Possible effects of global environmental changes on Antarctic benthos: A synthesis across five major taxa

Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 453-485

  Ingels, Jeroen ^a   Vanreusel, Ann ^a   Brandt, Angelika ^b   Catarino, Ana I ^c   David, Bruno ^d   De Ridder, Chantal ^c   Dubois, Philippe ^c   Gooday, Andrew J ^e   Martin, Patrick ^f   Pasotti, Francesca ^a   Robert, Henri ^f  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE   (France)

^e NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^f ROYAL BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCES   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Amphipoda; Echinoidea; Foraminifera; Global climate change; Isopoda; Nematoda; Southern ocean; Zoobenthos

Indexed keywords

AMPHIPODA; ECHINOIDEA; FORAMINIFERA; ISOPODA; NEMATODA;

EID: 84866845392     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20457758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.96     Document Type: Article

References (391)

1. Ahrens, M. J., G. Graf, and A. V. Altenbach. 1997. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of benthic foraminifera in the NortheastWater Polynya, Greenland. J. Mar. Syst. 10:445-465.
2. Alkemade, R., and P. Vanrijswijk. 1993. Path analysis of the influence of substrate composition on nematode numbers and on decomposition of stranded seaweed at an Antarctic coast. Neth. J. Sea. Res. 31:63-70.
3. Altenbach, A. V., and U. Struck. 2001. On the coherence of organic carbon flux and benthic foraminiferal biomass. J. Foraminiferal Res. 31:79-85.
4. Altenbach, A. V., U. Pflaumann, R. Schiebel, A. Thies, S. Timm, and M. Trauth. 1999. Scaling percentages and distributional patterns of benthic foraminifera with flux rates of organic carbon. J. Foraminiferal Res. 29:173-185.
5. Alve, E. 1995. Benthic foraminiferal responses to estuarine pollution: a review. J. Foraminiferal Res. 25:190-203.
6. Amsler, M. O., J. B.McClintock, C. D. Amsler,R.A.Angus, and B. J. Baker. 2009. An evaluation of sponge-associated amphipods from the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarct. Sci. 21:579-589.
7. Anderson, J. B. 1975. Ecology and distribution of foraminifera in theWeddell Sea of Antarctica. Micropaleontology 21:69-96.
8. Andrew, N., and M. Byrne. 2001. The ecology of Centrostephanus rodgersii. Pp. 149-160 in J. M. Lawrence, ed. Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
9. Andrew, N. L. 1989. Contrasting ecological implications of food limitation in sea urchins and herbivorous gastropods. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 51:189-193.
10. Arntz,W. E., and A. Clarke. 2002. Ecological studies in the Antarctic sea ice zone -Results of EASIZ midterm symposium. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
11. Arntz,W. E., J. Gutt, and M. Klages. 1997. Antarctic marine biodiversity: an overview. Pp. 3-14 in B. Battaglia, J. Valencia, and D.W. H.Walton, eds. Antarctic communities: species, structure, and survival. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
12. Aronson, R. B., S. Thatje, A. Clarke, L. S. Peck, D. B. Blake, C. D. Wilga, and B. A. Seibel. 2007. Climate change and invasibility of the Antarctic benthos. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38:129-154.
13. Aronson, R. B., R. M. Moody, L. C. Ivany, D. B. Blake, J. E. Werner, and A. Glass. 2009. Climate change and trophic response of the Antarctic bottom fauna. Plos One 4(2):e4385. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004385
14. Arzel, O., T. Fichefet, and H. Goosse. 2006. Sea ice evolution over the 20th and 21st centuries as simulated by current AOGCMs. Ocean Model. 12:401-415.
15. Auel, H., and W. Ekau. 2009. Distribution and respiration of the high-latitude pelagic amphipod Themisto gaudichaudi in the Benguela Current in relation to upwelling. Prog. Oceanogr. 83:237-241.
16. Barnes, D. K. A., and S. Brockington. 2003. Zoobenthic biodiversity, biomass and abundance at Adelaide Island, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 249:145-155.
17. Barnes, D. K. A., and K. E. Conlan. 2007. Disturbance, colonization and development of Antarctic benthic communities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. 362:11-38.
18. Barnes, D. K. A., and L. S. Peck. 2008. Vulnerability of Antarctic shelf biodiversity to predicted regional warming. Climate Res. 37:149-163.
19. Barnes, D. K. A., D. Bergstrom, R. Bindschadler, J. Bockheim, L. Bopp, T. Bracegirdle, S. Chown, P. Convey,G. di Prisco, E. Fahrbach, et al. 2009a. The next 100 years. Pp. 299-387 in J. Turner, R. Bindschadler, P. Convey, G. di Prisco, E. Fahrbach, J. Gutt, D. Hodgson, P. Mayewski, and C. Summerhayes, eds. Antarctic climate change and the environment-a contribution to the international polar year 2007-2008. SCAR, Cambridge, U.K.
20. Barnes, D. K. A., H. J. Griffiths, and S. Kaiser. 2009b. Geographic range shift responses to climate change by Antarctic benthos: where we should look. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 393:13-26.
21. Barry, J. P., K. R. Buck, C. F. Lovera, L. Kuhnz, P. J. Whaling, E. T. Peltzer, P.Walz, and P. G. Brewer. 2004. Effects of direct ocean CO2 injection on deep-sea meiofauna. J. Oceanogr. 60:759-766.
22. 2 ocean: effects of hypercapnia on deep sea meiofauna. J. Geophys. Res. 110, C09S12, 18 pp., doi:10.1029/2004JC002629.
23. Beddingfield, S. D., and J. B. McClintock. 1998. Differential survivorship, reproduction, growth and nutrient allocation in the regular echinoid Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) fed natural diets. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 226:195-215.
24. Bell, J. J. 2008. The functional roles of marine sponges. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci. 79:341-353.
25. Belman, B.W., and A. C. Giese. 1974. Oxygen consumption of an asteroid and an echinoid from Antarctic. Biol. Bull. 146:157-164.
26. Bernhard, J. M. 1993. Experimental and field evidence of Antarctic foraminiferal tolerance to anoxia and hydrogen sulfide. Mar. Micropaleontol. 20:203-213.
27. Bernhard, J. M., J. P. Barry, K. R. Buck, and V. R. Starczak. 2009. Impact of intentionally injected carbon dioxide hydrate on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal survival. Global Change Biol. 15:2078-2088.
28. Bertolin, M. L., and I. R. Schloss. 2009. Phytoplankton production after the collapse of the Larsen A ice shelf, Antarctica. Polar Biol. 32:1435-1446.
29. Billett,D. S.M., B. J. Bett,W.D. K. Reid, B. Boorman, and I.G. Priede. 2010. Long-term change in the abyssal NE Atlantic: the 'Amperima Event' revisited. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 57:1406-1417.
30. Bingham, B. L., M. Bacigalupi, and L. G. Johnson. 1997. Temperature adaptations of embryos from intertidal and subtidal sand dollars (Dendraster excentricus, Eschscholtz). Northwest Sci. 71:108-114.
31. Blicher, M. E., S. Rysgaard, and M. K. Sejr. 2007. Growth and production of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in a high-Arctic fjord, and growth along a climatic gradient (64 to 77 degrees N). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 341:89-102.
32. Bosch, I., K. A. Beauchamp, M. E. Steele, and J. S. Pearse. 1987. Development, metamorphosis, and seasonal abundance of embryos and larvae of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Biol. Bull. 173:126-135.
33. Bowie, A. R., T.W. Trull, and F. Dehairs. 2011. Estimating the sensitivity of the subantarctic zone to environmental change: the SAZ-Sense project. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:2051-2058.
34. Bowser, S. S., M.Marko, and J.M. Bernhard. 1996. Occurrence of Gromia oviformis inMcMurdo Sound. Antarct. J. U.S. 31:122-124.
35. Bracegirdle, T. J.,W. M. Connolley, and J. Turner. 2008. Antarctic climate change over the twenty first century. J. Geophys. Res. 113:13.
36. Bradshaw, J. S. 1957. Laboratory studies on the rate of growth of the foraminifer Strebulus beccarii (Linne) var. tepida (Cushman). J. Paleontol. 31:1138-1147.
37. Bradshaw, J. S. 1961. Laboratory experiments on the ecology of foraminifera. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research 12:87-106.
38. Brandt, A. 1999. On the origin and evolution of Antarctic Peracarida (Crustacea, Malacostraca). Sci. Mar. 63:261-274.
39. Brandt, A. 2005. Evolution of Antarctic biodiversity in the context of the past: the importance of the Southern Ocean deep sea. Antarct. Sci. 17:509-521.
40. Brandt, A., and B. Ebbe. 2009. Southern Ocean deep-sea biodiversity-From patterns to processes. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 56:1732-1738.
41. Brandt, A., A. J.Gooday, S. N. Brandao, S. Brix,W. Brokeland, T. Cedhagen, M. Choudhury, N. Cornelius, B. Danis, I. DeMesel, et al. 2007. First insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea. Nature 447:307-311.
42. Brandt, A., K. Linse, and M. Schuller. 2009. Bathymetric distribution patterns of Southern Ocean macrofaunal taxa: Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Isopoda and Polychaeta. Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 56:2013-2025.
43. Brandt, A., B. Ebbe, and U. Bathmann. 2011. Southern Ocean biodiversity-From pelagic processes to deep-sea response. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:1945-1947.
44. Brandt, A., C. De Broyer, B. Ebbe, K. E. Ellingsen, A. J. Gooday, D. Janussen, S. Kaiser, K. Linse, M. Schueller, M. R. A. Thomson, et al. In Press. Southern ocean deep benthic biodiversity. in A.D. Rogers, N. M. Johnston, E. J. Murphy, and A. Clarke, eds. Antarctic ecosystems: an extreme environment in a changing world.Wiley-Blackwell.
45. Brey, T., and J. Gutt. 1991. The genus Sterechinus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) on theWeddell Sea shelf and slope (Antarctica)-Distribution, abundance and biomass. Polar Biol. 11:227-232.
46. Brey, T., J. Pearse, L. Basch, J. McClintock, and M. Slattery. 1995. Growth and production of Sterechinus neumayeri (Echinoidea: Echinodermata) in McMurdo sound, Antarctica. Mar. Biol. 124:279-292.
47. Brey, T., C.Dahm, M. Gorny, M. Klages,M. Stiller, andW. E. Arntz. 1996. Do Antarctic benthic invertebrates show an extended level of eurybathy? Antarct. Sci. 8:3-6.
48. Brey, T., M. Voigt, K. Jenkins, and I.-Y. Ahn. 2011. The bivalve Laternula elliptica at King George Island. A biological recorder of climate forcing in theWest Antarctic Peninsula region. J. Mar. Syst. 88:542-552.
49. Brockington, S., and A. Clarke. 2001. The relative influence of temperature and food on the metabolism of a marine invertebrate. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 258:87-99.
50. Brockington, S., and L. S. Peck. 2001. Seasonality of respiration and ammonium excretion in the Antarctic echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 219:159-168.
51. Broecker,W. S., S. L. Peacock, S.Walker, R.Weiss, E. Fahrbach, M. Schroeder, U. Mikolajewicz, C. Heinze, R. Key, T. H. Peng, et al. 1998. How much deep water is formed in the Southern Ocean? J. Geophys. Res. 103:15833-15843.
52. Brown, C. J., D. S. Schoeman,W. J. Sydeman, K. Brander, L. B. Buckley, M. Burrows, C. M. Duarte, P. J.Moore, J. M. Pandolfi, E. Poloczanska, et al. 2011. Quantitative approaches in climate change ecology. Global Change Biol. 17(12):3697-3713.
53. Byrne, M. 2010. Impact of climate change stressors on marine invertebrate life histories with a focus on the Mollusca and Echinodermata. Pp. 142-185 in Y. You, and A. Henderson-Sellers, eds. Climate alert: climate change monitoring and strategy. Univ. of Sydney Press, Sydney.
54. Byrne, M. 2011. Impact of ocean warming and ocean acidification on marine invertebrate life history stages: vulnerabilities and potential for persistence in a changing ocean. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 49:1-42.
55. Caldeira, K., and P. B. Duffy. 2000. The role of the Southern Ocean in uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Science 287:620-622.
56. Caldeira, K., and M. E.Wickett. 2003. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425:365-365.
57. Campbell, J., and M. P. Russell. 2004. Acclimation and growth response of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis to fluctuating salinity. International Conference on Fisheries and Aquaculture. DEStech, Lancaster.
58. 2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104:18866-18870.
59. 2 on deep-sea metazoan meiofauna. J. Oceanogr. 60:767-772.
60. Catarino, A. I., C. De Ridder, M. Gonzalez, P. Gallardo, and P. Dubois. 2011. Sea urchin Arbacia dufresnei (Blainville 1825) larvae response to ocean acidification. Polar Biol. doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1074-2.
61. Catarino, A. I., V. Guibourt, C. Moureaux, C. De Ridder, P. Comp'ere, and P. Dubois. Submitted. Effect of ocean acidification on cidaroid spines.
62. Chapelle, G. 2002. Antarctic and Baikal Amphipods: a key for understanding Polar gigantism, in Faculty of Sciences. Catholic Univ. Lauvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve.
63. Chapelle, G., and L. S. Peck. 1999. Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability. Nature 399:114-115.
64. Chen, G. T., R. L. Herman, and M. Vincx. 1999. Meiofauna communities from the Straits of Magellan and the Beagle Channel. Sci. Mar. 63:123-132.
65. Chiantore, M., R. Cattaneo-Vietti, L. Elia, M. Guidetti, and M. Antonini. 2002. Reproduction and condition of the scallop Adamussium colbecki (Smith 1902), the sea-urchin Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner 1900) and the sea-star Odontaster validus (Koehler 1911) at Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea): different strategies related to inter-annual variations in food availability. Polar Biol. 25:251-255.
66. Choudhury, M., and A. Brandt. 2009. Benthic isopods (Crustacea, Malacostraca) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica: species checklist and their zoogeography in the Southern Ocean. Polar Biol. 32:599-610.
67. Clark, D., M. Lamare, and M. Barker. 2009. Response of sea urchin pluteus larvae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to reduced seawater pH: a comparison among a tropical, temperate, and a polar species. Mar. Biol. 156:1125-1137.
68. Clark, M., K. Fraser, and L. Peck. 2008. Lack of an HSP70 heat shock response in two Antarctic marine invertebrates. Polar Biol. 31:1059-1065.
69. Clark, M. S., and L. S. Peck. 2009. HSP70 heat shock proteins and environmental stress in Antarctic marine organisms: a mini-review. Mar. Genomics 2:11-18.
70. Clarke, A., andW. E. Arntz. 2006. An introduction to EASIZ (Ecology of the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone): an integrated programme of water column, benthos and bentho-pelagic coupling in the coastal environment of Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 53:803-814.
71. Clarke, A., and N. M. Johnston. 2003. Antarctic marine benthic diversity. Pp. 47-114 in R. N. Gibson and R. J. A. Atkinson, eds. Oceanography and marine biology, Vol. 41. Taylor & Francis Ltd., London.
72. Clarke, A., D. K. A. Barnes, and D. A. Hodgson. 2005. How isolated is Antarctica? Trends Ecol. Evol. 20:1-3.
73. Clarke, A., E. J.Murphy, M. P. Meredith, J. C. King, L. S. Peck,D. K. A. Barnes, and R. C. Smith. 2007. Climate change and the marine ecosystem of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. 362:149-166.
74. Cook, A. A., P. J. D. Lambshead, L. E. Hawkins, N. Mitchell, and L. A. Levin. 2000. Nematode abundance at the oxygen minimum zone in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 47:75-85.
75. Cook, A. J., A. J. Fox, D. G. Vaughan, and J. G. Ferrigno. 2005. Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century. Science 308:541-544.
76. Cornelius, N., and A. J. Gooday. 2004. 'Live' (stained) deep-sea benthic foraminiferans in the westernWeddell Sea: trends in abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition along a depth transect. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 51:1571-1602.
77. Cowart, D. A., P. N. Ulrich, D. C. Miller, and A. G. Marsh. 2009. Salinity sensitivity of early embryos of the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. Polar Biol. 32:435-441.
78. Coyle, K. O., et al. Potential effects of temperature on the benthic infaunal community on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf: possible impacts of climate change. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 54:2885-2905.
79. Culver, S. J., and M. A. Buzas. 1995. The effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbance, habitat destruction, and global warming on shallow marine benthic Foraminifera. J. Foraminiferal Res. 25:204-211.
80. Daggett, T. L., C.M. Pearce, M. Tingley, S. M. C. Robinson, and T. Chopin. 2005. Effect of prepared and macroalgal diets and seed stock source on somatic growth of juvenile green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Aquaculture 244:263-281.
81. Danis, B., and H. Griffiths. 2009. Polar science: bid for freely accessible biodiversity archive. Nature 458:830-830.
82. Danovaro, R., A. Dell'Anno, D. Martorano, P. Parodi, N. D. Marrale, and M. Fabiano. 1999. Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of deep-sea nematodes: bioenergetic and methodological considerations. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 179:273-283.
83. Danovaro, R., A.Dell'Anno, M. Fabiano, A. Pusceddu, and A. Tselepides. 2001. Deep-sea ecosystem response to climate changes: the eastern Mediterranean case study. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16:505-510.
84. Danovaro, R., A. Dell'Anno, and A. Pusceddu. 2004. Biodiversity response to climate change in a warm deep sea. Ecol. Lett. 7:821-828.
85. Dauby, P., Y. Scailteur, and C. De Broyer. 2001. Trophic diversity within the easternWeddell Sea amphipod community. Hydrobiologia 443:69-86.
86. De Broyer, C., and M. Rauschert. 1999. Faunal diversity of the benthic amphipods (Crustacea) of the Magellan region as compared to the Antarctic (preliminary results). Sci. Mar. 63:281-293.
87. De Broyer, C., F. Nyssen, and P. Dauby. 2004. The crustacean scavenger guild in Antarctic shelf, bathyal and abyssal communities. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 51:1733-1752.
88. De Mesel, I., et al. 2006. Species diversity and distribution within the deep-sea nematode genus Acantholaimus on the continental shelf and slope in Antarctica. Polar Biol. 29:860-871.
89. De Ridder, C., and M. Jangoux. 1982. Structure and functions of digestive organs: Echinoidea (Echinodermata). Pp. 213-214 in M. Jangoux, and J. M. Lawrence, eds. Echinoderm nutrition. Balkema, Rotterdam.
90. De Ridder, C., and J. M. Lawrence. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms in echinoids (Echinodermata). Pp. 57-115 in M. Jangoux, and J. M. Lawrence, eds. Echinoderm nutrition. Balkema, Rotterdam.
91. De Rijk, S., F. J. Jorissen, E. J. Rohling, and S. R. Troelstra. 2000. Organic flux control on bathymetric zonation of Mediterranean benthic foraminifera. Mar. Micropaleontol. 40:151-166.
92. Dittert, N., K. H. Baumann, T. Bickert, R. Henrich, R. Huber, H. Kinkel, and H. Meggers. 1999. Carbonate dissolution in the deep-sea: methods, quantification and paleoceanographic application. Pp. 254-284 in G. Fischer, and G.Wefer, eds. Use of proxies in paleoceanography. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
93. Domack, E., D. Duran, A. Leventer, S. Ishman, S. Doane, S. McCallum, D. Amblas, J. Ring, R. Gilbert, andM. Prentice. 2005. Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch. Nature 436:681-685.
94. Doney, S. C.,W. M. Balch, V. J. Fabry, and R. A. Feely. 2009. Ocean acidification: a critical emerging problem for the ocean sciences. Oceanography 22:16-25.
95. Dowdeswell, J.A., and J. L. Bamber. 2007. Keel depths of modern Antarctic icebergs and implications for sea-floor scouring in the geological record. Mar. Geol. 243:120-131.
96. Ducklow, H.W. 2008. Long-term studies of the marine ecosystem along the west Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 55:1945-1948.
97. Dupont, S., and M. C. Thorndyke. 2008. Ocean acidification and its impact on the early life-history stages of marine animals. CIEMS Monographs 36:89-97.
98. Dupont, S., and M. C. Thorndyke. 2009. Impact of CO2-driven ocean acidification on invertebrates early life-history-What we know, what we need to know and what we can do. Biogeosci. Discuss. 6:3109-3131.
99. Dupont, S., O. Ortega-Martinez, and M. Thorndyke. 2010. Impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms. Ecotoxicology 19:449-462.
100. Earland, A. 1933. Foraminifera, Part II. South Georgia. Discovery Reports 7. Pp. 27-138.
101. Earland, A. 1934. Foraminifera, Part III. The Falklands sector of the Antarctic (excluding South Georgia). Discovery reports 10. Pp. 1-208.
102. Earland, A. 1936. Foraminifera, Part IV. Additional records from theWeddell Sea sector from material obtained by the S.Y. 'Scotia'. Discovery reports 13. Pp. 1-76.
103. Ebert, T. A., et al. 1999. Growth and mortality of red sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus across a latitudinal gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 190:189-209.
104. Egilsdottir, H., J. I. Spicer, and S. D. Rundle. 2009. The effect of CO2 acidified sea water and reduced salinity on aspects of the embryonic development of the amphipod Echinogammarus marinus (Leach). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58:1187-1191.
105. Ericson, J. A., M. D. Lamare, S. A. Morley, and M. F. Barker. 2010. The response of two ecologically important Antarctic invertebrates (Sterechinus neumayeri and Parborlasia corrugatus) to reduced seawater pH: effects on fertilisation and embryonic development. Mar. Biol. 157:2689-2702.
106. Fabiano, M., and R. Danovaro. 1999. Meiofauna distribution and mesoscale variability in two sites of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) with contrasting food supply. Polar Biol. 22:115-123.
107. Fabry, V. J., J. B. McClintock, J. T.Mathis, and J.M.Grebmeier. 2009. Ocean acidification at high latitudes: the bellwether. Oceanography 22:160-171.
108. Farmanfarmaian, A. 1966. The respiratory physiology of echinoderms. Pp. 245-265 in R. A. Boolootian, ed. Physiology of Echinodermata. JohnWiley & Sons, New York.
109. Felten, V., J.M. Baudoin, and F. Guérold. 2006. Physiological recovery from episodic acid stress does not mean population recovery of Gammarus fossarum. Chemosphere 65:988-998.
110. Fleeger, J.W., K. R. Carman, P. B.Weisenhorn, H. Sofranko, T. Marshall, D. Thistle, and J. P. Barry. 2006. Simulated sequestration of anthropogenic carbon dioxide at a deep-sea site: effects on nematode abundance and biovolume. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 53:1135-1147.
111. 2 sequestration: a quantile regression approach. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 57:696-707.
112. Fontanier, C., et al. 2005. Live foraminiferal faunas from a 2800 m deep lower canyon station from the Bay of Biscay: faunal response to focusing of refractory organic matter. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 52:1189-1227.
113. Forster, S. J. 1998. Osmotic stress tolerance and osmoregulation of intertidal and subtidal nematodes. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 224:109-125.
114. Frederich, M., F. Sartoris, and Pörtner. 2001. Distribution patterns of decapod crustaceans in polar areas: a result of magnesium regulation? Polar Biol. 24:719-723.
115. Freire, A. S., T.M. Absher, A. C. Cruz-Kaled, Y. Kern, and K. L. Elbers. 2006. Seasonal variation of pelagic invertebrate larvae in the shallow Antarctic waters of Admiralty Bay (King George Island). Polar Biol. 29:294-302.
116. Fujisawa, H. 1993. Temperature sensitivity of a hybrid between two species of sea-urchin differing in thermotolerance. Dev. Growth Differ. 35:395-401.
117. Gattuso, J. P., and L. Hansson, eds. 2011. Ocean acidification. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
118. 2 on shellfish calcification. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34:5.
119. Gerlach, S.A., and M. Schrage. 1971. Life cycles in marine nematodes-experiments at various temperatures with Monhystera disjuncta and Theristus pertenuis (Nematoda). Mar. Biol. 9:274-280.
120. Glover, A. G., C. R. Smith, S. L. Mincks, P. Y. G. Sumida, and A. R. Thurber. 2008. Macrofaunal abundance and composition on theWest Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf: evidence for a sediment 'food bank' and similarities to deep-sea habitats. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 55:2491-2501.
121. Gontikaki, E., D. van Oevelen, K. Soetaert, and U.Witte. 2011. Food web flows through a sub-arctic deep-sea benthic community. Prog. Oceanogr. 91:245-259.
122. Gooday, A. J. 1988. A benthic foraminiferal response to the deposition of phytodetritus in the deep sea. Nature 322:70-73.
123. Gooday, A. J. 2003. Benthic foraminifera (protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: environmental influences on faunal characteristics. Adv. Mar. Biol. 46:1-90.
124. Gooday, A. J., L. A. Levin, P. Linke, and T. Heeger. 1992. The role of benthic foraminifera in deep-sea food webs and carbon cycling. Pp. 63-91 in G. T. Rowe, and V. Pariente, eds. Deep-sea food chains and the global carbon cycle. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
125. Gooday, A. J., J. M. Bernhard, L. A. Levin, and S. B. Suhr. 2000. Foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone and other oxygen-deficient settings: taxonomic composition, diversity, and relation to metazoan faunas. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 47:25-54.
126. Gooday, A. J., H. Nomaki, and H. Kitazato. 2008. Modern deep-sea benthic foraminifera: a brief review of their biodiversity and trophic diversity. Pp. 97-119 in W. E. N. Austin, and R. H. James, eds. Biogeochemical controls on palaeoceanographic environmental proxies. Geological Society, London.
127. Gooday, A. J., L. A. Levin, A. A. da Silva, B. J. Bett, G. L. Cowie, D. Dissard, J. D. Gage, D. J. Hughes, R. Jeffreys, P. A. Lamont, et al. 2009. Faunal responses to oxygen gradients on the Pakistan margin: a comparison of foraminiferans, macrofauna and megafauna. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 56:488-502.
128. Gooday, A. J., M. G. Malzone, B. J. Bett, and P. A. Lamont. 2010. Decadal-scale changes in shallow-infaunal foraminiferal assemblages at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, NE Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 57:1362-1382.
129. Gradinger, R. 1999. Integrated abundance and biomass of sympagic meiofauna in Arctic and Antarctic pack ice. Polar Biol. 22:169-177.
130. Gradinger, R. R. 2001. Adaptation of Arctic and Antarctic ice metazoa to their habitat. Zool.-Anal. Complex Syst. 104:339-345.
131. Green, M. A., R. C. Aller, and J. Y. Aller. 1993. Carbonate dissolution and temporal abundances of Foraminifera in Long Island Sound sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38:331-345.
132. Griffiths, H. J. 2010. Antarctic marine biodiversity-what do we know about the distribution of life in the Southern Ocean? Plos One 5 (8):e11683.
133. Griffiths, H. J., B. Danis, and A. Clarke. 2011. Quantifying Antarctic marine biodiversity: the SCAR-MarBIN data portal. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:18-29.
134. Guilini, K., D. Van Oevelen, K. Soetaert, J. J. Middelburg, and A. Vanreusel. 2010. Nutritional importance of benthic bacteria for deep-sea nematodes from the Arctic ice margin: results of an isotope tracer experiment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55:1977-1989.
135. Guinotte, J.M., and V. J. Fabry. 2008. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1134:320-342.
136. Gutierrez, D., E. Enriquez, S. Purca, L. Quipuzcoa, R. Marquina, G. Flores, and M. Graco. 2008. Oxygenation episodes on the continental shelf of central Peru: remote forcing and benthic ecosystem response. Prog. Oceanogr. 79:177-189.
137. Gutt, J. 1991a. AreWeddell Sea holothurians typical representatives of the Antarctic benthos? A comparative study with new results. Meeresforschung-Reports on Marine Research 33:312-329.
138. Gutt, J. 1991b. On the distribution and ecology of holothurians in theWeddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol. 11:145-155.
139. Gutt, J., and D. Piepenburg. 1991. Dense aggregations of 3 deep-sea holothurians in the SouthernWeddell Sea, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 68:277-285.
140. Gutt, J., and D. Piepenburg. 2003. Scale-dependent impact on diversity of Antarctic benthos caused by grounding of icebergs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 253:77-83.
141. Gutt, J., and A. Starmans. 2001. Quantification of iceberg impact and benthic recolonisation patterns in theWeddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol. 24:615-619.
142. Gutt, J., A. Starmans, and G. Dieckmann. 1996. Impact of iceberg scouring on polar benthic habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 137:311-316.
143. Gutt, J., B. I. Sirenko, I. S. Smirnov, andW. E. Arntz. 2004. How many macrozoobenthic species might inhabit the Antarctic shelf? Antarct. Sci. 16:11-16.
144. Gutt, J., I. Barratt, E. Domack, C. d'Udekem d'Acoz,W. Dimmler, A. Grémare, O. Heilmayer, E. Isla, D. Janussen, E. Jorgensen, et al. 2011. Biodiversity change after climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the Antarctic. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:74-83.
145. Hagerman, L., and A. Szaniawska. 1990. anaerobic metabolic strategy of the glacial relict isopod Saduria (Mesidotea) entomon. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 59:91-96.
146. Hale, R., P. Calosi, L. McNeill, N. Mieszkowska, and S. Widdicombe. 2011. Predicted levels of future ocean acidification and temperature rise could alter community structure and biodiversity in marine benthic communities. Oikos 120:661-674.
147. Hall-Spencer, J. M., et al. 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature 454:96-99.
148. Hardy, C., B. David, T. Rigaud, C.De Ridder, and T. Sauc'ede. 2011. Ectosymbiosis associated with cidaroids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) promotes benthic colonization of the seafloor in the Larsen Embayments,Western Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:84-90.
149. Hauquier, F., J. Ingels, J. Gutt, M. Raes, and A. Vanreusel. 2011. Characterisation of the Nematode community of a low-activity cold seep in the recently ice-shelf free Larsen B area, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Plos One 6(7):e22240, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022240.
150. Havenhand, J.N., F. R. Buttler, M. C. Thorndyke, and J. E. Williamson. 2008. Near-future levels of ocean acidification reduce fertilization success in a sea urchin. Curr. Biol. 18:R651-R652.
151. Havermans, C., Z. T. Nagy, G. Sonet, C. De Broyer, and P.Martin. 2011. DNA barcoding reveals new insights into the diversity of Antarctic species of Orchomene sensu lato (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea). Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:230-241.
152. Hays, G. C., A. J. Richardson, and C. Robinson. 2005. Climate change and marine plankton. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20:337-344.
153. Hayward, B.W. 2002. Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene extinctions of deep-sea benthic foraminifera ("Stilostomella extinction") in the southwest Pacific. J. Foraminiferal Res. 32:274-307.
154. Heath, D. J. 1975. Geographical variation in populations of polymorphic isopod, Sphaeroma rugicauda. Heredity 35:99-107.
155. Heinz, P., et al. 2001. Response of deep-sea benthic foraminifera from theMediterranean Sea to simulated phytoplankton pulses under laboratory conditions. J. Foraminiferal Res. 31:210-227.
156. Heinz, P., C. Hemleben, and H. Kitazato. 2002. Time-response of cultured deep-sea benthic foraminifera to different algal diets. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 49:517-537.
157. Heip, C., N. Smol, and V. Absillis. 1978. Influence of temperature on reproductive potential of Oncholaimus oxyuris (Nematoda, Oncholaimidae). Mar. Biol. 45:255-260.
158. Heip, C., M. Vincx, and G. Vranken. 1985. The ecology of marine Nematodes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 23:399-489.
159. Held, C. 2003. Molecular evidence for cryptic speciation within the widespread Antarctic crustacean Ceratoserolis trilobitoides (Crustacea, Isopoda). Pp. 135-139 in A. H. L. Huiskes, W. W. C. Gieskes, J. Rozema, R. M. L. Schorno, S. M. van der Vies, andW. J.Wolff, eds. Antarctic Biology in a Global Context. Blackhuys Publishers, Leiden.
160. Held, C., and J. W. Wägele. 2005. Cryptic speciation in the giant Antarctic isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus (Isopoda, Valvifera, Chaetiliidae). Sci. Mar. 69:175-181.
161. Hendelberg, M., and P. Jensen. 1993. Vertical distribution of the nematode fauna in a coastal sediment influenced by seasonal hypoxia in the bottom water. Ophelia 37:83-94.
162. Hess, S., et al. 2005. Benthic foraminiferal recovery after recent turbidite deposition in Cap Breton Canyon, Bay of Biscay. J. Foraminiferal Res. 35:114-129.
163. Himmelman, J. H., H. Guderley, G. Vignault, G. Drouin, and P. G.Wells. 1984. Response of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, to reduced salinities-improtance of size, acclimation, and interpopulation differences. Can. J. Zool. 62:1015-1021.
164. Hofmann, M., and H. J. Schellnhuber. 2009. Oceanic acidification affects marine carbon pump and triggers extended marine oxygen holes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:3017-3022.
165. Hop, H., and O. Pavlova. 2008. Distribution and biomass transport of ice amphipods in drifting sea ice around Svalbard. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 55:2292-2307.
166. Hughes, L. 2000. Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent? Trends Ecol. Evol. 15:56-61.
167. Ingels, J., P. Van den Driessche, I. De Mesel, S. Vanhove, T. Moens, and A. Vanreusel. 2010. Preferred use of bacteria over phytoplankton by deep-sea nematodes in polar regions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 406:121-133.
168. 13C feeding experiment in the Nazaré Canyon. J. Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 396:185-193.
169. 2 on deep-sea benthic communities. J. Oceanogr. 61:835-843.
170. Jacob, U., S. Terpstra, and T. Brey. 2003. High-Antarctic regular sea urchins-the role of depth and feeding in niche separation. Polar Biol. 26:99-104.
171. Jacobs, S. S., C. F. Giulivi, and P. A. Mele. 2002. Freshening of the Ross Sea during the late 20th century. Science 297:386-389.
172. Janecki, T., A. Kidawa, and M. Potocka. 2010. The effects of temperature and salinity on vital biological functions of the Antarctic crustacean Serolis polita. Polar Biol. 33:1013-1020.
173. Janussen, D., and O. S. Tendal. 2007. Diversity and distribution of Porifera in the bathyal and abyssalWeddell Sea and adjacent areas. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 54:1864-1875.
174. Johst, K., J. Gutt, C.Wissel, and V. Grimm. 2006. Diversity and disturbances in the Antarctic megabenthos: feasible versus theoretical disturbance ranges. Ecosystems 9:1145-1155.
175. Jokumsen, A., R. M. G.Wells, H. D. Ellerton, and R. E.Weber. 1981. Hemocyanin of the giant Antarctic isopod, Glyptonotus antarcticus-structure and effects of temperature and pH on its oxygen affinity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 70:91-95.
176. Kaiser, S., and D. K. A. Barnes. 2008. Southern Ocean deep-sea biodiversity: sampling strategies and predicting responses to climate change. Climate Res. 37:165-179.
177. Kaminski, M. A. 1985. Evidence for control of abyssal agglutinated foraminiferal community structure by substrate disturbance: results from the HEBBLE area. Mar. Geol. 66:113-131.
178. Kim, D., and Y. Shirayama. 2001. Respiration rates of free-living marine nematodes in the subtidal coarse-sand habitat of Otsuchi Bay, Northeastern Honshu, Japan. Zool. Sci. 18:969-973.
179. Klinger, T. S. 1982. Feeding rates of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck)(Echinodermata: Echinoidea) on differing physiognomies of an artificial food of uniform composition. Proceedings of the International Echinoderms Conference. Tampa Bay, Balkema, Rotterdam.
180. Klinger, T. S., H. L. Hsieh, R. A. Pangallo, C. P. Chen, and J.M. Lawrence. 1986. The effect of temperature on feeding, digestion, and absorption of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). Physiol. Zool. 59:332-336.
181. Koho, K. A., et al. 2007. Benthic foraminifera in the Nazare Canyon, Portuguese continental margin: sedimentary environments and disturbance. Mar. Micropaleontol. 66:27-51.
182. Korsun, S. 2002. Allogromiids in foraminiferal assemblages on the western Eurasian Arctic shelf. J. Foraminiferal Res. 32:400-413.
183. Korsun, S., and M. Hald. 1998. Modern benthic foraminifera off Novaya Zemlya tidewater glaciers, Russian Arctic. Arct. Alp. Res. 30:61-77.
184. Korsun, S., and M. Hald. 2000. Seasonal dynamics of benthic Foraminifera in a glacially fed fjord of Svalbard, European Arctic. J. Foraminiferal Res. 30:251-271.
185. Kroeker, K. J., R. L. Kordas, R. N. Crim, and G. G. Singh. 2010. Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecology Letters 13:1419-1434.
186. Kurihara, H. 2008. Effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the early developmental stages of invertebrates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 373:275-284.
187. 2 concentration on the egg production rate and early development of two marine copepods (Acartia steueri and Acartia erythraea). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49:721-727.
188. 2 on planktonic copepods and sea urchins. J. Oceanogr. 60:743-750.
189. 2 concentration on the meiofauna. J.Mar. Sci. Technol. (Special Issue)17-22.
190. 2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Aquat. Biol. 1:91-98.
191. Lamare, M. D., et al. 2002. Reproduction of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in a New Zealand fiord. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 36:719-732.
192. Langezaal, A. M., et al. 2003. Disturbance of intertidal sediments: the response of bacteria and foraminifera. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci. 58:249-264.
193. Langezaal, A. M., R. van Bergen, and G. J. van der Zwaan. 2004. The recovery of benthic foraminifera and bacteria after disturbance: experimental evidence. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 312:137-170.
194. Lapucki, T., and M. Normant. 2008. Physiological responses to salinity changes of the isopod Idotea chelipes from the Baltic brackish waters. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 149:299-305.
195. Lares, M. T., and J. B. McClintock. 1991. The effects of food quality and temperature on the nutrition of the carnivorous sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 149:279-286.
196. Lau, D. C. C., et al. 2009. Morphological plasticity and resource allocation in response to food limitation and hyposalinity in a sea urchin. J. Shellfish Res. 28:383-388.
197. Lawrence, J. M. 1975. On the relationship between marine plants and sea urchins. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 13:213-286.
198. Lawrence, J.M., and J.M. Lane. 1982. The utilization of nutrients by postmetamorphic echinoderms. Pp. 331-371 in M. Jangoux, and J. M. Lawrence, eds. Echinoderm nutrition. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
199. Lawrence, J. M., and J. B. McClintock. 1994. Energy acquisition and allocation by echinoderms (Echinodermata) in Polar Seas-Adaptations for success. Pp. 39-52 in B. David, A. Guille, J.-P. Féral, andM. Roux, eds. Echinoderms through Time. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
200. Lawrence, J. M., X. B. Cao, Y. Q. Chang, P.Wang, Y. Yu, A. L. Lawrence, and S. A.Watts. 2009. Temperature effect on feeding, consumption, absorption, and assimilation efficiencies and production of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. J. Shellfish Res. 28:389-395.
201. Le Quéré, C., C. Rödenbeck, E. T. Buitenhuis, T. J. Conway, R. Langenfelds, A. Gomez, C. Labuschagne, M. Ramonet, T. Nakazawa, N. Metzl, et al. 2007. Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change. Science 316:1735-1738.
202. 3 budget and the benthic compartments. Ecol. Monogr. 80:441-467.
203. Lecroq, B., A. J. Gooday, and J. Pawlowski. 2009. Global genetic homogeneity in the deep-sea foraminiferan Epistominella exigua (Rotaliida: Pseudoparrellidae). Zootaxa 2096:23-32.
204. Lee, H. J., D. Gerdes, S. Vanhove, andM. Vincx. 2001a.Meiofauna response to iceberg disturbance on the Antarctic continental shelf at Kapp Norvegia (Weddell Sea). Polar Biol. 24:926-933.
205. Lee, H. J., S. Vanhove, L. S. Peck, and M. Vincx. 2001b. Recolonisation of meiofauna after catastrophic iceberg scouring in shallow Antarctic sediments. Polar Biol. 24:918-925.
206. Lee, J. J. 1980. Nutrition and physiology of the foraminifera. Pp. 43-66 in M. Levandowsky, and S. Hutner, eds. Biochemistry and physiology of protozoa. Academic Press, New York.
207. Lee, J. J., et al. 1969. Standing crop of Foraminifera in sublittoral epiphytic communities of a long island salt marsh. Mar. Biol. 4:44-61.
208. Leese, F., A. Kop, J.W.Wagele, and C. Held. 2008. Cryptic speciation in a benthic isopod from Patagonian and Falkland Island waters and the impact of glaciations on its population structure. Front. Zool. 5(19) doi:10.1186/1742-9994-5-19.
209. Levin, L. A. 2003. Oxygen minimum zone benthos: adaptation and community response to hypoxia. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 41:1-45.
210. Levin, L.A.,W. Ekau, A. J. Gooday, F. Jorissen, J. J. Middelburg, S. W. A. Naqvi, C. Neira, N. N. Rabalais, and J. Zhang. 2009. Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos. Biogeosciences 6:2063-2098.
211. Lindström, M., andW. Fortelius. 2001. Swimming behaviour in Monoporeia affinis (Crustacea: Amphipoda)-dependence on temperature and population density. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 256:73-83.
212. Linke, P., et al. 1995. Response of deep-sea benthic Foraminifera to a simulated sedimentation event. J. Foraminiferal Res. 25:75-82.
213. Linse, K., H. J. Griffiths, D. K. A. Barnes, and A. Clarke. 2006a. Biodiversity and biogeography of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic mollusca. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 53:985-1008.
214. Linse, K., H. J. Griffiths, D. K. A. Barnes, and A. Clarke. 2006b. Biodiversity and biogeography of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic mollusca. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 53:985-1008.
215. Linse, K., T. Cope, A. N. Lorz, and C. Sands. 2007. Is the Scotia Sea a centre of Antarctic marine diversification? Some evidence of cryptic speciation in the circum-Antarctic bivalve Lissarca notorcadensis (Arcoidea: Philobryidae). Polar Biol. 30:1059-1068.
216. Lipps, J. H., and T. E. DeLaca. 1980. Shallow-water foraminiferal ecology, Pacific Ocean. Pp. 325-340 in M. E. Field, A. H. Bouma, I. P. Colburn, R. G. Douglas, and I. C. Ingle, eds. Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium 4, Quaternary depositional environments of the Pacific coast. Pacific Section S.E.P.M., Los Angeles.
217. López, S., X. Turon, E. Montero, C. Palacin, C. M. Duarte, and I. Tarjuelo. 1998. Larval abundance, recruitment and early mortality in Paracentrotus lividus (Echinoidea). Interannual variability and plankton-benthos coupling. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 172:239-251.
218. Loubere, P., and M. Fariduddin. 1999. Benthic Foraminifera and the flux of organic carbon to the seabed. Pp. 181-199 in B.K. Sen Gupta, ed. Modern Foraminifera. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
219. Luxmoore, R. A. 1982. The reproductive biology of some serolid isopods from the Antarctic. Polar Biol. 1:3-11.
220. Luxmoore, R. A. 1984. A comparison of the respiration rate of some Antarctic isopods with species from lower latitudes. Brit. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 62:53-65.
221. Mackensen, A., H. Grobe, G. Kuhn, and D. K. Futterer. 1990. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the easternWeddell Sea between 68 and 73 degrees S-distribution, ecology and fossilization potential. Mar. Micropaleontol. 16:241-283.
222. Malyutina, M., and A. Brandt. 2007. Diversity and zoogeography of Antarctic deep-sea munnopsidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota). Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 54:1790-1805.
223. Maranhão, P., and João C. Marques. 2003. The influence of temperature and salinity on the duration of embryonic development, fecundity and growth of the amphipod Echinogammarus marinus Leach (Gammaridae). Acta Oecologica 24:5-13.
224. Marsh, A. G., P. K. K. Leong, and D. T. Manahan. 1999. Energy metabolism during embryonic development and larval growth of an Antarctic sea urchin. J. Exp. Biol. 202:2041-2050.
225. 2 uptake. Tellus B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 51:722-733.
226. Matear, R. J., and A. Lenton. 2008. Impact of historical climate change on the Southern Ocean carbon cycle. J. Clim. 21:5820-5834.
227. Matear, R. J., A. C. Hirst, and B. I. McNeil. 2000. Changes in dissolved oxygen in the Southern Ocean with climate change. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 1:1050.
228. McBride, S. C., et al. 1997. The effect of temperature on production of gonads by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus fed natural and prepared diets. J.World Aquac. Soc. 28:357-365.
229. McBride, S. C., J. M. Lawrence, A. L. Lawrence, and T. J. Mulligan. 1999. The effect of protein concentration in prepared diets on growth, feeding rate, total organic absorption, and gross assimilation efficiency of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. J. Shelfish Res. 17:1562-1570.
230. 234Th measurements. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 55:2425-2437.
231. McClintock, J. B. 1994. Trophic biology of Antarctic shallow-water echinoderms.Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111:191-202.
232. 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105:18860.
233. 2 tolerance in marine ectothermic animals: pre-adaptation through lifestyle and ontogeny? Biogeosciences 6:2313-2331.
234. Miller, R. J., and K. H. Mann. 1973. Ecological energetics of the seaweed zone in a marine bay on the Atlantic coast of Canada. III. Energy transformations by sea urchins. Mar. Biol. 18:99-114.
235. Mincks, S. L., and C. R. Smith. 2007. Recruitment patterns in Antarctic Peninsula shelf sediments: evidence of decoupling from seasonal phytodetritus pulses. Polar Biol. 30:587-600.
236. Mincks, S. L., C. R. Smith, and D. J. DeMaster. 2005. Persistence of labile organic matter and microbial biomass in Antarctic shelf sediments: evidence of a sediment 'food bank'. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 300:3-19.
237. 15N analysis. Deep Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 55:2502-2514.
238. Miner, B. G. 2007. Larval feeding structure plasticity during pre-feeding stages of echinoids: not all species respond to the same cues. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 343:158-165.
239. Moens, T., and M. Vincx. 2000a. Temperature and salinity constraints on the life cycle of two brackish-water nematode species. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 243:115-135.
240. Moens, T., and M. Vincx. 2000b. Temperature, salinity and food thresholds in two brackish-water bacterivorous nematode species: assessing niches from food absorption and respiration experiments. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 243:137-154.
241. Moens, T., S. Vanhove, I. De Mesel, B. Kelemen, T. Janssens, A. Dewicke, and A. Vanreusel. 2007. Carbon sources of Antarctic nematodes as revealed by natural carbon isotope ratios and a pulse-chase experiment. Polar Biol. 31:1-13.
242. Mojtahid, M., et al. 2011. Grazing of intertidal benthic foraminifera on bacteria: assessment using pulse-chase radiotracing. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 399:25-34.
243. Montes-Hugo, M., S. C. Doney, H.W. Ducklow,W. Fraser, D. Martinson, S. E. Stammerjohn, and O. Schofield. 2009. Recent changes in phytoplankton communities associated with rapid regional climate change along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science 323:1470-1473.
244. Moodley, L., S. R. Troelstra, and T. C. E. Vanweering. 1993. Benthic foraminiferal response to environmental change in the Skagerrak, northeastern North Sea. Sarsia 78:129-139.
245. Moodley, L., J. J. Middelburg, H. T. S. Boschker, G. C. A. Duineveld, R. Pel, P. M. J. Herman, and C. H. R. Heip. 2002. Bacteria and Foraminifera: key players in a short-term deep-sea benthic response to phytodetritus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 236:23-29.
246. Moore, M., and D. T. Manahan. 2007. Variation among females in egg lipid content and developmental success of echinoderms from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Polar Biol. 30:1245-1252.
247. Morgan, S. G. 1995. Life and death in the plankton: larval mortality and adaptation. Pp. 279-322 in L. McEdward, ed. Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
248. Mouritsen, K.N., D. M. Tompkins, and R. Poulin. 2005. Climate warming may cause a parasite-induced collapse in coastal amphipod populations. Oecologia 146:476-483.
249. Murray, J.W. 2007. Biodiversity of living benthic foraminifera: how many species are there? Mar. Micropaleontol. 64:163-176.
250. Murray, J.W., and C. J. Pudsey. 2004. Living (stained) and dead foraminifera from the newly ice-free Larsen Ice Shelf,Weddell Sea, Antarctica: ecology and taphonomy. Mar. Micropaleontol. 53:67-81.
251. Neal, L., S. L. M. Hardy, C. R. Smith, and A. G. Glover. 2011. Polychaete species diversity on theWest Antarctic Peninsula deep continental shelf. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 428:119-134.
252. Neira, C., J. Sellanes, A. Soto, D. Gutierrez, and V. A. Gallardo. 2001b. Meiofauna and sedimentary organic matter off Central Chile: response to changes caused by the 1997-1998 El Nino. Oceanologica Acta 24:313-328.
253. Neira, C., J. Sellanes, L. A. Levin, andW. E. Arntz. 2001a. Meiofaunal distributions on the Peru margin: relationship to oxygen and organic matter availability. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 48:2453-2472.
254. Nomaki, H., et al. 2006. Different ingestion patterns of 13C-labeled bacteria and algae by deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 310:95-108.
255. Nomaki, H., P. Heinz, T. Nakatsuka, M. Shimanaga, and H. Kitazato. 2005. Species-specific ingestion of organic carbon by deep-sea benthic foraminifera and meiobenthos: in situ tracer experiments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50:134-146.
256. Nomaki, H., et al. 2007. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal respiration rates measured under laboratory conditions. J. Foraminiferal Res. 37:281-286.
257. Nomaki,H., N. O. Ogawa, N. Ohkouchi,H. Suga, T. Toyofuku, M. Shimanaga, T. Nakatsuka, and H. Kitazato. 2008. Benthic foraminifera as trophic links between phytodetritus and benthic metazoans: carbon and nitrogen isotopic evidence. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 357:153-164.
258. Norkko, A., S. F. Thrush, V. J. Cummings, M. M. Gibbs, N. L. Andrew, J. Norkko, and A. M. Schwarz. 2007. Trophic structure of coastal Antarctic food webs associated with changes in sea ice and food supply. Ecology 88:2810-2820.
259. Normant, M., and A. Szaniawska. 1993. Energy accumulation in the carapace, tissue and limbs of Saduria (Mesidotea) entomon from the Gulf of Gdansk. Studia i Materialy Oceanologiczne/Marine Pollution 64:265-271.
260. Normant, M., and A. Szaniawska. 1996. The biochemical composition of Saduria (Mesidotea) entomon (Isopoda) from the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic). Oceanologia 38:113-126.
261. Normant, M., G. Graf, and A. Szaniawska. 1998. Heat production in Saduria entomon (Isopoda) from the Gulf of Gdánsk during an experimental exposure to anoxic conditions. Mar. Biol. 131:269-273.
262. Nozais, C., et al. 1999. Effects of ambient UVB radiation in a meiobenthic community of a tidal mudflat. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 189:149-158.
263. Nyssen, F., T. Brey, G. Lepoint, J. M. Bouquegneau, C. De Broyer, and P. Dauby. 2002. A stable isotope approach to the eastern Weddell Sea trophic web: focus on benthic amphipods. Polar Biol. 25:280-287.
264. Nyssen, F., T. Brey, P. Dauby, and M. Graeve. 2005. Trophic position of Antarctic amphipods-enhanced analysis by a 2-dimensional biomarker assay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 300:135-145.
265. O'Loughlin, P. M., G. Paulay, N. Davey, and F. Michonneau. 2011. The Antarctic region as a marine biodiversity hotspot for echinoderms: diversity and diversification of sea cucumbers. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:264-275.
266. Orr, J. C., V. J. Fabry, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, S. C. Doney, R. A. Feely, A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, A. Ishida, F. Joos, et al. 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437:681-686.
267. Otero-Villanueva, M. D. M., M. S. Kelly, and G. Burnell. 2004. How diet influences energy partitioning in the regular echinoid Psammechinus miliaris; constructing an energy budget. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 304:159-181.
268. Palma, A. T., et al. 2007. Antarctic shallow subtidal echinoderms: is the ecological success of broadcasters related to ice disturbance? Polar Biol. 30:343-350.
269. Pascal, P. Y., C. Dupuy, P. Richard, A. G. Haubois, and N. Niquil. 2008a. Influence of environment factors on bacterial ingestion rate of the deposit-feeder Hydrobia ulvae and comparison with meiofauna. J. Sea Res. 60:151-156.
270. Pascal, P. Y., C. Dupuy, P. Richard, J. Rzeznik-Orignac, and N. Niquil. 2008b. Bacterivory of a mudflat nematode community under different environmental conditions. Mar. Biol. 154:671-682.
271. Pascal, P.-Y., J.W. Fleeger, F. Galvez, and K. R. Carman. 2010. The toxicological interaction between ocean acidity and metals in coastal meiobenthic copepods. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60:2201-2208.
272. Pawlowski, J.,W. Majewski, D. Longet, J. Guiard, T. Cedhagen, A. J. Gooday, S. Korsun, A. A. Habura, and S. S. Bowser. 2008. Genetic differentiation between Arctic and Antarctic monothalamous foraminiferans. Polar Biol. 31:1205-1216.
273. Pearse, J. S., J. B. McClintock, and I. Bosch. 1991. Reproduction of Antarctic benthic marine invertebrates-tempos, modes, and timing. Am. Zool. 31:65-80.
274. Pearse, J. S., et al. 2009. Brooding and species diversity in the Southern Ocean: selection for brooders or speciation within brooding clades? Smithsonian at the poles: contributions to international polar year science. Smithsonian Institute, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press,Washington, DC.
275. Peck, L. S. 2002. Ecophysiology of Antarctic marine ectotherms: limits to life. Polar Biol. 25:31-40.
276. Peck, L. S. 2004. Physiological flexibility: the key to success and survival for Antarctic fairy shrimps in highly fluctuating extreme environments. Freshwater Biol. 49:1195-1205.
277. Peck, L. S. 2005. Prospects for survival in the Southern Ocean: vulnerability of benthic species to temperature change. Antarct. Sci. 17:497-507.
278. Peck, L. S., and T. Brey. 1996. Bomb signals in old Antarctic brachiopods. Nature 380:207-208.
279. Peck, L. S., and L. Z. Conway. 2000. The myth of metabolic cold adaptation: oxygen consumption in stenothermal Antarctic bivalves. Pp. 441-450 in E.M.Harper, J. D. Taylor, and J. A. Crame, eds. Evolutionary biology of the Bivalvia. Geological Society, London.
280. Peck, L. S., et al. 1999. Community recovery following catastrophic iceberg impacts in a soft-sediment shallow-water site at Signy Island, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 186: 1-8.
281. Peck, L. S., K. E.Webb, and D. M. Bailey. 2004. Extreme sensitivity of biological function to temperature in Antarctic marine species. Funct. Ecol. 18:625-630.
282. Peck, L. S., M. S. Clark, S. A. Morley, A. Massey, and H. Rossetti. 2009. Animal temperature limits and ecological relevance: effects of size, activity and rates of change. Funct. Ecol. 23:248-256.
283. Peck, L. S., S. Morley, and M. S. Clark. 2009a. Animal temperature limits and ecological relevance: effects of size, activity and rates of change. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 153A:S57-S57.
284. Percy, J. A. 1974. Thermal adaptation in the boreo-arctic echinoid, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Of Müller, 1776). IV. Acclimation in the laboratory. Physiol. Zool. 47:163-171.
285. Piña-Ochoa, E., S. Hogslund, E. Geslin, T. Cedhagen, N. P. Revsbech, L. P. Nielsen, M. Schweizer, F. Jorissen, S. Rysgaard, and N. Risgaard-Petersen. 2010.Widespread occurrence of nitrate storage and denitrification among Foraminifera and Gromiida. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107:1148-1153.
286. Plattner, G. K., F. Joos, T. F. Stocker, and O. Marchal. 2001. Feedback mechanisms and sensitivities of ocean carbon uptake under global warming. Tellus B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 53:564-592.
287. Polyak, L., et al. 2002. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the southern Kara Sea, a river-influenced Arctic marine environment. J. Foraminiferal Res. 32:252-273.
288. Pörtner, H. O. 2001. Climate change and temperature-dependent biogeography: oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance in animals. Naturwissenschaften 88:137-146.
289. Pörtner, H. O. 2008. Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming: a physiologist's view. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 373:203-217.
290. Pörtner, H. O. 2010. Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems. J. Exp. Biol. 213:881-893.
291. Pörtner, H. O., and A. P. Farrell. 2008. Physiology and climate change. Science 322:690-692.
292. 2 concentrations: lessons from animal physiology and earth history. J. Oceanogr. 60:705-718.
293. Pörtner, H. O., L. S. Peck, and G. Somero. 2007. Thermal limits and adaptation in marine Antarctic ectotherms: an integrative view. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. 362:2233-2258.
294. Poulin, E., and J. P. Feral. 1996.Why are there so many species of brooding Antarctic echinoids? Evolution 50:820-830.
295. Price, R., and R. M.Warwick. 1980. Effect of temperature on the respiration rate of meiofauna. Oecologia 44:145-148.
296. Raes, M., and A. Vanreusel. 2005. The metazoan meiofauna associated with a cold-water coral degradation zone in the Porcupine Seabight (NE Atlantic). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
297. Raes, M., A. Rose, and A. Vanreusel. 2009a. Response of nematode communities after large-scale ice-shelf collapse events in the Antarctic Larsen area. Global Change Biol. 16:1618-1631.
298. Raes,M., A. Vanreusel, C. De Broyer, P.Martin, C. d'Udekemd 'Acoz, H. Robert, C. Havermans, C. De Ridder, P. Dauby, and B. David. 2009b. Pp. 50. BIANZO II: biodiversity of three representative groups of the Antarctic zoobenthos-coping with change-Final report phase 1. Belgian Science Policy (Research programme science for a sustainable development), Brussels.
299. Raupach, M. J., and J. W. Wägele. 2006. Distinguishing cryptic species in Antarctic Asellota (Crustacea: Isopoda)-a preliminary study of mitochondrial DNA in Acanthaspidia drygalskii. Antarct. Sci. 18:191-198.
300. Raupach, M. J.,M.Malyutina, A. Brandt, and J.W.Wagele. 2007a. Molecular data reveal a highly diverse species flock within the munnopsoid deep-sea isopod Betamorpha fusiformis (Barnard, 1920) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota) in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 54:1820-1830.
301. 2 emissions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:10288-10293.
302. Ruso, Y. D., et al. 2007. Spatial and temporal changes in infaunal communities inhabiting soft-bottoms affected by brine discharge. Mar. Environ. Res. 64:492-503.
303. Russell, B. D., C. D. G. Harley, T.Wernberg, N. Mieszkowska, S. Widdicombe, J. M. Hall-Spencer, and S. D. Connell. 2011. Predicting ecosystem shifts requires new approaches that integrate the effects of climate change across entire systems. Biol. Lett., doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0779
304. Russell, M. P. 1987. Life history traits and resource allocation in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 108:199-216.
305. Russell, M. P. 1998. Resource allocation plasticity in sea urchins: rapid, diet induced, phenotypic changes in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 220:1-14.
306. Sabbatini, A., et al. 2007. Distribution and biodiversity of stained monothalamous foraminifera from Tempelfjord, Svalbard. J. Foraminiferal Res. 37:93-106.
307. Sabine, C. L., and T. Tanhua. 2010. Estimation of Anthropogenic CO2 inventories in the ocean. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2:175-198.
308. 2. Science 305:367-371.
309. Saidova, K. M. 1998. Benthic foraminifera communities of the Southern Ocean. Okeanologiya 38:561-567.
310. Sameoto, J. A., and A. Metaxas. 2008. Can salinity-induced mortality explain larval vertical distribution with respect to a halocline? Biol. Bull. 214:329-338.
311. 2 and ocean chemistry. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36:1928-1950.
312. Schafer, C. T., et al. 1996. An in situ experiment on temperature sensitivity of nearshore temperate benthic foraminifera. J. Foraminiferal Res. 26:53-63.
313. Scheibling, R. E., and B. E. Hatcher. 2001. The ecology of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Pp. 271-306 in J. M. Lawrence, ed. Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
314. Schratzberger, M., and R. M.Warwick. 1998. Effects of physical disturbance on nematode communities in sand and mud: a microcosm experiment. Mar. Biol. 130:643-650.
315. Sen Gupta, B. K., and M. L. Machain-Castillo. 1993. Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats. Mar. Micropaleontol. 20:183-201.
316. Sewell, M. A., and G. E. Hofmann. 2011. Antarctic echinoids and climate change: a major impact on the brooding forms. Global Change Biol. 17:734-744.
317. 2 on shallow water marine benthos. J. Geophys. Res. 110(C9):C09S08, doi:10.1029/2004JC002618.
318. Siikavuopio, S. I., J. S. Christiansen, and T. Dale. 2006. Effects of temperature and season on gonad growth and feed intake in the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Aquaculture 255:389-394.
319. Siikavuopio, S. I., A. Mortensen, T. Dale, and A. Foss. 2007. Effects of carbon dioxide exposure on feed intake and gonad growth in green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Aquaculture 266:97-101.
320. Siikavuopio, S. I., A. Mortensen, and J. S. Christiansen. 2008. Effects of body weight and temperature on feed intake, gonad growth and oxygen consumption in green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Aquaculture 281:77-82.
321. Skowronski, R. S. P., and T. N. Corbisier. 2002. Meiofauna distribution in Martel Inlet, King George Island (Antarctica): sediment features versus food availability. Polar Biol. 25:126-134.
322. Smetacek, V., and S. Nicol. 2005. Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world. Nature 437:362-368.
323. Smith, C. R., and D. J. DeMaster. 2008. Preface and brief synthesis for the FOODBANCS volume. Deep Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 55:2399-2403.
324. Smith, C. R., S. Mincks, and D. J. DeMaster. 2008b. The FOODBANCS project: introduction and sinking fluxes of organic carbon, chlorophyll-a and phytodetritus on the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 55:2404-2414.
325. Smith, C. R., F. C. De Leo, A. F. Bernardino, A. K. Sweetman, and P. M. Arbizu. 2008a. Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:518-528.
326. Smith, C. R., L. J. Grange, D. L. Honig, L. Naudts, B. Huber, L. Guidi, and E. Domack. 2011. A large population of king crabs in Palmer Deep on the west Antarctic Peninsula shelf and potential invasive impacts. Proc. R. Soc. B, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1496.
327. Smith, Jr, K. L. 2011. Free-drifting icebergs in the Southern Ocean: an overview. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:1277-1284.
328. Smith, Jr, K. L., B. H. Robison, J. J. Helly, R. S. Kaufmann, H. A. Ruhl, T. J. Shaw, B. S. Twining, and M. Vernet. 2007. Free-drifting icebergs: hot spots of chemical and biological enrichment in theWeddell Sea. Science 317:478-482.
329. Smith, Jr, K. L., A. D. Sherman, T. J. Shaw, A. E. Murray,M. Vernet, and A. O. Cefarelli. 2011. Carbon export associated with free-drifting icebergs in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:1485-1496.
330. Spicer, J. I., A. Raffo, and S.Widdicombe. 2007. Influence of CO2-related seawater acidification on extracellular acid-base balance in the velvet swimming crab Necora puber. Mar. Biol. 151:1117-1125.
331. Spirlet, C., Grosjean, and M. Jangoux. 2000. Optimization of gonad growth by manipulation of temperature and photoperiod in cultivated sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck)(Echinodermata). Aquaculture 185:85-99.
332. Stanwell-Smith, D., and L. S. Peck. 1998. Temperature and embryonic development in relation to spawning and field occurrence of larvae of three Antarctic echinoderms. Biol. Bull. 194:44-52.
333. Stickle,W. B., andW. J. Diehl. 1987. Effects of salinity on echinoderms. Pp. 235-285 in M. Jangoux and J. M. Lawrence, eds. Echinoderm studies 2. Rotterdam, Balkema.
334. Suhr, S. B., D.W. Pond, A. J. Gooday, and C. R. Smith. 2003. Selective feeding by benthic foraminifera on phytodetritus on the western Antarctic Peninsula shelf: evidence from fatty acid biomarker analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 262:153-162.
335. 2 flux over the global oceans. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 56:554-577.
336. 2 ocean sequestration. Ener. Convers. Manage. 38:S337-S341.
337. Thatje, S. 2005. The future fate of the Antarctic marine biota? Trends Ecol. Evol. 20:418-419.
338. Thatje, S., and V. Fuentes. 2003. First record of anomuran and brachyuran larvae (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Antarctic waters. Polar Biol. 26:279-282.
339. Thatje, S., K. Anger, J. A. Calcagno, G. A. Lovrich, H. O. Portner, andW. E. Arntz. 2005. Challenging the cold: crabs reconquer the Antarctic. Ecology 86:619-625.
340. Thomas, C. D., A. Cameron, R. E. Green, M. Bakkenes, L. J. Beaumont, Y. C. Collingham, B. F. N. Erasmus, M. F. de Siqueira, A. Grainger, L. Hannah, et al. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427:145-148.
341. Thrush, S., P. Dayton, R. Cattaneo-Vietti, M. Chiantore, V. Cummings, N. Andrew, I. Hawes, S. Kim, R. Kvitek, and A. M. Schwarz. 2006. Broad-scale factors influencing the biodiversity of coastal benthic communities of the Ross Sea. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 53:959-971.
342. Tietjen, J. H., and J. J. Lee. 1972. Life cycles of marine nematodes -influence of temperature and salinity on development of Monhystera denticulata Timm. Oecologia 10:167-176.
343. Tietjen, J. H., and J. J. Lee. 1977. Life history of marine nematodes. Influence of temperature and salinity on the reproductive potential of Chromadorina germanica Bütschli. Microfauna des Meerenbodens 61:263-270.
344. Tietjen, J.H., J. J. Lee, J. Rullman, A.Greengar, and J. Trompete. 1970. Gnotobiotic culture and physiological ecology of the marine nematode Rhabditis marina Bastian. Limnol. Oceanogr. 15:535-543.
345. Tindall, B. J. 2004. Prokaryotic diversity in the Antarctic: the tip of the iceberg. Microb. Ecol. 47:271-283.
346. Turner, J., R. Bindschadler, P. Convey,G. di Prisco, E. Fahrbach, J. Gutt, D. Hodgson, P. Mayewski, and C. Summerhayes, eds. 2009. Antarctic climate change and the environment-A contribution to the International Polar Year 2007-2008. SCAR, Cambridge, U.K.
347. Tyler, P. A., C. M. Young, and A. Clarke. 2000. Temperature and pressure tolerances of embryos and larvae of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): potential for deep-sea invasion from high latitudes. Marine ecology. Prog. Ser. 192:173-180.
348. Ubaldo, J. P., F. A. Uy, and D. T. Ty. 2007. Temperature tolerance os some species of Philippine intertidal echinoderms. Philipp. Sci. 44:105-119.
349. Ulbricht, R. J. 1973a. Effect of temperature acclimation on metabolic rate of sea urchins. Mar. Biol. 19:273-277.
350. Ulbricht, R. J. 1973b. Influence of temperature acclimation upon metabolic rate of purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus-Alternate interpretations. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 45:677-681.
351. Urban-Malinga, B., and D. Burska. 2009. The colonization of macroalgal wrack by the meiofauna in the Arctic intertidal. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci. 85:666-670.
352. Urban-Malinga, B., L. Kotwicki, T. L. A. Gheskiere, K. Jankowska, K. Opalinski, and M. Malinga. 2004. Composition and distribution of meiofauna, including nematode genera, in two contrasting Arctic beaches. Polar Biol. 27:447-457.
353. Urban-Malinga, B., et al. 2005. Intertidal meiofauna of a high-latitude glacial Arctic fiord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard) with emphasis on the structure of free-living nematode communities. Polar Biol. 28:940-950.
354. Urban-Malinga, B., A. Drgas, A. Ameryk, and A. Tatarek. 2009. Meiofaunal (re)colonization of the Arctic intertidal (Hornsund, Spitsbergen) after ice melting: role of wrack deposition. Polar Biol. 32:243-252.
355. Vadas, R. L. 1977. Preferential feeding optimization strategy in sea urchins. Ecol. Monogr. 47:337-371.
356. Vaitilingon, D., R. Morgan, P. Grosjean, P. Gosselin, and M. Jangoux. 2001. Effects of delayed metamorphosis and food rations on the perimetamorphic events in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 262:41-60.
357. Vanhove, S., H. J. Lee, M. Beghyn, D. Van Gansbeke, S. Brockington, and M. Vincx. 1998. The metazoan meiofauna in its biogeochemical environment: the case of an Antarctic coastal sediment. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 78:411-434.
358. Vanhove, S., M. Beghyn, D. Van Gansbeke, L.W. Bullough, and M. Vincx. 2000. A seasonally varying biotope at Signy Island, Antarctic: implications for meiofaunal structure. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 202:13-25.
359. Vanreusel, A., M. Vincx, D. Schram, and D. Vangansbeke. 1995. On the vertical-distribution of the metazoan meiofauna in shelf break and upper slope habitats of the NE Atlantic. Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 80:313-326.
360. Vaughan, D. G., G. J. Marshall,W. M. Connolley, C. Parkinson, R. Mulvaney, D. A. Hodgson, J. C. King, C. J. Pudsey, and J. Turner. 2003. Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. Climatic Change 60(3):243-274.
361. Vlasblom, A. G., and G. Bolier. 1971. Tolerance of embryos of Marinogammarus marinus and Orchestia gammarella (Amphipoda) to lowered salinities. Neth. J. Sea. Res. 5:335-341.
362. Vranken, G., and C. Heip. 1986. The productivity of marine nematodes. Ophelia 26:429-442.
363. Vranken, G., P. M. J. Herman, and C. Heip. 1988. Studies of the life history and energetics of marine and brackish water nematodes. 1. Demography ofMonhystera disjuncta at different temperature and feeding conditions. Oecologia 77:296-301.
364. Wägele, J.W. 1987. On the reproductive biology of Ceratoserolis trilobitoides (Crustacea, Isopoda)-Latitudinal variation of fecundity and embryonic development. Polar Biol. 7:11-24.
365. Wägele, J.W. 1988. Aspects of the life-cycle of the Antarctic fish parasite Gnathia calva Vanhoffen (Crustacea, Isopoda). Polar Biol. 8:287-291.
366. Wägele, J.-W. 1989. Evolution und phylogenetisches System der Isopoda-Stand der Forschung und neue Erkentnisse. Zoologica 140:1-262.
367. Wägele, J.W. 1990. Growth in captivity and aspects of reproductive biology of the Antarctic fish parasite Aega Antarctica (Crustacea, Isopoda). Polar Biol. 10:521-527.
368. Walther, G. R., E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T. J. C. Beebee, J. M. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and F. Bairlein. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389-395.
369. Walther, G.-R., A. Roques, P. E. Hulme, M. T. Sykes, P. Pysek, I. Kühn, M. Zobel, S. Bacher, Z. Botta-Dukát, H. Bugmann, et al. 2009. Alien species in a warmer world: risks and opportunities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24:686-693.
370. Ward, B. L., P. J. Barrett, and P. Vella. 1987. Distribution and ecology of benthic foraminifera in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 58:139-153.
371. Warwick, R. M. 1981. The influence of temperature and salinity on energy partitioning in the marine nematode Diplolaimelloides bruciei. Oecologia 51:318-325.
372. Watling, L., and M. H. Thurston. 1989. Antarctica as an evolutionary incubator: evidence from the cladistic biogeography of the amphipod family Iphimediidae. Geol. Soc. Lond. 47:297.
373. Watts, S. A., J. B. McClintock, and J. M. Lawrence. 2001. The ecology of Lytechinus variegatus. Pp. 375-393 in J. M. Lawrence, ed. Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
374. White, M. G. 1975. Oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion by the giant isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus in relation to cold-adapted metabolism in marine polar poikilotherms. Pp. 707-724 in H. Barnes, ed. 9th European marine biology symposium. Aberdeen Univ. Press, Aberdeen.
375. White, M. G. 1984. Marine Benthos. Pp. 421-461 in R. M. Laws, ed. Antarctic ecology. Academic Press, London.
376. 2 induced seawater acidification on infaunal diversity and sediment nutrient fluxes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 379:59-75.
377. Wieser,W., and F. Schiemer. 1977. Ecophysiology of some marine nematodes from Bermuda-seasonal aspects. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 26:97-106.
378. Wieser,W., J. Ott, F. Schiemer, and E. Gnaiger. 1974. Ecophysiological study of some meiofauna species inhabiting a sandy beach at Bermuda. Mar. Biol. 26:235-248.
379. Wigham, B. D., E. A. Galley, C. R. Smith, and P. A. Tyler. 2008. Inter-annual variability and potential for selectivity in the diets of deep-water Antarctic echinoderms. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 55:2478-2490.
380. Williams, H. F. L. 1995. Foraminiferal record of recent environmental change; Mad Island Lake, Texas. J. Foraminiferal Res. 25:167.
381. Willows, R. I. 1987. Population and individual energetics of Ligia oceanica (L.) (Crustacea: Isopoda) in the rocky supralittoral. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 105:253-274.
382. Wolff, T. 1956. Isopoda from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Pp. 85-158 in T.Wolff, ed. Galathea report-scientific results of the Danish deep-sea expedition round the world 1950-1952. Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Univ. of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.
383. Wollenburg, J. E., and A. Mackensen. 1998. Living benthic foraminifers from the central Arctic Ocean: faunal composition, standing stock and diversity. Mar. Micropaleontol. 34:153-185.
384. Woombs, M., and J. Laybournparry. 1984. Feeding biology of Diplogasteritus nudicapitatus and Rhabsitis curvicaudata (Nematoda) related to food concentration and temperature in sewage treatment plants. Oecologia 64:163-167.
385. Woulds, C., G. L. Cowie, L. A. Levin, J. H. Andersson, J. J. Middelburg, S. Vandewiele, P. A. Lamont, K. E. Larkin, A. J. Gooday, S. Schumacher, et al. 2007. Oxygen as a control on seafloor biological communities and their roles in sedimentary carbon cycling. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52:1698-1709.
386. Woulds, C., et al. 2009. The short-term fate of organic carbon in marine sediments: comparing the Pakistan margin to other regions. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 56:393-402.
387. Würzberg, L., J. Peters, and A. Brandt. 2011a. Fatty acid patterns of Southern Ocean shelf and deep sea peracarid crustaceans and a possible food source, foraminiferans. Deep Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:2027-2035.
388. Würzberg, L., J. Peters, M. Schüller, and A. Brandt. 2011b. Diet insights of deep-sea polychaetes derived from fatty acid analyses. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 58:153-162.
389. Yodnarasri, S., S. Montani, K. Tada, S. Shibanuma, and T. Yamada. 2008. Is there any seasonal variation in marine nematodes within the sediments of the intertidal zone? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 57:149-154.
390. Young, J. S., L. S. Peck, and T. Matheson. 2006. The effects of temperature on walking and righting in temperate and Antarctic crustaceans. Polar Biol. 29:978-987.
391. Zwally, H. J., J. C. Comiso, C. L. Parkinson, D. J. Cavalieri, and P. Gloersen. 2002. Variability of Antarctic sea ice 1979-1998. J. Geophys. Res. 107:21.