Esthetic considerations related to bone and soft tissue maintenance and development around dental implants: Report of the Committee on Research in Fixed Prosthodontics of the American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics

Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Volumn 108, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 259-267

  Rodriguez, Arthur M ^a   Rosenstiel, Stephen F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DENTAL ABUTMENT; DENTAL PROCEDURE; DENTAL SURGERY; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; JAW; METHODOLOGY; PERIODONTIUM; TOOTH IMPLANT; TOOTH IMPLANTATION; TOOTH PROSTHESIS;

ALVEOLAR PROCESS; DENTAL IMPLANT-ABUTMENT DESIGN; DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS; DENTAL IMPLANTS; DENTAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN; DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED; DENTAL RESTORATION, TEMPORARY; ESTHETICS, DENTAL; HUMANS; PERIODONTIUM;

EID: 84866986231     PISSN: 00223913     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3913(12)60174-7     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. G Sammartino, G Marenzi, AE di Lauro, G Paolantoni Aesthetics in oral implantology: biological, clinical, surgical and prosthetic aspects Implant Dent 16 2007 54 59
2. RV Sunitha, T Ramakrishnan, S Kumar, P Emmadi Soft tissue preservation and crestal bone loss around single-tooth implants J Oral Implantol 34 2008 223 229
3. HC Lai, ZY Zhang, F Wang, LF Zhuang, X Liu, YP Pu Evaluation of soft tissue alteration around implant supported single tooth restoration in the anterior maxilla: the pink esthetic score Clin Oral Implants Res 19 2008 560 564
4. SL Wheeler Implant complications in the esthetic zone J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 2007 93 102 (Pubitemid 46936048)
5. B Leblebicioglu, S Rawal, A Mariotti A review of the functional and esthetic requirements for dental implants J Am Dent Assoc 138 2007 321 329
6. MC Fagan, H Owens, J Smaha, RT Kao Simultaneous hard and soft tissue augmentation for implants in the esthetic zone: report of 37 consecutive cases J Periodontol 79 2008 1782 1788
7. D Buser, ST Chen, HP Weber, UC Belsar Early implant placement following single-tooth extraction in the esthetic zone: biologic rationale and surgical procedures Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 28 2008 441 451
8. ST Chen, IB Darby, EC Reynolds A prospective clinical study of non-submerged immediate implants: clinical outcomes and esthetic results Clin Oral Implants Res 18 2007 552 562
9. G Huynh-Ba, BE Pjetursson, M Sanz, D Cecchinato, J Ferrus, J Lindhe et al. Analysis of the socket bone wall dimensions in the upper maxilla in relation to immediate implant placement Clin Oral Implants Res 21 2010 37 42
10. CD Evans, ST Chen Esthetic outcomes of immediate implant placements Clin Oral Implants Res 19 2008 73 80
11. CS Petrie, JL Williams Comparative evaluation of implant designs: influence of diameter, length, and taper on strains in the alveolar crest. A three-dimensional finite-element analysis Clin Oral Implants Res 16 2005 486 494 (Pubitemid 43961030)
12. SW Shin, SR Bryant, GA Zarb A retrospective study on the treatment outcome of wide-bodied implants Int J Prosthodont 17 2004 52 58 (Pubitemid 38184077)
13. SE Eckert, SJ Meraw, AL Weaver, CM Lohse Early experience with wide-platform Mk II implants. Part I: Implant survival. Part II: Evaluation of risk factors involving implant survival Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 16 2001 208 216 (Pubitemid 33674654)
14. CJ Ivanoff, K Grondahl, L Sennerby, C Bergstrom, U Lekholm Influence of variations in implant diameters: a 3- to 5-year retrospective clinical report Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 14 1999 173 180
15. M Degidi, A Piattelli, F Carinci Clinical outcome of narrow diameter implants: a retrospective study of 510 implants J Periodontol 79 2008 49 54
16. M Hallman A prospective study of treatment of severely resorbed maxillae with narrow nonsubmerged implants: results after 1 year of loading Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 16 2001 731 736 (Pubitemid 33674674)
17. B Zinsli, T Sagesser, E Mericske, R Mericske-Stern Clinical evaluation of small-diameter ITI implants: a prospective study Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19 2004 92 99 (Pubitemid 38251151)
18. MG Araújo, F Sukekava, JL Wennström, J Lindhe Tissue modeling following implant placement in fresh extraction sockets Clin Oral Implants Res 17 2006 615 624 (Pubitemid 44707163)
19. M Qahash, C Susin, G Polimeni, J Hall, UM Wikesjö Bone healing dynamics at buccal peri-implant sites Clin Oral Implants Res 19 2008 166 172
20. HF Morris, S Ocho, IH Orenstein, V Petrazzuolo AICRG, Part V: Factors influencing implant stability at placement and their influence on survival of Ankylos implants J Oral Implantol 30 2004 162 170
21. JR Spray, CG Black, HF Morris, S Ochi The influence of bone thickness on facial marginal bone response: stage 1 placement through stage 2 uncovering Ann Periodontol 5 2000 119 128
22. MA Listgarten Clinical trials of endosseous implants: issues in analysis and interpretation Ann Periodontol 2 1997 299 313
23. DH Kohn Overview of factors important in implant design J Oral Implantol 18 1992 204 219
24. JT Steigenga, KF al-Shammari, FH Nociti, CE Misch, HL Wang Dental implant design and its relationship to long term implant success Implant Dent 12 2003 306 317
25. DP Tarnow, SC Cho, SS Wallace The effect of inter-implant distance on the height of inter-implant bone crest J Periodontol 71 2000 546 549
26. U Covani, R Cornelini, JL Calvo, P Tonelli, A Barone Bone remodeling around implants placed in fresh extraction sockets Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 30 2010 601 607
27. I Naert, M Quirynen, G Theuniers, D van Steenburghe Prosthetic aspects of osseointegrated fixtures supporting overdentures. A 4 year report J Prosthet Dent 65 1991 671 680
28. W Becker, BE Becker, MG Newman, S Nyman Clinical and microbiological findings that may contribute to dental implant failure Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 5 1990 31 38
29. DE Smith, GA Zarb Criteria for success of osseointegrated endosseous implants J Prosthet Dent 62 1989 567 572
30. PG Khayay, PG Hallage, RA Toledo An investigation of 131 consecutively placed wide screw-vent implants Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 16 2001 827 832 (Pubitemid 33675585)
31. J Nissan, GE Romanos, O Mardinger, G Chaushu Immediate nonfunctional loading of single-tooth implants in the anterior maxilla following augmentation with freeze dried cancellous block allograft: a case series Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 23 2008 709 716
32. B Assenza, A Scarano, G Petrone, G Iezzi, U Thams, F San Roman et al. Crestal bone remodeling in loaded and unloaded implants and the microgap: a histologic study Implant Dent 12 2003 235 241
33. N Broggini, LM McManus, JS Hermann, R Medina, RK Schenk, D Buser et al. Peri-implant inflammation defined by the implant-abutment interface J Dent Res 85 2006 473 478 (Pubitemid 43799268)
34. MP Hänggi, DC Hänggi, JD Schoolfield, J Meyer, DL Cochran, JS Hermann Crestal bone changes around titanium implants. Part I: A retrospective radiographic evaluation in humans comparing two non-submerged implant designs with different machined collar lengths J Periodontol 76 2005 791 802 (Pubitemid 40852392)
35. JS Hermann, DL Cochran, PV Nummikoski, D Buser Crestal bone changes around titanium implants. A radiographic evaluation of unloaded nonsubmerged and submerged implants in the canine mandible J Periodontal 68 1997 1117 1130 (Pubitemid 127513679)
36. A Piatelli, G Vrespa, G Petrone, G Iezzi, S Annibali, A Scarano Role of the microgap between implant and abutment: a retrospective histologic evaluation in monkeys J Periodontol 74 2003 346 352 (Pubitemid 36939349)
37. CH Hämmerle, U Bragger, W Bürgin, NP Lang The effect of subcrestal placement of the polished surface of ITI implants on marginal soft and hard tissues Clin Oral Implants Res 7 1996 111 119 (Pubitemid 126670507)
38. D Wang, MJ Nagata, M Bell, LG de Melo, AF Bosco Influence of microgap location and configuration on peri-implant bone morphology in nonsubmerged implants: an experimental study in dogs Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25 2010 540 547
39. FF Todescan, FE Pustiglioni, AV Imbronito, T Albrektsson, M Gioso Influence of the microgap in the peri-implant hard and soft tissues: a histomorphometric study in dogs Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 17 2002 467 472
40. M Welander, I Abrahamsson, T Berglundh Placement of two-part implants in sites with different buccal and lingual bone heights J Periodontol 80 2009 324 329
41. N Broggini, LM McManus, JS Hermann, RU Medina, TW Oates, RK Schenk et al. Persistent acute inflammation at the implant-abutment interface J Dent Res 82 2003 232 237 (Pubitemid 41766049)
42. K Finne, E Rompen, J Toljanic Clinical evaluation of a prospective multicenter study on 1-piece implants. part 1: Marginal bone level evaluation after 1 year of follow up Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 22 2007 226 234
43. JP Fiorellini, D Buser, DW Paquette, RC Williams, D Haghighi, HP Weber A radiographic evaluation of bone healing around submerged and non-submerged dental implants in beagle dogs J Periodontol 70 1999 248 254
44. CM Stanford Achieving and maintaining predictable implant esthetics through the maintenance of bone around dental implants Compend Contin Educ Dent 23 2002 13 20
45. M Tesmer, S Wallet, T Koutouzia, T Lundgren Bacterial colonization of the dental implant fixture-abutment interface: an in vitro study J Periodontol 80 2009 1991 1997
46. A Khraisat, R Stegaroiu, S Nomura, O Miyakawa Fatigue resistance of two implant/abutment joint designs J Prosthet Dent 88 2002 604 610 (Pubitemid 40433803)
47. MR Norton In vitro evaluation of the strength of the conical implant to abutment joint in two commercially available implant systems J Prosthet Dent 83 2000 567 571
48. C Mangano, F Mangano, A Piatelli, G Iezzi, A Mangano, L La Colla Prospective clinical evaluation of 307 single-tooth morse taper-connection implants: a multicenter study Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25 2010 394 400
49. MS Schwarz Mechanical complications of dental implants Clin Oral Implants Res 11 2000 156 158
50. D Bozkaya, S Mufta, A Muftu Evaluation of load transfer characteristics of five different implants in compact bone at different load levels by finite element analysis J Prosthet Dent 92 2004 523 530 (Pubitemid 39593580)
51. K Heijdenrijk, GM Raghoebar, HJ Meijer, B Stegenga, WA van der Reijden Feasibility and influence of the microgap of two implants placed in a non-submerged procedure: a five-year follow up clinical trial J Periodontol 77 2006 1051 1060 (Pubitemid 44740622)
52. GN King, JS Hermann, JD Schoolfield, D Buser, DL Cochran Influence of the size of the microgap on crestal bone levels in non-submerged dental implants: a radiographic study in the canine mandible J Periodontol 73 2002 1111 1117 (Pubitemid 35256261)
53. JS Hermann, JD Schoolfield, RK Schenk, D Buser, DL Cochran Influence of the size of the microgap on crestal bone changes around titanium implants. A histometric evaluation of unloaded non-submerged implants in the canine mandible J Periodontol 72 2001 1372 1383 (Pubitemid 32998714)
54. RJ Lazzara, SS Porter Platform switching: A new concept in implant dentistry for controlling post restorative crestal bone levels Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 26 2006 9 17 (Pubitemid 43188233)
55. L Prosper, S Redaelli, M Pasi, F Zarone, G Radaelli, EF Gherlone A randomized prospective multicenter trial evaluating the platform-switching technique for the prevention of postrestorative crestal bone loss Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24 2009 299 308
56. R Luongo, T Traini, PC Guidone, G Bianco, R Cocchetto, R Celletti Hard and soft tissue responses to the platform-switching technique Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 30 2010 6 17
57. P Weigl New prosthetic restorative features of Ankylos implant system J Oral Implantol 30 2004 178 188
58. K Doring, E Eisenmann, M Stiller Functional and esthetic considerations for single tooth Ankylos implant crowns: 8 yeasrs of clinical performance J Oral Implantol 30 2004 198 209
59. AB Novaes Jr, RR de Oliveira, VA Muglia, V Papalexiou, M Taba The effects of interimplant distances on papilla formation and crestal resorbtion in implants with a morse cone connection and a platform switch: a histomorphometric study in dogs J Periodontol 77 2006 1839 1849 (Pubitemid 44794836)
60. AB Novaes Jr, RR Barros, VA Muglia, GJ Borges Influence of interimplant distances and placement depth on papilla formation and crestal resorbtion: a clinical and radiographic study in dogs J Oral Implantol 35 2009 18 27
61. GF Priest The esthetic challenge of adjacent implants J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 2007 2 12 (Pubitemid 46936049)
62. M Hürzeler, S Ficki, O Zuhr, HC Wachtel Peri-implant bone level around implants with platform-switched abutments: preliminary data from a prospective study J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 2007 33 39 (Pubitemid 46951000)
63. L Canullo, G Rasperini Preservation of peri-implant soft and hard tissues using platform switching of implants placed in immediate extraction sockets: a proof-of-concept study with 12-36-month follow-up Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 22 2007 995 1000
64. L Canullo, G Iuriaro, G Iannello Double-blind randomized controlled trial on post-extraction immediately restored implants using the switching platform concept: soft tissue response. Preliminary report Clin Oral Implants Res 20 2009 414 420
65. X Rodriguez-Ciurana, X Vela-Nebot, M Segala-Torres, JL Calvo-Guirado, J Cambra, V Mendez-Blanco et al. The effect of interimplant distance on the height of the interimplant bone crest when using platform-switched implants Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 29 2009 141 151
66. HJ Kwon, DW Lee, KH Park, IS Moon Influence of the tooth and implant side marginal bone level on the interproximal papilla dimension in a single implant with a microthread, conical seal, and platform-switched design J Periodontal 80 2009 1541 1547
67. MA Atieh, HM Ibrahim, AH Atieh Platform switching for marginal bone preservation around dental implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Periodontol 81 2010 1350 1366
68. B Wagenberg, SJ Forum Prospective study of 94 platform switched implants observed from 1992 to 2006 Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 30 2010 9 17
69. H Bilhan, E Mumcu, S Erol, O Kutay Influence of platform-switching on marginal bone levels for implants with mandibular overdentures: a retrospective clinical study Implant Dent 19 2010 250 258
70. K Trammell, NC Geurs, SJ O'Neal, PR Liu, SJ Haigh, S McNeal et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled comparison of platform-switched and matched-abutment implants in short-span partial denture situations Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 29 2009 599 605
71. S Ficki, O Zuhr, JM Stein, MB Hürzeler Peri-implant bone level around implants with platform switched abutments Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25 2010 577 581
72. P Vigolo, A Givani Platform switched restorations on wide-diameter implants: a 5-year clinical prospective study Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24 2009 103 109
73. R Luongo, T Traini, PC Guidone, G Bianco, R Cocchetto, R Celletti Hard and soft tissue responses to the platform-switching technique Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 30 2010 6 17
74. J Becker, D Ferrari, I Mihatovic, N Sahm, A Schaer, F Schwarz Stability of crestal bone level at platform-switched non-submerged titanium implants: a histomorphometrical study in dogs J Clin Periodontol 36 2009 532 539
75. L Baggi, I Cappelloni, M DiGirolamo, F Maceri, G Vairo The influence of implant diameter and length on stress distribution of osseointegrated implants related to crestal bone geometry: a three-dimensional finite element analysis J Prosthet Dent 100 2008 422 431
76. LF Tabata, WG Assunção, V Adelino Ricardo Barão, EA de Sousa, EA Gomes, JA Delben Implant platform switching: biomechanical approach using two-dimensional finite element analysis J Craniofac Surg 21 2010 182 187
77. X Vela-Nebot, X Rodriguez-Ciurana, C Rodado-Alonso, M Segalá-Torres Benefits of an implant platform modification technique to reduce crestal bone resorbtion Implant Dent 15 2006 313 320 (Pubitemid 44395226)
78. R Crespi, P Capparè, E Gherlone Radiographic evaluation of marginal bone levels around platform-switched and non-platform switched implants used in an immediate loading protocol Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24 2009 920 926
79. JL Calvo Guirado, MR Saez Yugero, G Pardo Zamora, E Muñoz Bario Immediate provisionalization on a new implant design for esthetic restoration and preserving crestal bone Implant Dent 16 2007 155 159
80. R Cocchetto, T Traini, F Caddeo, R Celletti Evaluation of hard tissue response around wider platform-switched implants Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 30 2010 163 171
81. D Weng, MJ Nagata, M Bell, AF Bosco, LG de Melo, EJ Richter Influence of microgap location and configuration on the periimplant bone morphology in submerged implants. An experimental study in dogs Clin Oral implants Res 19 2008 1141 1147
82. A Veis, N Parissis, A Tsirlis, C Papadeli, G Marinis, A Zogakis Evaluation of peri-implant marginal bone loss using modified abutment connections at various crestal level placements Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 30 2010 609 617
83. DL Cochran, DD Bosshardt, L Grize, FL Higginbottom, AA Jones, RE Jung et al. Bone response to loaded implants with non-matching implant-abutment diameters in the canine mandible J Periodontol 80 2009 609 617
84. H Tennenbaum, JF Schaaf, FJ Cuisiner Histological analysis of the Ankylos peri-implant soft tissues in a dog model Implant Dent 12 2003 259 265
85. RE Jung, AA Jones, FL Higginbottom, TG Wilson, J Schoolfield, D Buser et al. The influence of non-matching implant and abutment diameters on radiographic crestal bone levels in dogs J Periodontol 79 2008 260 270
86. T Linkevicius, P Apse, S Grybauskas, A Puisys The influence of soft tissue thickness on crestal bone changes around implants: a 1-year prospective controlled clinical trial Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24 2009 712 719
87. AR Schrott, M Jimenez, JW Hwang, J Fiorellini, HP Weber Five year evaluation of the influence of keratinized mucosa on peri-implant soft-tissue health and stability around implants supporting full-arch mandibular fixed prostheses Clin Oral Implants Res 20 2009 1170 1177
88. T Linkevicius, P Apse, S Grybauskas, A Puisys Influence of thin mucosal tissues on crestal bone stability around implants with platform switching: a 1 year pilot study J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68 2010 2272 2277
89. S Kourtis, C Psarri, P Andritsakis, A Doukoudakis Provisional restorations for optimizing esthetics in anterior maxillary implants: a case report J Esthet Restor Dent 19 2007 6 17
90. IJ DeKok, SS Chang, JD Moriarty, LF Cooper A retrospective analysis of peri-implant tissue responses at immediate load/provisionalized microthreaded implants Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 21 2006 405 412 (Pubitemid 43962665)
91. ME Comlekoglu, AY Parlar, B Gokce, M Dundar, E Kays, T Gunbay Immediate provisional restoration fabrication for immediate implant loading using a modified technique: a clinical report Gen Dent 58 2010 140 143
92. MS Block, DE Mercante, D Lirette, W Mohamed, M Ryser, P Castellon Prospective evaluation of immediate and delayed provisional single tooth restorations J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67 2009 89 107
93. T DeRouck, K Collys, I Wyn, J Cosyn Instant provisionalization of immediate single-tooth implants is essential to optimize esthetic treatment outcome Clin Oral Implants Res 20 2009 566 570
94. HC Lai, ZY Zhang, F Wang, LF Zhuang, X Liu, YP Pu Evaluation of soft tissue alteration around single-tooth restoration in the anterior maxilla: the pink esthetic score Clin Oral Implants Res 19 2008 560 564
95. GO Gallucci, A Mavropoulos, JP Bernard, UC Belser Influence of immediate implant loading on peri-implant soft tissue morphology in the edentulous maxilla Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 22 2007 595 602
96. DP Tarnow, AW Magner, P Fletcher The effect of the distance from the contact point to the crest of bone on the presence or absence of the interproximal dental papilla J Periodontol 63 1992 995 996
97. V Choquet, M Hermans, P Adriaenssens, P Daelemans, DP Tarnow, C Malevez Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the papilla level adjacent to single tooth dental implants. A retrospective study in the maxillary anterior region J Periodontol 72 2001 1364 1371 (Pubitemid 32998713)
98. JF Gastaldo, PR Curry, WR Sendyk Effect of the vertical and horizontal distances between adjacent implants and between a tooth and an implant on the incidence of interproximal papilla J Periodontol 75 2004 1242 1246 (Pubitemid 39419724)
99. D Lops, M Chiapasco, A Rossi, E Bressan, E Romeo Incidence of inter-proximal papilla between a tooth and an adjacent immediate implant placed into a fresh extraction socket: 1-year prospective study Clin Oral Implants Res 19 2008 1135 1140
100. RM Palmer, N Farkondeh, PJ Palmer, RF Wilson Astra Tech single tooth Implants: an audit of patient satisfaction and soft tissue form J Clin Periodontol 34 2007 633 638
101. RR de Oliveira, AB Novaes Jr, V Papalexiou, VA Muglia, M Taba Jr Influence of interimplant distance on papilla formation and bone resorbtion: a clinical-radiographic study in dogs J Oral Implantol 32 2006 218 227
102. RR deOliveira, AB Novaes, M Taba Jr, V Papalexiou, VA Muglia Bone remodeling adjacent to Morse cone-connection implants with platform switch: a fluorescence study in the dog mandible Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24 2 2009 257 266
103. P Martegani, M Silvestri, F Mascarello, T Scipioni, C Ghezzi, C Roat et al. Morphometric study of the interproximal unit in the esthetic region to correlate anatomic variables affecting the aspect of soft tissue embrasure space J Periodontol 78 2007 2260 2265
104. M Degidi, AB Novaes, D Nardi, A Piattelli Outcome analysis of immediately placed, immediately restored implants in the esthetic area: the clinical relevance of different interimplant distances J Periodontol 79 2008 1056 1061
105. DA Garber, MS Salama, H Salama Immediate total tooth replacement Compend Contin Educ Dent 3 2001 21 60 218.
106. T Traini, AB Novaes Jr, V Papalexiou, A Piatelli Influence of interimplant distance on bone microstructure: a histomorphometric study in dogs Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 10 2008 1 10
107. T Traini, AB Novaes Jr, A Piatelli, V Papalexiou, VA Muglis The relationship between interimplant distances and vascularization of the interimplant bone Clin Oral Implants Res 21 2010 822 829
108. W Martin, E Lewis, A Nicol Local risk factors for implant therapy Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24 2009 28 38
109. M Chang, JL Wennstrom Bone alterations at implant supported FDPs in relation to inter-unit distances: a 5-year radiographic study Clin Oral Implants Res 21 2010 735 740
110. DW Lee, KH Park, IS Moon Dimension of keratinized mucosa and the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants J Periodontol 76 2005 1856 1860
111. M Chang, JL Wennström Peri-implant soft tissue and bone crest alterations at fixed dental prostheses: a 3-year prospective study Clin Oral Implants Res 21 2010 527 534
112. S Kourkouta, KD Dedi, DW Paquette, A Mol Interproximal tissue dimensions in relation to adjacent implants in the anterior maxilla: clinical observations and patient aesthetic evaluation Clin Oral Implants Res 20 2009 1375 1385
113. D Tarnow, N Elian, P Fletcher, S Froum, A Magner, SC Cho et al. Vertical distance from the crest of bone to the height of the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants J Periodontol 74 2003 1785 1788 (Pubitemid 38181221)
114. UC Belser, B Schmid, F Higginbottom, D Buser Outcome analysis of implant restorations located in the anterior maxilla: a review of the literature Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19 2004 30 42 (Pubitemid 40115741)