Laetoli revisited: Renewed paleontological and geological investigations at localities on the eyasi plateau in northern Tanzania

Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology

Volumn , Issue 9789048199556, 2011, Pages 1-15

  Harrison, Terry ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Australopithecus afarensis; Fossil; Garusi; Laetolil beds; Ndolanya beds; Paranthropus aethiopicus; Pliocene

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867438156     PISSN: 18779077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9956-3_1     Document Type: Chapter

References (127)

1. Adelsberger, K. A., Wirth, K. R., Mabulla, A. Z. P., & Bowman, D. C. (2011). Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of Middle Stone Age tools of Laetoli, Tanzania and comparisons with possible source materials. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli, Tanzania: Human evolution in context (Geology, geochronology, paleoecology and paleoenvironment, vol. 1, pp. 143–165). Dordrecht: Springer.
2. Agnew, N., & Demas, M. (1998). Preserving the Laetoli footprints. Scientific American, 279, 44–55.
3. Agnew, N., Demas, M., & Leakey, M. D. (1996). The Laetoli footprints. Science, 271, 1651–1652.
4. Andrews, P. J. (1989). Palaeoecology of Laetoli. Journal of Human Evolution, 18, 173–181.
5. Andrews, P. (2006). Taphonomic effects of faunal impoverishment and faunal mixing. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 241, 572–589.
6. Andrews, P., & Bamford, M. (2008). Past and present ecology of Laetoli, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution, 54, 78–98.
7. Andrews, P., & Harrison, T. (2005). The last common ancestor of apes and humans. In D. Lieberman, R. J. Smith, & J. Kelley (Eds.), Interpreting the past: Essays on human, primate, and mammal evolution in honor of David Pilbeam (pp. 103–121). Boston: Brill Academic.
8. Andrews, P. J., & Humphrey, L. (1999). African Miocene environments and the transition to early hominines, climate change and human evolution. In T. Bromage & F. Schrenk (Eds.), African biogeography (pp. 282–315). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Anonymous. (1995). Saving our roots from roots. Science, 267, 171.
10. Armour-Chelu, M., Bernor, R. L., & Mittmann, H.-W. (2006). Hooijer’s hypodigm for “Hipparion” cf. ethiopicum (Equidae, Hipparioninae) from Olduvai, Tanzania and comparative material from the East African Plio-Pleistocene. Beiträge zur Paläontologie, Wien, 30, 15–24.
11. Bamford, M. K. (2005). Environmental changes and hominid evolution: What the vegetation tells us. In F. d’Errico & L. Backwell (Eds.), From tools to symbols. From early hominids to modern humans (pp. 103–120). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
12. Bamford, M. (2011a). Fossil leaves, fruits and seeds. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context (Geology, geochronology, paleoecology, and paleoenvironment, Vol. 1, pp. 235–252). Dordrecht: Springer.
13. Bamford, M. (2011b). Fossil woods. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context Geology, geochronology, paleoecology, and paleoenvironment, Vol. 1, pp. 217–233. Dordrecht: Springer.
14. Cerling, T. E. (1992). Development of grasslands and savannas in East Africa during the Neogene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 97, 241–247.
15. Charteris, J., Wall, J. C., & Nottrodt, J. W. (1981). Functional reconstruction of gait from the Pliocene hominid footprints at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature, 290, 496–498.
16. Charteris, J., Wall, J. C., & Nottrodt, J. W. (1982). Pliocene hominid gait: New interpretations based on available footprint data from Laetoli. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 58, 133–144.
17. Clarke, R. J. (1979). Early hominid footprints from Tanzania. South African Journal of Science, 75, 148–149.
18. Dalton, R. (2008). Fears for oldest human footprints. Nature, 451, 118.
19. Darlington, J. P. E. C. (2005). Distinctive fossilized termite nests at Laetoli, Tanzania. Insectes Sociaux, 52, 408–409.
20. Day, M. H., & Wickens, E. H. (1980). Laetoli Pliocene hominid footprints and bipedalism. Nature, 286, 385–387.
21. Day, M. H., Leakey, M. D., & Magori, C. (1980). A new hominid fossil skull (L.H. 18) from the Ngaloba Beds, Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature, 284, 55–56.
22. Dehghani, R. (2008). Aspects of carnivoran evolution in Africa. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stockholm, Sweden.
23. 39Ar dating of Laetoli, Tanzania. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context. (Geology, geochronology, paleoecology, and paleoenvironment, Vol. 1, pp. 77–97). Dordrecht: Springer.
24. Dietrich, W. O. (1941). Die säugetierpaläontologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen’schen Expedition 1937–1939 im nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Abt. B, Stuttgart, pp. 217–223.
25. Dietrich, W. O. (1942a). Ältestquartäre Säugetiere aus der südlichen Serengeti, Deutsch-Ostafrika. Palaeontographica, 94A, 43–133.
26. Dietrich, W. O. (1942b). Zur Entwicklungsmechanik des Gebisses der afrikanischen Nashörner. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Abt. B, Stuttgart, pp. 297–300.
27. Dietrich, W. O. (1945). Nashornreste aus dem Quartär Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica, 96A, 46–90.
28. Dietrich, W. O. (1950). Fossile Antilopen und Rinder Äquatorialafrikas (Material der Kohl-Larsen’schen Expeditionen). Palaeontographica, 99A, 1–62.
29. Dietrich, W. O. (1951). Daten zu den fossilen Elefanten Afrikas und Ursprung der Gattung Loxodonta. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Stuttgart, 93, 325–378.
30. Ditchfield, P., & Harrison, T. (2011). Sedimentology, litho-stratigraphy and depositional history of the Laetoli area. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context (Geology, geochronology, paleoecology, and paleoenvironment, Vol. 1, pp. 47–76). Dordrecht: Springer.
31. Drake, R., & Curtis, G. H. (1987). K-Ar geochronology of the Laetoli fossil localities. In M. D. Leakey & J. M. Harris (Eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania (pp. 48–52). Oxford: Clarendon.
32. Feibel, C. S., Agnew, N., Latimer, B., Demas, M., Marshall, F., Waane, S. A. C., & Schmid, P. (1996). The Laetoli hominid footprints – a preliminary report on the conservation and scientific restudy. Evolutionary Anthropology, 4, 149–154.
33. Harrison, T. (1997). Neogene paleontology of the Manonga valley, Tanzania. New York: Plenum.
34. Harrison, T. (2002). First recorded hominins from the Ndolanya Beds, Laetoli, Tanzania. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Suppl. 32, 83.
35. Harrison, T. (2005). Fossil bird eggs from Laetoli, Tanzania: Their taxonomic and paleoecological implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 41, 289–302.
36. Harrison, T. (2010). Later Tertiary Lorisiformes (Strepsirhini, Primates). In L. Werdelin & W. J. Sanders (Eds.), Cenozoic mammals of Africa (pp. 333–349). Berkeley: University of California Press.
37. Harrison, T. (2011a). Hominins. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context (Fossil hominins and the associated fauna, Vol. 2, pp. 141–188). Dordrecht: Springer.
38. Harrison, T. (Ed.). (2011b). Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context Fossil hominins and the associated fauna, Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Springer.
39. Harrison, T., & Kweka, A. (2011). Paleontological localitier on the Eyasi flateau, including Laetoli. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context Geology, geochronology, paleoecology and paleoenvironment, Vol. 1, pp. 17–45. Dordrecht: Springer.
40. Harrison, T., & Msuya, C. P. (2005). Fossil struthionid eggshells from Laetoli, Tanzania: Their taxonomic and biostratigraphic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 41, 303–315.
41. Hay, R. L. (1976). Geology of the Olduvai Gorge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
42. Hay, R. L. (1978). Melilitite-carbonatite tuffs in the Laetolil Beds of Tanzania. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 17, 255–274.
43. Hay, R. L. (1981). Palaeoenvironment of the Laetolil Beds, northern Tanzania. In G. Rapp & C. F. Vondra (Eds.), Hominid sites: Their geological settings (pp. 7–24). American association for the advancement of science, Selected symposium 63. Boulder: Westview.
44. Hay, R. L. (1986). Role of tephra in the preservation of fossils in Cenozoic deposits of East Africa. In L. E. Frostick, R. W. Renaut, I. Reid, & J. J. Tiercelin (Eds.), Sedimentation in the African rifts (pp. 339–344). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. Geological Society special publication No. 25.
45. Hay, R. L. (1987). Geology of the Laetoli area. In M. D. Leakey & J. M. Harris (Eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania (pp. 23–47). Oxford: Clarendon.
46. Hay, R. L., & Leakey, M. D. (1982). The fossil footprints of Laetoli. Scientific American, 246, 50–57.
47. Hay, R. L., & Reeder, R. J. (1978). Calcretes of Olduvai Gorge and the Ndolanya Beds of northern Tanzania. Sedimentology, 25, 649–673.
48. Hennig, E. (1948). Quartärfaunen und Urgeschichte Ostafrikas. Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau, 1, 212–217.
49. Jaeger, F. (1913). Das Hochland der Riesenkrater und die umliegenden Hochländer Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Ergebnisse einer amtlichen Forschungsreise ins abflusslose Gebiet des nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika 1906/07. Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten. Ergänzungscheft 8.
50. Johanson, D. C., White, T. D., & Coppens, Y. (1978). A new species of the genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa. Kirtlandia, 28, 1–14.
51. Johanson, D. C., Lovejoy, C. O., Kimbel, W. H., White, T. D., Ward, S. C., Bush, M. E., Latimer, B. M., & Coppens, Y. (1982). Morphology of the Pliocene partial hominid skeleton (A.L. 288-1) from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 57, 403–452.
52. Kaiser, T. M. (2000). Proposed fossil insect modification to fossil mammalian bone from Plio-Pleistocene hominid-bearing deposits of Laetoli (northern Tanzania). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93, 693–700.
53. Kaiser, T., Bromage, T. G., & Schrenk, F. (1995). Hominid Corridor Research Project update: New Pliocene fossil localities at Lake Manyara and putative oldest Early Stone Age occurrences at Laetoli (Upper Ndolanya Beds), northern Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution, 28, 117–120.
54. Kent, P. E. (1941). The recent history and Pleistocene deposits of the plateau north of lake Eyasi, Tanganyika. Geological Magazine, 78, 173–184.
55. Kingston, J. D., & Harrison, T. (2007). Isotopic dietary reconstructions of Pliocene herbivores at Laetoli: Implications for hominin paleoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 243, 272–306.
56. Kohl-Larsen, L. (1943). Auf den Spuren des Vormenschen. Forshungen, Fahrten und Erlebnisse in Deutsch-Ostafrika. 2nd Band. Strecker und Schröder, Stuttgart.
57. Kovarovic, K. (2004). Bovids as palaeoenvironmental indicators. An ecomorphological analysis of bovid postcranial remains from Laetoli, Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, University of London.
58. Kovarovic, K., & Andrews, P. (2007). Bovid postcranial ecomorphological survey of the Laetoli paleoenvironment. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 663–680.
59. Kovarovic, K., Andrews, P., & Aiello, L. (2002). An ecological diversity analysis of the Upper Ndolanya Beds, Laetoli, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution, 43, 395–418.
60. Kyauka, P. S., & Ndessokia, P. (1990). A new hominid tooth from Laetoli, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution, 19, 747–750.
61. Latimer, B. (1991). Locomotor adaptations in Australopithecus afarensis: The issue of arboreality. In B. Senut & Y. Coppens (Eds.), Origine(s) de la Bipédie chez les Hominidés (pp. 169–176). Paris: CNRS.
62. Latimer, B. M., Ohman, J. C., & Lovejoy, C. O. (1987). Talocrural joint in African hominoids. Implications for Australopithecus afarensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 74, 155–175.
63. Leakey, L. S. B. (1935). East African archaeological expedition. Fourth season 1934–1935. Eighth monthly field report: May 24th-June 23rd. Unpublished report, The Natural History Museum, London.
64. Leakey, M. D. (1978). Pliocene footprints at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Antiquity, 52, 133.
65. Leakey, M. D. (1979). 3.6 million years old footprints in the ashes of time. National Geographic Magazine, 155, 446–457.
66. Leakey, M. D. (1981). Tracks and tools. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 292, 95–102.
67. Leakey, M. D. (1987a). Introduction. In M. D. Leakey & J. M. Harris (Eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania (pp. 1–22). Oxford: Clarendon.
68. Leakey, M. D. (1987b). The Laetoli hominid remains. In M. D. Leakey & J. M. Harris (Eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania (pp. 108–117). Oxford: Clarendon.
69. Leakey, M. D. (1987c). The hominid footprints: Introduction. In M. D. Leakey & J. M. Harris (Eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania (pp. 490–496). Oxford: Clarendon.
70. Leakey, M. D., & Harris, J. M. (Eds.). (1987). Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania. Oxford: Clarendon.
71. Leakey, M. D., & Hay, R. L. (1979). Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil Beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature, 278, 317–323.
72. Leakey, M. D., Hay, R. L., Curtis, G. H., Drake, R. E., Jackes, M. K., & White, T. D. (1976). Fossil hominids from the Laetolil Beds. Nature, 262, 460–466.
73. Mabulla, A. Z. P. (2000). Strategy for Cultural Heritage Management (CHM) in Africa: A case study. African Archaeological Review, 17, 211–233.
74. Magori, C. C., & Day, M. H. (1983). Laetoli Hominid 18: An early Homo sapiens skull. Journal of Human Evolution, 12, 747–753.
75. Manega, P. (1993). Geochronology, geochemistry and isotopic study of the Plio-Pleistocene hominid sites and the Ngorongora volcanic highlands in northern Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder.
76. McHenry, H. M. (1986). The first bipeds: A comparison of the Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus postcra- nium and implications for the evolution of bipedalism. Journal of Human Evolution, 15, 177–191.
77. McHenry, H. M. (1991). First steps? Analyses of the postcranium of early hominids. In B. Senut & Y. Coppens (Eds.), Origine(s) de la Bipédie chez les Hominidés (pp. 133–142). Paris: CNRS.
78. McHenry, H. M. (1994). Early hominid postcrania: Phylogeny and function. In R. S. Corruccini & R. L. Ciochon (Eds.), Integrative paths to the past: Paleoanthropological advances in honor of F. Clark Howell (pp. 251–268). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
79. McHenry, L. J. (2011). Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Laetoli area tuffs: Lower Laetolil through Naibadad Beds. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context Geology, geochronology, paleoecology and paleoenvironment, vol. 1, pp. 121–141. Dordrecht: Springer.
80. Mollel, G.F. (2007). Petrochemistry and geochemistry of Ngorongoro volcanic highland complex (NVHC) and its relationship to Laetoli and Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick.
81. Mollel, G., Swisher, C., Feigenson, M., & Carr, M. J. (2008). Geochemical evolution of Ngorongoro Caldera, northern Tanzania: Implications for crust-magma interaction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271, 337–347.
82. Mollel, G. F., Swisher, C. C., Feigenson, M. D., & Carr, J. D. (2011). Petrology, geochemistry and age of Satiman, Lemagurut and Oldeani: Sources of the volcanic deposits of the Laetoli area. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in Context Geology, geochronology, paleoecology and paleoenvironment, vol. 1, pp. 99–119. Dordrecht: Springer.
83. Musiba, C.M. (1999). Laetoli Pliocene paleoecology: A reanalysis via morphological and behavioral approaches. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago.
84. Musiba, C., Magori, C., Stoller, M., Stein, T., Branting, S., Vogt, M., Tuttle, R., Hallgrimsson, B., Killindo, S., Mizambwa, F., Ndunguru, F., & Mabulla, A. (2007). Taphonomy and paleoecological context of the Upper Laetolil Beds (Localities 8 and 9), Laetoli in northern Tanzania. In R. Bobe, Z. Alemseged, & A. K. Behrensmeyer (Eds.), Hominin environments in the East African Pliocene: An assessment of the faunal evidence (pp. 257–278). Dordrecht: Springer.
85. Musiba, C. M., Mabula, A., Selvaggio, M., & Magori, C. C. (2008). Pliocene animal trackways at Laetoli: Research and conservation potential. Ichnos, 15, 166–178.
86. Mutakyahwa, M. (1997). Mineralogy of the Wembere-Manonga Formation, Manonga Valley, Tanzania, and the possible provenance of the sediments. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Neogene paleontology of the Manonga valley, Tanzania (pp. 67–78). New York: Plenum.
87. Ndessokia, P. N. S. (1990). The mammalian fauna and archaeology of the Ndolanya and Olpiro Beds, Laetoli, Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
88. Obst, E. (1915). Das abflusslose Rumpfschollenland in nordöstlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika. Teil 1. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg, 29, 4–268.
89. Peters, C. R., Blumenschine, R. J., Hay, R. L., Livingstone, D. A., Marean, C. W., Harrison, T., Armour-Chelu, M., Andrews, P., Bernor, R. O., Bonnefille, R., & Werdelin, L. (2008). Paleoecology of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. In A. R. E. Sinclair, C. Packer, S. A. R. Mduma, & J. M. Fryxell (Eds.), Serengeti III: Human impacts on ecosystem dynamics (pp. 47–94). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
90. Petter, G. (1963). Étude quelques Viverridés (Mammifères, Carnivores) du Pléistocène inférieur du Tanganyika (Afrique orientale). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, Serie 7, 5, 265–274.
91. Pickering, R. (1969). Regional mapping. 1. The geology of the country around Endulen. Record of the Geological Survey of Tanganyika, 11, 1–9.
92. Protsch, R. R. R. (1981). The palaeoanthropological finds of the Pliocene and Pleistocene. In H. Müller-Beck (Ed.), Die Archäologischen und Anthropologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen-Expeditionen in Nord-Tanzania 1933–1939, Band 4, 3 (pp. 1–181). Tübingen: Verlag Archaeologica Venatoria, Institute für Urgeschichte der Universität Tübingen.
93. Reck, H., & Kohl-Larsen, L. (1936). Erster Überblick über die jungdiluvialen Tier- und Menschenfunde Dr. Kohl-Larsen’s im nordöstlichen Teil desNjarasa-Grabens(Ostafrika)unddiegeologischenVerhältnisse des Fundgebietes. Geologische Rundschau, 27, 401–441.
94. Remane, A. (1950). Die Zähne des Meganthropus africanus. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie, 42, 311–329.
95. Remane, A. (1954). Structure and relationships of Meganthropus africanus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 12, 123–126.
96. Robbins, L. M. (1987). Hominid footprints from site G. In M. D. Leakey & J. M. Harris (Eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania (pp. 497–502). Oxford: Clarendon.
97. Robinson, J. T. (1953). Meganthropus, australopithecines and hominids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 11, 1–38.
98. Robinson, J. T. (1955). Further remarks on the relationship between “Meganthropus” and australopithecines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 13, 429–445.
99. Sanders, W. J. (2008). Review of fossil Proboscidea from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene site of As Sahabi, Libya. Garyounis Scientific Bulletin, Special issue No. 5, 241–256.
100. Scott, L., Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., Carrion, J., & Brink, J. (2003). Preservation and interpretation of pollen in hyaena coprolites: Taphonomic observations from Spain and southern Africa. Palaeontologia Africana, 39, 83–91.
101. Senyürek, M. (1955). A note on the teeth of Meganthropus africanus Weinert from Tanganyika Territory. Belleten, 19, 1–55.
102. Stern, J. T. (2000). Climbing to the top: A personal memoir of Australopithecus afarensis. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 113–133.
103. Stern, J. T., & Susman, R. L. (1983). The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 60, 279–317.
104. Su, D. (2005). The paleoecology of Laetoli, Tanzania: Evidence from the mammalian fauna of the Upper Laetolil beds. Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, New York.
105. Su, D. F., & Harrison, T. (2007). The Paleoecology of the Upper Laetolil beds at Laetoli: A reconsideration of the large mammal evidence. In R. Bobe, Z. Alemseged, & A. K. Behrensmeyer (Eds.), Hominin environments in the East African Pliocene: An assessment of the faunal evidence (pp. 279–313). Dordrecht: Springer.
106. Su, D., & Harrison, T. (2008). Ecological implications of the relative rarity of fossil hominins at Laetoli. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 672–681.
107. Susman, R. L., & Stern, J. T. (1991). Locomotor behavior of early hominids: Epistemology and fossil evidence. In Y. Coppens & B. Senut (Eds.), Origine(s) de la Bipédie chez les Hominidés, Cahiers de Paléoanthropologie (pp. 121–132). Paris: CNRS.
108. Susman, R. L., Stern, J. T., & Jungers, W. L. (1984). Arboreality and bipedality in the Hadar hominids. Folia Primatologica, 43, 113–156.
109. Susman, R. L., Stern, J. T., & Jungers, W. L. (1985). Locomotor adaptations in the Hadar hominids. In E. Delson (Ed.), Ancestors: The hard evidence (pp. 184–192). New York: Alan R. Liss.
110. Tattersfield, P. (2011). Gastropoda. In T. Harrison (Ed.), Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in context (Fossil hominins and the associated fauna, vol. 2, pp. 567–587). Dordrecht: Springer.
111. Tuttle, R. H. (1985). Ape footprints and Laetoli impressions: A response to the SUNY claims. In P. V. Tobias (Ed.), Hominid evolution: Past, Present and Future (pp. 129–133). New York: Alan R. Liss.
112. Tuttle, R. H. (1987). Kinesiological inference and evolutionary implications from Laetoli bipedal trails G-1, G-2/3 and A. In M. D. Leakey & J. M. Harris (Eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania (pp. 503–523). Oxford: Clarendon.
113. Tuttle, R. H. (1990). The pitted pattern of Laetoli feet. Natural History, 90, 60–65.
114. Tuttle, R. H. (1994). Up from electromyography: Primate energetics and the evolution of human bipedalism. In R. S. Corruccini & R. L. Ciochon (Eds.), Integrative paths to the past (pp. 251–268). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
115. Tuttle, R. H. (2008). Footprint clues in hominid evolution and forensics: Lessons and limitations. Ichnos, 15, 158–165.
116. Tuttle, R. H., Webb, D. M., Weidl, E., & Baksh, M. (1990). Further progress on the Laetoli trails. Journal of Archaeological Science, 17, 347–362.
117. Tuttle, R. H., Webb, D., & Tuttle, N. (1991). Laetoli footprint trails and the evolution of hominid bipedalism. In Y. Coppens & B. Senut (Eds.), Origine(s) de la Bipédie chez les Hominidés, Cahiers de Paléoanthropologie (pp. 203–218). Paris: CNRS.
118. Tuttle, R. H., Webb, D. M., Tuttle, N. I., & Baksh, M. (1992). Footprints and gaits of bipedal apes, bears, and barefoot people: Perspective on Pliocene tracks. In S. Matano, R. H. Tuttle, H. Ishida, & M. Goodman (Eds.), Topics in primatology (Evolutionary biology, reproductive endocrinology, and virology, Vol. 3, pp. 221–242). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
119. Ullrich, H. (2001). Garusi Hominid 4 – Ein Australopithecinenzahn aus der Sammlung Kohl-Larsen. In: Schultz, M., Atzwanger, K., Bräuer, G., Christiansen, K., Forster, J., Greil, H., Henke, W., Jaeger, U., Niemitz, C., Scheffler, C., Schiefenhövel, W., Schröder, I., Weichmann, I. (Eds.), Homo – Unsere Herkunft und Kukunft: Proceedings - 4 (pp. 52–54). Göttingen: Kongress der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie e.V. Cuvillier Verlag.
120. Ward, C. V. (2002). Interpreting the posture and locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis: Where do we stand? Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 45, 185–215.
121. Weinert, H. (1950). Über die neuen Vor- und Frühmenschenfunde aus Afrika, Java, China und Frankreich. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie, 42, 113–145.
122. White, T. D. (1977). New fossil hominids from Laetolil, Tanzania. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 46, 197–230.
123. White, T. D. (1980a). Additional fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania: 1976–1979 specimens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 53, 487–504.
124. White, T. D. (1980b). Evolutionary implications of Pliocene hominid footprints. Science, 208, 175–176.
125. White, T. D. (1981). Primitive hominid canine from Tanzania. Science, 213, 348–349.
126. White, T. D. (1985). The hominids of Hadar and Laetoli: An element-by-element comparison of the dental samples. In E. Delson (Ed.), Ancestors: The hard evidence (pp. 138–152). New York: Alan R. Liss.
127. White, T. D., & Suwa, G. (1987). Hominid footprints at Laetoli: Facts and interpretations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 72, 485–514.