Peeters M, Baert F, Penninckx F, Rutgeerts P. Early lesions of recurrent Crohn's disease caused by infusion of intestinal contents in excluded ileum. Gastroenterology 114(2), 262-267 (1998). (Pubitemid 28093532)
2. Bouguen G, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Surgery for adult Crohn's disease: What is the actual risk? Gut 60(9), 1178-1181 (2011).
3. Ramadas AV, Gunesh S, Thomas GA, Williams GT, Hawthorne AB. Natural history of Crohn's disease in a populationbased cohort from Cardiff (1986-2003): A study of changes in medical treatment and surgical resection rates. Gut 59(9), 1200-1206 (2010).
4. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Oussalah A, Williet N, Pillot C, Bresler L, Bigard MA. Impact of azathioprine and tumour necrosis factor antagonists on the need for surgery in newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. Gut 60(7), 930-936 (2011).
5. Sachar DB. The problem of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Med. Clin. North Am. 74(1), 183-188 (1990).
6. Cosnes J, Nion-Larmurier I, Beaugerie L, Afchain P, Tiret E, Gendre JP. Impact of the increasing use of immunosuppressants in Crohn's disease on the need for intestinal surgery. Gut 54(2), 237-241 (2005). (Pubitemid 40139240)
7. Bernell O, Lapidus A, Hellers G. Risk factors for surgery and postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease. Ann. Surg. 231(1), 38-45 (2000). (Pubitemid 30043937)
8. Katz JA. Postoperative endoscopic surveillance in Crohn's disease: Bottom up or top down? Gastrointest. Endosc. 66(3), 541-543 (2007). (Pubitemid 47296326)
9. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG. The efficacy of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for the prevention of postoperative recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease remains uncertain. Gastroenterology 127(3), 990-993 (2004). (Pubitemid 39208432)
10. Ng SC, Kamm MA. Management of postoperative Crohn's disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103(4), 1029-1035 (2008). (Pubitemid 351501118)
11. Bernstein CN, Loftus EV Jr, Ng SC, Lakatos PL, Moum B; Epidemiology and Natural History Task Force of the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD). Hospitalisations and surgery in Crohn's disease. Gut 61(4), 622-629 (2012).
12. Olaison G, Smedh K, Sjödahl R. Natural course of Crohn's disease after ileocolic resection: Endoscopically visualised ileal ulcers preceding symptoms. Gut 33(3), 331-335 (1992).
13. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, Beyls J, Kerremans R, Hiele M. Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 99(4), 956-963 (1990). (Pubitemid 20338451)
14. Rutgeerts P. Review article: Recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgery-the need for treatment of new lesions. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24(Suppl. 3), 29-32 (2006). (Pubitemid 44326416)
15. Greenstein AJ, Lachman P, Sachar DB et al. Perforating and non-perforating indications for repeated operations in Crohn's disease: Evidence for two clinical forms. Gut 29(5), 588-592 (1988).
16. Lautenbach E, Berlin JA, Lichtenstein GR. Risk factors for early postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 115(2), 259-267 (1998). (Pubitemid 28363417)
17. Hanauer SB, Korelitz BI, Rutgeerts P et al. Postoperative maintenance of Crohn's disease remission with 6-mercaptopurine, mesalamine, or placebo: A 2-year trial. Gastroenterology 127(3), 723-729 (2004). (Pubitemid 39208405)
18. Rutgeerts P, Goboes K, Peeters M et al. Effect of faecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum. Lancet 338(8770), 771-774 (1991).
19. Cameron JL, Hamilton SR, Coleman J, Sitzmann JV, Bayless TM. Patterns of ileal recurrence in Crohn's disease. A prospective randomized study. Ann. Surg. 215(5), 546-551; discussion 551 (1992).
20. Cottone M, Orlando A, Modesto I. Postoperative maintenance therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 22(4), 377-381 (2006). (Pubitemid 44090192)
21. Blum E, Katz JA. Postoperative therapy for Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15(3), 463-472 (2009).
22. Pascua M, Su C, Lewis JD, Brensinger C, Lichtenstein GR. Meta-analysis: Factors predicting post-operative recurrence with placebo therapy in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 28(5), 545-556 (2008).
23. Mekhjian HS, Switz DM, Watts HD, Deren JJ, Katon RM, Beman FM. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: Factors determining recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgery. Gastroenterology 77(4 Pt 2), 907-913 (1979). (Pubitemid 9242052)
24. McLeod RS, Wolff BG, Steinhart AH et al. Prophylactic mesalamine treatment decreases postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 109(2), 404-413 (1995).
25. Scarpa M, D'Incà R, Basso D et al. Fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin after ileocolonic resection for Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 50(6), 861-869 (2007). (Pubitemid 46870452)
26. Calabrese E, Petruzziello C, Onali S et al. Severity of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease: Correlation between endoscopic and sonographic findings. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15(11), 1635-1642 (2009).
27. Bourreille A, Jarry M, D'Halluin PN et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy versus ileocolonoscopy for the diagnosis of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: A prospective study. Gut 55(7), 978-983 (2006).
28. Biancone L, Calabrese E, Petruzziello C et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy and small intestine contrast ultrasonography in recurrence of Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13(10), 1256-1265 (2007). (Pubitemid 47597773)
29. Gralnek IM, Defranchis R, Seidman E, Leighton JA, Legnani P, Lewis BS. Development of a capsule endoscopy scoring index for small bowel mucosal inflammatory change. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 27(2), 146-154 (2008). (Pubitemid 350256605)
30. Cheifetz AS, Kornbluth AA, Legnani P et al. The risk of retention of the capsule endoscope in patients with known or suspected Crohn's disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101(10), 2218-2222 (2006). (Pubitemid 44477546)
31. El-Hachem S, Regueiro M. Postoperative Crohn's disease: Prevention and treatment. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3(3), 249-256 (2009).
32. Swoger JM, Regueiro M. Postoperative Crohn's disease: How can we prevent it? Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 6(4), 501-504 (2010).
33. Buisson A, Chevaux JB, Allen PB, Bommelaer G, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Review article: The natural history of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 35(6), 625-633 (2012).
34. Terdiman JP. Prevention of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6(6), 616-620 (2008). (Pubitemid 351783440)
35. Yamamoto T. Factors affecting recurrence after surgery for Crohn's disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 11(26), 3971-3979 (2005). (Pubitemid 41235590)
36. Kane SV, Flicker M, Katz-Nelson F. Tobacco use is associated with accelerated clinical recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgically induced remission. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 39(1), 32-35 (2005). (Pubitemid 40041340)
37. Avidan B, Sakhnini E, Lahat A et al. Risk factors regarding the need for a second operation in patients with Crohn's disease. Digestion 72(4), 248-253 (2005). (Pubitemid 41820810)
38. Sutherland LR, Ramcharan S, Bryant H, Fick G. Effect of cigarette smoking on recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 98(5 Pt 1), 1123-1128 (1990). (Pubitemid 20143093)
39. Cottone M, Rosselli M, Orlando A et al. Smoking habits and recurrence in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 106(3), 643-648 (1994). (Pubitemid 24064330)
40. Reese GE, Nanidis T, Borysiewicz C, Yamamoto T, Orchard T, Tekkis PP. The effect of smoking after surgery for Crohn's disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 23(12), 1213-1221 (2008).
41. Cosnes J, Carbonnel F, Beaugerie L, Le Quintrec Y, Gendre JP. Effects of cigarette smoking on the long-term course of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 110(2), 424-431 (1996). (Pubitemid 26043875)
42. Simillis C, Yamamoto T, Reese GE et al. A meta-analysis comparing incidence of recurrence and indication for reoperation after surgery for perforating versus nonperforating Crohn's disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103(1), 196-205 (2008).
43. Sachar DB, Lemmer E, Ibrahim C et al. Recurrence patterns after first resection for stricturing or penetrating Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15(7), 1071-1075 (2009).
44. Poggioli G, Laureti S, Selleri S et al. Factors affecting recurrence in Crohn's disease. Results of a prospective audit. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 11(6), 294-298 (1996).
45. Chardavoyne R, Flint GW, Pollack S, Wise L. Factors affecting recurrence following resection for Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 29(8), 495-502 (1986). (Pubitemid 16038851)
46. Michelassi F, Balestracci T, Chappell R, Block GE. Primary and recurrent Crohn's disease. Experience with 1379 patients. Ann. Surg. 214(3), 230-238; discussion 238 (1991).
47. Caprilli R, Corrao G, Taddei G, Tonelli F, Torchio P, Viscido A. Prognostic factors for postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio del Colon e del Retto (GISC). Dis. Colon Rectum 39(3), 335-341 (1996). (Pubitemid 26091341)
48. Unkart JT, Anderson L, Li E et al. Risk factors for surgical recurrence after ileocolic resection of Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 51(8), 1211-1216 (2008).
49. Ewe K, Herfarth C, Malchow H, Jesdinsky HJ. Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease in relation to radicality of operation and sulfasalazine prophylaxis: A multicenter trial. Digestion 42(4), 224-232 (1989). (Pubitemid 19212478)
50. Scarpa M, Ruffolo C, Bertin E et al. Surgical predictors of recurrence of Crohn's disease after ileocolonic resection. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 22(9), 1061-1069 (2007). (Pubitemid 47500248)
51. Bergamaschi R, Pessaux P, Arnaud JP. Comparison of conventional and laparoscopic ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 46(8), 1129-1133 (2003). (Pubitemid 36992999)
52. Simillis C, Jacovides M, Reese GE, Yamamoto T, Tekkis PP. Meta-analysis of the role of granulomas in the recurrence of Crohn disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 53(2), 177-185 (2010).
53. Simillis C, Purkayastha S, Yamamoto T, Strong SA, Darzi AW, Tekkis PP. A meta-analysis comparing conventional end-to-end anastomosis vs. other anastomotic configurations after resection in Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 50(10), 1674-1687 (2007). (Pubitemid 47583357)
54. Yamamoto T, Bain IM, Mylonakis E, Allan RN, Keighley MR. Stapled functional end-to-end anastomosis versus sutured end-to-end anastomosis after ileocolonic resection in Crohn disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 34(7), 708-713 (1999). (Pubitemid 29390096)
55. Regueiro M. Management and prevention of postoperative Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15(10), 1583-1590 (2009).
56. Yoshida K, Fukunaga K, Ikeuchi H et al. Scheduled infliximab monotherapy to prevent recurrence of Crohn's disease following ileocolic or ileal resection: A 3-year prospective randomized open trial. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(9) 1617-1623 (2011).
57. Schwartz M, Regueiro M. Prevention and treatment of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence: An update for a new decade. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 13(1), 95-100 (2011).
58. Marteau P, Lémann M, Seksik P et al. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial. Gut 55(6), 842-847 (2006). (Pubitemid 43764556)
59. Van Gossum A, Dewit O, Louis E et al. Multicenter randomized-controlled clinical trial of probiotics (Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1) on early endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease after lleo-caecal resection. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13(2), 135-142 (2007). (Pubitemid 46806221)
60. Prantera C, Scribano ML, Falasco G, Andreoli A, Luzi C. Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: A randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG. Gut 51(3), 405-409 (2002).
61. Chermesh I, Tamir A, Reshef R et al. Failure of Synbiotic 2000 to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 52(2), 385-389 (2007). (Pubitemid 46202810)
62. Hellers G, Cortot A, Jewell D et al. Oral budesonide for prevention of postsurgical recurrence in Crohn's disease. The IOIBD Budesonide Study Group. Gastroenterology 116(2), 294-300 (1999). (Pubitemid 29055351)
63. Ewe K, Böttger T, Buhr HJ, Ecker KW, Otto HF. Low-dose budesonide treatment for prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: A multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. German Budesonide Study Group. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11(3), 277-282 (1999). (Pubitemid 29286681)
64. Steinhart AH, Ewe K, Griffiths AM, Modigliani R, Thomsen OO. Corticosteroids for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD000301 (2003).
65. Rutgeerts P, Hiele M, Geboes K et al. Controlled trial of metronidazole treatment for prevention of Crohn's recurrence after ileal resection. Gastroenterology 108(6), 1617-1621 (1995).
66. Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Vermeire S et al. Ornidazole for prophylaxis of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence: A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Gastroenterology 128(4), 856-861 (2005). (Pubitemid 40523538)
67. Lémann M. Review article: Can postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease be prevented? Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24(Suppl. 3), 22-28 (2006). (Pubitemid 44326415)
68. Caprilli R, Cottone M, Tonelli F et al. Two mesalazine regimens in the prevention of the post-operative recurrence of Crohn's disease: A pragmatic, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17(4), 517-523 (2003). (Pubitemid 36384811)
69. Cottone M, Cammà C. Mesalamine and relapse prevention in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 119(2), 597 (2000).
70. Sutherland LR, Martin F, Bailey RJ et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind trial of mesalamine in the maintenance of remission of Crohn's disease. The Canadian Mesalamine for Remission of Crohn's Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology 112(4), 1069-1077 (1997). (Pubitemid 27157516)
71. Florent C, Cortot A, Quandale P et al. Placebo-controlled clinical trial of mesalazine in the prevention of early endoscopic recurrences after resection for Crohn's disease. Groupe d'Etudes Thérapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives (GETAID). Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(3), 229-233 (1996). (Pubitemid 26132099)
72. Wenckert A, Kristensen M, Eklund AE et al. The long-term prophylactic effect of salazosulphapyridine (Salazopyrin) in primarily resected patients with Crohn's disease. A controlled double-blind trial. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 13(2), 161-167 (1978). (Pubitemid 8278453)
73. Summers RW, Switz DM, Sessions JT Jr et al. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: Results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 77(4 Pt 2), 847-869 (1979). (Pubitemid 9242048)
74. Lochs H, Mayer M, Fleig WE et al. Prophylaxis of postoperative relapse in Crohn's disease with mesalamine: European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study VI. Gastroenterology 118(2), 264-273 (2000). (Pubitemid 30067499)
75. Brignola C, Cottone M, Pera A et al. Mesalamine in the prevention of endoscopic recurrence after intestinal resection for Crohn's disease. Italian Cooperative Study Group. Gastroenterology 108(2), 345-349 (1995).
76. Caprilli R, Andreoli A, Capurso L et al. Oral mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid; Asacol) for the prevention of post-operative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio del Colon e del Retto (GISC). Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 8(1), 35-43 (1994).
77. Ford AC, Khan KJ, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P. 5-aminosalicylates prevent relapse of Crohn's disease after surgically induced remission: Systematic review and meta-Ann. Surg. 214(3), 230-238; discussion 238 (1991).
78. Caprilli R, Corrao G, Taddei G, Tonelli F, Torchio P, Viscido A. Prognostic factors for postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio del Colon e del Retto (GISC). Dis. Colon Rectum 39(3), 335-341 (1996). (Pubitemid 26091341)
79. Unkart JT, Anderson L, Li E et al. Risk factors for surgical recurrence after ileocolic resection of Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 51(8), 1211-1216 (2008).
80. Ewe K, Herfarth C, Malchow H, Jesdinsky HJ. Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease in relation to radicality of operation and sulfasalazine prophylaxis: A multicenter trial. Digestion 42(4), 224-232 (1989). (Pubitemid 19212478)
81. Scarpa M, Ruffolo C, Bertin E et al. Surgical predictors of recurrence of Crohn's disease after ileocolonic resection. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 22(9), 1061-1069 (2007). (Pubitemid 47500248)
82. Bergamaschi R, Pessaux P, Arnaud JP. Comparison of conventional and laparoscopic ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 46(8), 1129-1133 (2003). (Pubitemid 36992999)
83. Simillis C, Jacovides M, Reese GE, Yamamoto T, Tekkis PP. Meta-analysis of the role of granulomas in the recurrence of Crohn disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 53(2), 177-185 (2010).
84. Simillis C, Purkayastha S, Yamamoto T, Strong SA, Darzi AW, Tekkis PP. A meta-analysis comparing conventional end-to-end anastomosis vs. other anastomotic configurations after resection in Crohn's disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 50(10), 1674-1687 (2007). (Pubitemid 47583357)
85. Yamamoto T, Bain IM, Mylonakis E, Allan RN, Keighley MR. Stapled functional end-to-end anastomosis versus sutured end-to-end anastomosis after ileocolonic resection in Crohn disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 34(7), 708-713 (1999). (Pubitemid 29390096)
86. Regueiro M. Management and prevention of postoperative Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15(10), 1583-1590 (2009).
87. Yoshida K, Fukunaga K, Ikeuchi H et al. Scheduled infliximab monotherapy to prevent recurrence of Crohn's disease following ileocolic or ileal resection: A 3-year prospective randomized open trial. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(9) 1617-1623 (2011).
88. Schwartz M, Regueiro M. Prevention and treatment of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence: An update for a new decade. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 13(1), 95-100 (2011).
89. Marteau P, Lémann M, Seksik P et al. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial. Gut 55(6), 842-847 (2006). (Pubitemid 43764556)
90. Van Gossum A, Dewit O, Louis E et al. Multicenter randomized-controlled clinical trial of probiotics (Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1) on early endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease after lleo-caecal resection. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13(2), 135-142 (2007). (Pubitemid 46806221)
91. Prantera C, Scribano ML, Falasco G, Andreoli A, Luzi C. Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: A randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG. Gut 51(3), 405-409 (2002).
92. Chermesh I, Tamir A, Reshef R et al. Failure of Synbiotic 2000 to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 52(2), 385-389 (2007). (Pubitemid 46202810)
93. Hellers G, Cortot A, Jewell D et al. Oral budesonide for prevention of postsurgical recurrence in Crohn's disease. The IOIBD Budesonide Study Group. Gastroenterology 116(2), 294-300 (1999). (Pubitemid 29055351)
94. Ewe K, Böttger T, Buhr HJ, Ecker KW, Otto HF. Low-dose budesonide treatment for prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: A multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. German Budesonide Study Group. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11(3), 277-282 (1999). (Pubitemid 29286681)
95. Steinhart AH, Ewe K, Griffiths AM, Modigliani R, Thomsen OO. Corticosteroids for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD000301 (2003).
96. Rutgeerts P, Hiele M, Geboes K et al. Controlled trial of metronidazole treatment for prevention of Crohn's recurrence after ileal resection. Gastroenterology 108(6), 1617-1621 (1995).
97. Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Vermeire S et al. Ornidazole for prophylaxis of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence: A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Gastroenterology 128(4), 856-861 (2005). (Pubitemid 40523538)
98. Lémann M. Review article: Can postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease be prevented? Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24(Suppl. 3), 22-28 (2006). (Pubitemid 44326415)
99. Caprilli R, Cottone M, Tonelli F et al. Two mesalazine regimens in the prevention of the post-operative recurrence of Crohn's disease: A pragmatic, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17(4), 517-523 (2003). (Pubitemid 36384811)
100. Cottone M, Cammà C. Mesalamine and relapse prevention in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 119(2), 597 (2000). (Pubitemid 30622008)
101. Sutherland LR, Martin F, Bailey RJ et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind trial of mesalamine in the maintenance of remission of Crohn's disease. The Canadian Mesalamine for Remission of Crohn's Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology 112(4), 1069-1077 (1997). (Pubitemid 27157516)
102. Florent C, Cortot A, Quandale P et al. Placebo-controlled clinical trial of mesalazine in the prevention of early endoscopic recurrences after resection for Crohn's disease. Groupe d'Etudes Thérapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives (GETAID). Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(3), 229-233 (1996). (Pubitemid 26132099)
103. Wenckert A, Kristensen M, Eklund AE et al. The long-term prophylactic effect of salazosulphapyridine (Salazopyrin) in primarily resected patients with Crohn's disease. A controlled double-blind trial. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 13(2), 161-167 (1978). (Pubitemid 8278453)
104. Summers RW, Switz DM, Sessions JT Jr et al. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: Results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 77(4 Pt 2), 847-869 (1979). (Pubitemid 9242048)
105. Lochs H, Mayer M, Fleig WE et al. Prophylaxis of postoperative relapse in Crohn's disease with mesalamine: European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study VI. Gastroenterology 118(2), 264-273 (2000). (Pubitemid 30067499)
106. Brignola C, Cottone M, Pera A et al. Mesalamine in the prevention of endoscopic recurrence after intestinal resection for Crohn's disease. Italian Cooperative Study Group. Gastroenterology 108(2), 345-349 (1995).
107. Caprilli R, Andreoli A, Capurso L et al. Oral mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid; Asacol) for the prevention of post-operative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio del Colon e del Retto (GISC). Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 8(1), 35-43 (1994).
108. Ford AC, Khan KJ, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P. 5-aminosalicylates prevent relapse of Crohn's disease after surgically induced remission: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106(3), 413-420 (2011).
109. Sandborn W, Sutherland L, Pearson D et al. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for inducing remission of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD000545 (2000).
110. Pearson DC, May GR, Fick G, Sutherland LR. Azathioprine for maintaining remission of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD000067 (2000).
111. Pearson DC, May GR, Fick GH, Sutherland LR. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn disease. A meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 123(2), 132-142 (1995).
112. Domènech E, Mañosa M, Bernal I et al. Impact of azathioprine on the prevention of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence: Results of a prospective, observational, long-term follow-up study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 14(4), 508-513 (2008). (Pubitemid 351571830)
113. Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Sampietro GM et al. Azathioprine and mesalamine for prevention of relapse after conservative surgery for Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 127(3), 730-740 (2004). (Pubitemid 39208406)
114. D'Haens GR, Vermeire S, Van Assche G et al. Therapy of metronidazole with azathioprine to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: A controlled randomized trial. Gastroenterology 135(4), 1123-1129 (2008).
115. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Deltenre P, Ardizzone S et al. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for the prevention of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease: A metaanalysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104(8), 2089-2096 (2009).
116. Regueiro M, Schraut W, Baidoo L et al. Infliximab prevents Crohn's disease recurrence after ileal resection. Gastroenterology 136(2), 441-450.e1; quiz 716 (2009).
117. Savarino E, Dulbecco P, Bodini G, Assandri L, Savarino V. Prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease by adalimumab: A case series. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 24(4), 468-470 (2012).
118. Sorrentino D, Terrosu G, Avellini C, Maiero S. Infliximab with low-dose methotrexate for prevention of postsurgical recurrence of ileocolonic Crohn disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(16), 1804-1807 (2007). (Pubitemid 47403070)
119. Scimeca D, Mocciaro F, Cottone M et al. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic balloon dilation of symptomatic intestinal Crohn's disease strictures. Dig. Liver Dis. 43(2), 121-125 (2011).
120. Breysem Y, Janssens JF, Coremans G, Vantrappen G, Hendrickx G, Rutgeerts P. Endoscopic balloon dilation of colonic and ileo-colonic Crohn's strictures: Long-term results. Gastrointest. Endosc. 38(2), 142-147 (1992).
121. Morini S, Hassan C, Lorenzetti R et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic pneumatic dilatation in Crohn's disease. Dig. Liver Dis. 35(12), 893-897 (2003). (Pubitemid 41070496)
122. Blomberg B, Rolny P, Järnerot G. Endoscopic treatment of anastomotic strictures in Crohn's disease. Endoscopy 23(4), 195-198 (1991).
123. De Cruz P, Kamm MA, Prideaux L, Allen PB, Desmond PV. Postoperative recurrent luminal Crohn's disease: A systematic review. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(4), 758-777 (2012).
124. Yamamoto T, Umegae S, Matsumoto K. Impact of infliximab therapy after early endoscopic recurrence following ileocolonic resection of Crohn's disease: A prospective pilot study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15(10), 1460-1466 (2009).
125. Sorrentino D, Terrosu G, Paviotti A et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of postoperative endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease: Partial benefit by infliximab-a pilot study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 57(5), 1341-1348 (2012).
126. Herfarth H, Tjaden C, Lukas M et al.; Z T-1 Study Group. Adverse events in clinical trials with azathioprine and mesalamine for prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gut 55(10), 1525-1526 (2006). (Pubitemid 44476806)
127. Fernández-Blanco I, Monturiol J, Martinez B, Cara C, Taxonera C. Adalimumab in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 138(5 Suppl. 1), S-692 (2010).
128. Mantzaris GJ, Petraki K, Archavlis EJ et al. Pilot study of adalimumab for early prevention and/or treatment of postoperative endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 140(5), S-275 (2011).
129. Cho SM, Cho SW, Regueiro M. Postoperative management of Crohn disease. Med. Clin. North Am. 94(1), 179-188 (2010).