Time dependency of psychotherapeutic exchanges: The contribution of theTheory of Dynamic Systems in analyzing process

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 3, Issue JUL, 2012, Pages

  Salvatore, Sergio ^a   Tschacher, Wolfgang ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALENTO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Dynamic systems; Non linearity; Pattern analysis; Psychotherapy process; Self organization; Sequence analysis; Synergetics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867114777     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00253     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Bakeman, R., and Gottman, J. M. (1997). Observing Interaction. An Introduction to Sequential Analysis, 2nd Edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Barkham, M., Stiles, W. B., and Shapiro, D. A. (1993). The shape of change in psychotherapy: longitudinal assessment of personal problems. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61, 667-677.
3. Bickhard, M. H. (2009). Interactivism: a manifesto. New Ideas Psychol. 27, 85-89.
4. Bucci, W. (1998). Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science. New York: Guilford.
5. Colli, A., and Lingiardi, V. (2009). The Collaborative Interactions Scale: a new transcript-based method for the assessment of therapeutic alliance ruptures and resolutions in psychotherapy. Psychother. Res. 19, 718-734.
6. Collins, L., and Sayer, A. G. (eds). (2009). New Methods for the Analysis of Change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
7. Dimaggio, G., and Semerari, A. (2004). "Disorganized narratives: the psychological condition and his treatment. How to achieve a metacognitive point of view order to chaos," in Handbook of Narrative Psychotherapy: Practice, Theory and Research, eds L. Angus and J. McLeod (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage), 263-282.
8. Gennaro, A., Al-Radaideh, A., Gelo, O., Manzo, S., Nitti, M., and Salvatore, S. (2010). "Modelling psychotherapy process as sense-making dynamic: the Two Stage Semiotic Model (TSSM) and the Discourse Flow Analyzer (DFA)," in YIS: Yearbook of Idiographic Science, Vol. 2, eds S. Salvatore, J. Valsiner, A. Gennaro, and J. B. Traves Simon (Rome: Firera Publishing Group), 131-170
9. Gonçalves, M. M., Ribeiro, A. P., Stiles, W. B., Conde, T., Matos, M., Martins, C., and Santos, A. (2010). The role of mutual in-feeding in maintaining problematic self-narratives: exploring one path to therapeutic failure. Psychother. Res. 21, 27-40
10. Greenberg, L. S. (1994). "The investigation of change: its measurement and explanation," in Reassessing Psychotherapy Research, ed. R.L. Russel (New York: Guilford), 114-143.
11. Greenberg, L. S., and Pinsof, W. M. (1986). "Process research: current trends and future perspectives," in The Psychotherapeutic Process: A Research Handbook, eds L. S. Greenberg and W. M. Pinsof (New York: Guilford), 3-20.
12. Haken, H. (1992). "Synergetics in psychology," in Self-Organization and Clinical Psychology. Empirical Approaches to Synergetics in Psychology, eds W. Tschacher, G. Schiepek, and E. J. Brunner (Berlin: Springer), 32-54
13. Hartmann, A., van der Kooij, A. J., and Zeeck, A. (2009). Exploring nonlinear relations: models of clinical decision making by regression with optimal scaling. Psychother. Res. 19, 482-492
14. Hayes, A. M., Laurenceau, J. P., Feldman, G., Strauss, J. L., and Cardaciotto, L. A. (2007). Change is not always linear: the study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 27, 715-723.
15. Hill, C., and Lambert, M. J. (2004). "Methodological issue in studying psychotherapy processes and outcomes," in Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, 5th Edn, ed. M. J. Lambert (New York: Wiley), 84-137
16. Horvath, A. (2011). Alliance in common factor land: a view through the research lens. Res. Psychother. Psychopathol. Process Outcome 14, 1.
17. Kowalik, Z., Schiepek, G., Kumpf, K., Roberts, L. E., and Elbert, T. (1997). Psychotherapy as a chaotic process: II. The application of nonlinear analysis methods on quasi time series of the client-therapist interaction: a nonstationary approach. Psychother. Res. 7, 197-218
18. Kraemer, S., Lihl, M., and Mergenthaler, E. (2007). Schlüsselstunden im Verlauf kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie von schizophrenen Patienten: Ein Beitrag zur Prozessforschung. Verhaltenstherapie 17, 90-99.
19. Lambert, M. J., and Ogles, B. J. (2004). "The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy,"in Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, 5th Edn, ed.M. J. Lambert (New York: Wiley), 139-193.
20. Lancia, F. (2007). Word Co-occurrence and Similarity in Meaning. Available at: http://www.tlab.it/en/ bibliography.php [accessed September 22, 2010].
21. Laurenceau, J. P., Hayes, A. M., and Feldman, G. C. (2007). Statistical and methodological issues in the study of change in psychotherapy. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 27, 682-695.
22. Lauro-Grotto, R., Salvatore, S., Gennaro, A., and Gelo, O. (2009). "The unbearable dynamicity of psychological processes: highlights of the psychodynamics theories," in Dynamic Process Methodology in the Social and Developmental Sciences, eds J. Valsiner, P. Molenaar, M. Lyra, and N. Chaudhary (New York: Springer), 1-30.
23. Lepper, G., and Mergenthaler, E. (2005). Exploring group process. Psychother. Res. 15, 433-444
24. Lepper, G., and Mergenthaler, E. (2007). Therapeutic collaboration: how does it works. Psychother. Res. 17, 576-587.
25. Linell, P. (2009). Rethinking Language, Mind and World Dialogically: Interactional and Contextual Theories of Human Sense-Making. Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
26. Maturana, H. R., and Varela, F. J. (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: the Realization of the Living. Dordrecht: Reidel.
27. Mergenthaler, E. (1996). Emotion abstraction patterns in verbatim protocols: a new way of describing therapeutic processes. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 64, 1306-1318.
28. Molenaar, P. C. M., and Valsiner, J. (2005/2009). "How generalization works through the single case: a simple idiographic process analysis of an individual psychotherapy," in YIS: Yearbook of Idiographic Science, Vol. 1, eds S. Salvatore, J. Valsiner, S. Strout, and J. Clegg (Rome: Firera Publishing Group), 23-38. First published 2005, International Journal of Idiographic Science [On Line Journal], Article 1. Retrieved (September 20, 2008) from http://www.valsiner.com/articles
29. Nitti, M., Ciavolino, E., Salvatore, S., and Gennaro, A. (2010). Analyzing psychotherapy process as intersubjective sensemaking. An approach based on discourse analysis and neural networks. Psychother. Res. 20, 546-563
30. Pezard, L., Nandrino, J.-L., Renault, B., Massioui, F. E., Allilaire, J.-F., Varela, F. J., and Martinerie, J. (1996). Depression as a dynamical disease. Biol. Psychiatry 39, 991-999.
31. Ramseyer, F., and Tschacher, W. (2006). Synchrony a core concept for a constructivist approach to psychotherapy. Constructivism Hum. Sci. 11, 150-171.
32. Ramseyer, F., and Tschacher, W. (2010). "Nonverbal synchrony or random coincidence? How to tell the difference," in Development of Multimodal Interfaces: Active Listening and Synchrony, eds A. Esposito, A. N. Campbell, N. Vogel, C. Hussain, and A. Nijholt (Berlin: Springer), 182-196.
33. Ramseyer, F., and Tschacher, W. (2011). Nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: relationship quality and outcome are reflected by coordinated body-movement. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 79, 284-295
34. Reisch, T., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Tschacher, T., Bohus, M., and Linehan, M. M. (2008). Sequences of emotions in patients with borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 118, 42-48.
35. Safran, J. D., and Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance. A Relational Treatment Guide. New York: Guilford.
36. Salvatore, S. (2011). Psychotherapy research needs theory. Outline for an epistemology of the clinical exchange. Integr. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 45, 366-388.
37. Salvatore, S., Gelo, O., Gennaro, A., Manzo, S., and Al-Radaideh, A. (2010). Looking at the psychotherapy process as an intersubjective dynamic of sensemaking. A case study with discourse flow analysis. J. Constr. Psychol. 23, 195-230
38. Salvatore, S., Gennaro, A., Auletta, A., Grassi, R., Rocco, D., and Gelo, O. (in press). Dynamic Mapping of the Structures of Content in Clinical Settings (DMSC). A new coding system for analyzing the patient's narratives. Psychol. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract. doi:10.1111/j.20448341.2011.02038.x
39. Salvatore, S., Gennaro, A., Manzo, S., Melgiovanni, S., and Serio, S. (2007). The DFA (Discourse Flow Analyzer) a study of its convergent validity. Paper Presented at the 7th European Conference of the Society of Psychotherapy Research, Madeira.
40. Salvatore, S., Lauro-Grotto, R., Gennaro, A., and Gelo, O. (2009)."Attempts to grasp the dynamicity of intersubjectivity," in Dynamic Process Methodology in the Social and Developmental Sciences, eds J. Valsiner, P. C. M. Molenaar, M. C. P. Lyra, and N. Chaudhary (NewYork: Springer), 171-190.
41. Salvatore, S., Tebaldi, C., and Poti, S. (2006/2009). "The discursive dynamic of sensemaking," in YIS: Yearbook of Idiographic Science 2008, Vol. 1, eds S. Salvatore, J. Valsiner, S. Strout, and J. Clegg (Rome: Firera Publishing), 39-72. First published 2006, International Journal of Idiographic Science [On Line Journal], Article 3. Retrieved (September 20, 2008) from http://www.valsiner.com/articles/salvatore.htm
42. Salvatore, S., and Valsiner, J. (2006).'Am I really a psychologist?'Making sense of a super-human social role. Eur. J. School Psychol. 4, 5-30.
43. Salvatore, S., and Valsiner, J. (2010a). Between the General and the Unique: overcoming the nomothetic versus idiographic opposition. Theory Psychol. 20, 817-833.
44. Salvatore, S., and Valsiner, J. (2010b). "Idiographic science as a nonexisting object: the importance of the reality of the dynamic system," in YIS: Yearbook of Idiographic Science, Vol. 3, eds S. Salvatore, J. Valsiner, J. Simon Travers, and A. Gennaro (Roma: Firera Publishing), 7-27.
45. Santos, A., Goncalves, M. M., Matos, M., and Salvatore, S. (2009). Innovative moments and change pathways. A good outcome case of narrative therapy. Psychol. Psychother. 82, 449-466
46. Schiepek, G., Kowalik, Z. J., Schutz, A., and Kohler, M. (1997). Psychotherapy as a chaotic process: I. Coding the client-therapist interaction by means of sequential plan analysis and the search for chaos: a stationary approach. Psychother. Res. 7, 173-194.
47. Schiepek, G., and Tschacher, W. (1992). "Application of synergetics to clinical psychology," in Self-Organization and Clinical Psychology. Empirical Approaches to Synergetics in Psychology, eds W. Tschacher, G. Schiepek, and J. Brunner (Berlin: Springer), 3-31.
48. Shapiro, D. A., Harper, H., Startup, M., Reynolds, S., Bird, D., and Suokas, A. (1989). "The high-water mark of the drug metaphor: a metaanalytic critique of process-outcome research," in Reassessing Psychotherapy Research, ed. R. L. Russell (New York: Guilford), 1-35
49. Slife, B. D. (2004). "Theoretical challenges to therapy practice and research: the constraint of naturalism," in Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, 5th Edn, ed. M. J. Lambert (New York: Wiley), 44-83
50. Stiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Shapiro, D. A., and Firth-Cozens, J. (1992). Treatment order and thematic continuity between contrasting psychotherapies: exploring an implication of the assimilation model. Psychother. Res. 2, 112-124
51. Stiles, W. B., and Shapiro, D. A. (1994). Disabuse of the drug metaphor: psychotherapy process-outcome correlations. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 62, 942-948.
52. Stiles, W. B., Shapiro, D. A., and Harper, H. (1989). "Finding the way from process to outcome: blind alleys and unmarked trails," in Reassessing Psychotherapy Research, ed. R.L. Russell (New York: Guilford), 36-64.
53. Tonti, M. (2007). "Rate of speech and mental processes in emotional and cognitive regulation," in Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour Convention, Newcastle-uponTyne.
54. Tschacher, W. (1997). Prozessgestalten. Die Anwendung der Selbstorganisationstheorie und der Theorie dynamischer Systeme auf Probleme der Psychologie. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Tschacher, W., Baur, N., and Grawe, K. (2000). Temporal interaction of process variables in psychotherapy. Psychother. Res. 10, 296-309.
55. Tschacher, W., Ramseyer, F., and Grawe, K. (2007). Der Ordnungseffekt im Psychotherapieprozess: Replikation einer systemtheoretischen Vorhersage und Zusammenhang mit dem Therapieerfolg. Z. Klin. Psychol. Psychother. 36, 18-25.
56. Tschacher, W., Scheier, C., and Grawe, K. (1998). Pattern formation in psychotherapy. Nonlinear Dynamics Psychol. Life Sci. 2, 195-215.
57. Tschacher, W., Scheier, C., and Hashimoto, Y. (1997). Dynamical analyses of schizophrenia courses. Biol. Psychiatry 41, 428-437.
58. Tschacher, W., Schiepek, G., and Brunner, E. J. (eds.) (1992). SelfOrganization and Clinical Psychology. Berlin: Springer.
59. Tschacher, W., Zorn, P., and Ramseyer, F. (2012). Change mechanisms of schema-centered group psychotherapy with personality disorder patients. PLoS ONE 7, e39687. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039687
60. Valsiner, J. (2007). Culture in Minds and Societies. Foundations of Cultural Psychology. New Delhi: Sage.
61. Valsiner, J., Molenaar, P. C. M., Lyra, M. C. D. P., and Chaudhary, N. (eds). (2010). Dynamic Process Methodology in the Social and Developmental Sciences. New York: Springer.
62. Visser, I., Raijmakers, M. E. J., and van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010). "Hidden markov models for individual time series," in Dynamic Process Methodology in the Social and Developmental Sciences, eds J. Valsiner, P. C. M. Molenaar, M. C. D. P. Lyra, and N. Chaudhary (New York: Springer), 269-290.
63. von Eye, A., Mum, E. Y., and Mair, P. (2009). What carries a mediation process. Configurational analysis of mediation. Integr. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 43, 228-247
64. Westen, D., Morrison, K., and Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004). The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychol. Bull. 130, 631-663.