Regulating connection: Implicit self-esteem predicts positive non-verbal behavior during romantic relationship-threat

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 99-105

  Longua Peterson, Julie ^a   DeHart, Tracy ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (United States)

^b LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Connectedness; Implicit self esteem; Nonverbal behavior; Relationship threat

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867533349     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.013     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Baccus J.R., Baldwin M.W., Packer D.J. Increasing implicit self-esteem through classical conditioning. Psychological Science 2004, 15:498-502.
2. Baumeister R.F., Campbell J.D., Krueger J., Vohs K.D. Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2003, 4:1-44.
3. Baumeister R.F., Leary M.E. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 117:497-529.
4. Bellavia G., Murray S.L. Did I do that? Self-esteem-related differences in reactions to romantic partners' moods. Personal Relationships 2003, 10:77-96.
5. Bowlby J. A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory 1988, Routledge, London.
6. Bosson J.K., Swann W.B., Pennebaker J.W. Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 79:631-643.
7. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment 1982, Basic Books, New York, (Original ed. 1969). 2nd ed.
8. Buhrmester M.D., Blanton H., Swann W.B. Implicit self-esteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2011, 100:365-385.
9. Campbell L., Kashy D.A. Estimating actor, partner and interaction effects for dyadic data using PROC SAS MIXED and HLM: A user friendly guide. Personal Relationships 2002, 9:327-342.
10. Carver C.S., White T.L. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 67:319-333.
11. Chartrand T.L., Bargh J.A. The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 76:893-910.
12. Conner T., Barrett L.F. Implicit self-attitudes predict spontaneous affect in daily life. Emotion 2005, 5:476-488.
13. DeHart, T., Longua, J. E., Smith, J. (2011). To enhance or protect the self?: The complex role of explicit and implicit self-esteem. To appear in Mark Alicke and Constantine Sedikides (Eds.) (2010). The Handbook of Self-Enhancement and Self-protection. New York: Guilford Press.
14. DeHart T., Pelham B., Fiedorowicz L., Carvallo M., Gabriel S. Including others in the implicit self: Implicit evaluation of significant others. Self and Identity 2011, 10:127-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298861003687880.
15. DeHart T., Pelham B.W., Murray S.L. Implicit dependency regulation: Self-esteem, relationship closeness, and implicit evaluation of close others. Social Cognition 2004, 22:126-146.
16. DeHart T., Pelham B.W., Tennen H. What lies beneath: Parenting style and implicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2006, 42:1-17.
17. DeHart T., Tennen H., Armeli S., Todd M., Affleck G. Drinking to regulate negative romantic relationship interactions: The moderating role of self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:527-538.
18. DeHart T., Tennen H., Armeli S., Todd M., Mohr C. A diary study of implicit self-esteem, interpersonal interactions, and alcohol consumption in college students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2009, 45:720-730.
19. Dijksterhuis A. I like myself but I don't know why: Enhancing implicit self-esteem by subliminal evaluative conditioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 86:345-355.
20. Gable S.L. Approach and avoidance social motives and goals. Journal of Personality 2006, 74:175-222.
21. Gonzaga G.C., Keltner D., Londahl E.A., Smith M.D. Love and the commitment problem in romantic relations and friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:247-262.
22. Gonzaga G.C., Turner R.A., Keltner D., Campos B., Altemus M. Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships. Emotion 2006, 6:163-179.
23. Gottman J.D. Psychology and the study of marital process. Annual Review of Psychology 1998, 49:169-197.
24. Gottman J.M., Coan J., Carrere S., Swanson C. Predicting marital happiness and stability from newlywed interactions. Journal of Marriage and Family 1998, 60:5-22.
25. Gray J.A. The neuropsychology of emotion and personality. Cognitive neurochemistry 1987, 171-190. Oxford University Press, Oxford. S.M. Stahl, S.D. Iversen, E.C. Goodman (Eds.).
26. Greenwald A.G., Farnham S.D. Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 79:1022-1038.
27. Hetts J.J., Pelham B.W. A case for the nonconscious self-concept. Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition 2001, 105-123. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, USA. G.B. Moskowitz (Ed.).
28. Heyman R.E., Vivian D.E. RMICS, rapid marital interaction coding system, version 1.7 2000, State University of New York at Stony Brook, (www.psy.sunysb.edu/marital/).
29. Jones J.T., Pelham B.W., Carvallo M.C., Mirenberg M.C. How do I love thee? Let me count the Js: Implicit egotism and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87:665-683.
30. Jordan C.H., Spencer S.J., Zanna M.P., Hoshino-Browne E., Correll J. Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85:969-978.
31. Jordan C.H., Whitfield M., Zeigler-Hill V. Intuition and the correspondence between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93(6):1067-1079.
32. Kenny D.A., Kashy D.A., Bolger N. Data analysis in social psychology. The handbook of social psychology 1998, 1:233-265. McGraw-Hill, New York. 4th ed. D. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske (Eds.).
33. Kitayama S., Karasawa M. Implicit self-esteem in Japan: Name letters and birthday numbers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1997, 23:736-742.
34. Koole S.L., DeHart T. Self-affection without self-reflection: Origins, models and consequences of implicit self-esteem. The self in social psychology 2007, 36-86. Psychology Press, New York. C. Sedikides, S. Spencer (Eds.).
35. Koole S.L., Dijksterhuis A., van Knippenberg A. What's in a name: Implicit self-esteem and the automatic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 80:669-685.
36. Koole S.L., Govorun O., Chang C., Gallucci M. Pulling yourself together: Mediation enhances the congruence between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2010, 45:1220-1226.
37. Leary M.R. Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem. European Review of Social Psychology 2005, 16:75-111.
38. Leary M.R., Tambor E.S., Terdal S.K., Downs D.L. Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 68:518-530.
39. Lemay E.P., Clark M.S. Self-esteem and communal responsiveness toward a flawed partner: The fair-weather care of low-self-esteem individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2009, 35:698-712.
40. Murray S.L., Derrick J.L., Leder S., Holmes J.G. Balancing connectedness and self-protection goals in close relationships: A levels of processing approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94:429-459.
41. Murray S.L., Griffin D.W., Rose P., Bellavia G. Calibrating the sociometer: The relationship contingencies of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85:63-84.
42. Murray S.L., Holmes J.G., Collins N.L. Optimizing assurance: The risk regulation system in relationships. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:641-666.
43. Murray S.L., Holmes J.G., Pinkus R.T. A smart unconscious? Procedural origins or automatic partner attitudes in marriage. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2010, 46:650-656.
44. Murray S., Pinkus R.T., Holmes J.G., Harris B., Gomillion S., Aloni M., et al. Signalling when (and when not) to be cautions and self-protective: Impulsive and Reflective Trust in Close Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2011, 101:485-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023233.
45. Murray S.L., Rose P., Bellavia G.M., Holmes J.G., Kusche A.G. When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:556-573.
46. Nezlek J.B. Multilevel random coefficients analyses of event- and interval-contingent data in social and personality psychology research. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2001, 27:771-785.
47. Olson M.A., Fazio R.H., Hermann A.D. Reporting tendencies underlie discrepancies between implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem. Psychological Science 2007, 18:287-291.
48. Pelham B.W., Carvallo M., Jones J.T. Implicit egotism. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2005, 14:106-110.
49. Pelham B.W., Hetts J.J. Implicit and explicit personal and social identity: Toward a more complete understanding of the social self. The psychology of the social self 1999, 115-143. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, USA. T.R. Tyler, R.M. Kramer, O.P. John (Eds.).
50. Pelham B.W., Koole S.L., Hardin C.D., Hetts J.J., Seah E., DeHart T. Gender moderates the relation between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2005, 41:84-89.
51. Pickett C.L., Gardner W.L., Knowles M. Getting a cue: The need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2004, 30:1095-1107.
52. Powers, Pietromanaco, Gunlicks, Sayer Dating couples' attachment styles and patters of cortisol reactivity and recovery in response to a relationship conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 90:613-628.
53. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image 1965, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
54. Rudolph A., Schroder-Abe M., Riketta M., Schutz A. Easier when done than said! Implicit self-esteem predicts observed or spontaneous behavior, but not self-reported or controlled behavior. The Journal of Psychology 2010, 218:12-19.
55. Shrout P.E., Fleiss J.L. Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin 1979, 2:420-428.
56. Simpson J.A., Rholes S.W., Philips D. Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:899-914.
57. Spalding L.R., Hardin C.D. Unconscious unease and self-handicapping: Behavioral consequences of individual differences in implicit and explicit self-esteem. Psychological Science 1999, 10:535-539.
58. Watson D., Clark L.A., Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:1063-1070.