Food web flows through a sub-arctic deep-sea benthic community

Progress in Oceanography

Volumn 91, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 245-259

  Gontikaki, E ^a   van Oevelen, D ^b   Soetaert, K ^b   Witte, U ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY NIOO KNAW   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PRODUCTION; BENTHIC COMMUNITIES; BENTHIC ORGANISMS; BIOMASS DATA; CARBON DEPOSITION; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTERS; ENERGY REQUIREMENTS; FOOD RESOURCES; FOOD WEBS; HIGH EFFICIENCY; INVERSE ANALYSIS; INVERSE MODELLING; LABILE CARBON; MACROFAUNA; MICROBIAL LOOP; OMNIVORY; OXYGEN UPTAKE RATES; PHYTODETRITUS; SUB-ARCTIC; SUB-SURFACES; TOTAL CARBON;

ANIMALS; BACTERIA; BACTERIOLOGY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; DATA TRANSFER RATES; EXPERIMENTS; LAKES; USER INTERFACES;

ECOLOGY;

AQUATIC ORGANISM; BACTERIUM; BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT; BIOMASS; CARBON; CARNIVORY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DATA SET; DEEP SEA; DEEP WATER; DETRITUS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD WEB; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; METABOLISM; METAZOAN; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; NUMERICAL MODEL; OMNIVORY; OXYGEN; POLYCHAETE; PREDATION; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; RECONSTRUCTION; RESPIRATION; SUBANTARCTIC REGION;

FAROE ISLANDS; SCOTLAND; SHETLAND; UNITED KINGDOM;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); METAZOA; NEMATODA; POLYCHAETA;

EID: 80052429053     PISSN: 00796611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.12.014     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Apple J.K., del Giorgio P.A., Kemp W.M. Temperature regulation of bacterial production, respiration and growth efficiency in a temperate salt-marsh estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2006, 43:243-254.
2. Aspetsberger F., Zabel M., Ferdelman T., Struck U., Mackensen A., Ahke A., Witte U. Instantaneous benthic response to different organic matter quality: in situ experiments in the Benguela upwelling system. Marine Biology Research 2007, 3:342-356.
3. Banse K. On weight dependence of net growth efficiency and specific respiration rates among field populations of invertebrates. Oecologia 1979, 38:111-126.
4. Bligh E.G., Dyer W.J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1959, 37(8):911-917.
5. Boetius A., Ferdelman T., Lochte K. Bacterial activity in sediments of the deep Arabian Sea in relation to vertical flux. Deep-Sea Research II 2000, 47:2835-2875.
6. Boschker H.T.S., Middelburg J.J. Stable isotopes and biomarkers in microbial ecology. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2002, 40:85-95.
7. Brinch-Iversen J., King G.M. Effects of substrate concentration, growth state and oxygen availability on relationships among bacterial carbon, nitrogen and phospholipid phosphorus content. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 1990, 74:345-356.
8. Brown J.H., Gillooly J.F. Ecological food webs: high-quality data facilitate theoretical unification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 2003, 100:1467-1468.
9. Buhr K.J. Suspension-feeding and assimilation efficiency in Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta). Marine Biology 1976, 38:373-383.
10. Bühring S.I., Lampadariou N., Moodley L., Tselepides A., Witte U. Benthic microbial and whole-community responses to different amounts of 13C-enriched algae: in situ experiments in the deep Cretan Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Limnology and Oceanography 2006, 51(1):157-165.
11. Burdige D.J., Berelson W.M., Coale K.H., McManus J., Johnson K.S. Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon from California continental margin sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63(10):1507-1515.
12. Canfield D.E., Thamdrup B., Kristensen E. Aquatic geomicrobiology. Advances in Marine Biology 2005, vol. 48. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
13. Carlson C.A. Production and removal processes. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter 2002, 91-151. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego. D.A. Hansell, C.A. Carlson (Eds.).
14. Cartes J.E., Ligas A., De Biasi A.M., Pacciardi L., Sartor P. Small-spatial scale changes in productivity of suprabenthic and infaunal crustaceans at the continental shelf of Ebro Delta (western Mediterranean). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2009, 378:40-49.
15. Chesney E.J. Laboratory studies of the effect of predation on production and the production:biomass ratio of the opportunistic polychaete Capitella capitata (Type I). Marine Biology 1985, 87:307-312.
16. Clarke A. Seasonal acclimatization and latitudinal compensation in metabolism: do they exist?. Functional Ecology 1993, 7:139-149.
17. Clarke A., Fraser K.P.P. Why does metabolism scale with temperature?. Functional Ecology 2004, 18:243-251.
18. Clausen I., Riisgard H.U. Growth, filtration and respiration in the mussel Mytilus edulis: no evidence for physiological regulation of the filter-pump to nutritional needs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1996, 141:37-45.
19. Coull B.C. Role of meiofauna in estuarine soft-bottom habitats. Australian Journal of Ecology 1999, 24:327-343.
20. Danovaro R., Dell'Anno A., Corinaldesi C., Magagnini M., Noble R., Tamburini C., Weinbauer M. Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems. Nature 2008, 454:1084-1088.
21. Davis J.P., Wilson J.G. The energy budget and population structure of Nucula turgida in Dublin Bay. Journal of Animal Ecology 1985, 54(2):557-571.
22. del Giorgio P.A., Cole J.J. Bacterial growth efficiency in natural aquatic systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1998, 29:503-541.
23. Deming J.W., Yager P.L. Natural bacterial assemblages in deep-sea sediments: towards a global view. Deep-sea Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle 1992, 11-27. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. G.T. Rowe, V. Pariente (Eds.).
24. Eldridge P.M., Jackson G.A. Benthic trophic dynamics in California coastal basin and continental slope communities inferred by inverse analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1993, 99:115-135.
25. Epstein S.S., Shiaris M.P. Rates of microbenthic and meiobenthic bacterivory in a temperate muddy tidal flat community. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1992, 58(8):2426-2431.
26. Falkowski P.G., Fenchel T., Delong E.F. The microbial engines that drive Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Science 2008, 320:1034-1039.
27. Fauchald K., Jumars P.A. The diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review 1979, 17:193-284.
28. Flach E., Heip C. Vertical distribution of macrozoobenthos within the sediment on the continental slope of the Goban Spur area (NE Atlantic). Marine Ecology Progress Series 1996, 141:55-66.
29. Franco M.A., Soetaert K., Costa M.J., Vincx M., Vanaverbeke J. Uptake of phytodetritus by meiobenthos using 13C-labelled diatoms and Phaeocystis in two contrasting sediments from the North Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2008, 362:1-8.
30. Francois R., Honjo S., Krishfield R., Manganini S. Factors controlling the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone of the ocean. Global Biochemical Cycles 2002, 16(4). 34.1-34.20.
31. Gontikaki E., Mayor D.J., Narayanaswamy B.E., Witte U. Feeding strategies of deep-sea sub-arctic macrofauna of the Faroe-Shetland Channel: combining natural stable isotopes and enrichment techniques. Deep-Sea Research 2010, 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.11.011.
32. Gontikaki E., Mayor D.J., Thornton B., Black K., Witte U. Processing of 13C-labelled algae by a bathyal community at sub-zero temperatures. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2010, 10.3354/meps08892.
33. Guilini K., van Oevelen D., Soetaert K., Middelburg J.J., Vanreusel A. Nutritional importance of benthic bacteria for deep-sea nematodes from the Arctic ice margin: Results of an isotope tracer experiment. Limnology and Oceanography 2010, 55(5):1977-1989.
34. Heip C.H.R., Herman R. Production of Nereis diversicolor O.F Muller (Polychaeta) in a shallow brackish-water pond. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 1979, 8:297-305.
35. Heip C.H.R., Vincx M., Vranken G. The ecology of marine nematodes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 1985, 23:399-489.
36. Heip C.H.R., Duineveld G., Flach E., Graf G., Helder W., Herman P.M.J., Lavaleye M., Middelburg J.J., Pfannkuche O., Soetaert K., Soltwedel T., de Stigter H., Thomsen L., Vanaverbeke J., de Wilde P. The role of the benthic biota in sedimentary metabolism and sediment-water exchange processes in the Goban Spur area (NE Atlantic). Deep-Sea Research II 2001, 48:3223-3243.
37. Herman P.M.J., Vranken G. Studies of the life-history and energetics of marine and brackish-water nematodes. Oecologia 1988, 77:457-463.
38. Honjo S., Manganini S.J., Wefer G. Annual particle flux and a winter outburst of sedimentation in the northern Norwegian Sea. Deep-Sea Research 1988, 35(8):1223-1234.
39. Hulth S., Blackburn T.H., Hall P.O.J. Arctic sediments (Svalbard): consumption and microdistribution of oxygen. Marine Chemistry 1994, 46:293-316.
40. Hulth S., Hall P.O.J., Blackburn T.H., Landen A. Arctic sediments (Svalbard): pore water and solid phase distributions of C, N, P and Si. Polar Biology 1996, 16:447-462.
41. Ingels J., Van den Driessche P., De Mesel I., Vanhove S., Moens T., Vanreusel A. Preferred use of bacteria over phytoplankton by deep-sea nematodes in polar regions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2010, 406:121-133.
42. Johnson W.S. Population energetic of the intertidal isopod Cirolana harfordi. Marine Biology 1976, 36:351-357.
43. Jordana E., Charles F., Gremare A., Amouroux J.-M., Chretiennot-Dinet M.-J. Food sources, ingestion and absorption in the suspension-feeding polychaete, Ditrupa arietina (O.F. Muller). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2001, 266:219-236.
44. Jumars P.A. Gourmands of mud: diet selection in marine deposit feeders. Diet Selection: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Foraging Behaviour 1993, 124-156. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge. R.N. Hughes (Ed.).
45. Jumars P.A., Mayer L.M., Deming J.W., Baross J.A., Wheatcroft R.A. Deep-sea deposit-feeding strategies suggested by environmental and feeding constraints. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 1990, 331:85-101.
46. Kihslinger R.L., Woodin S.A. Food patches and a surface deposit feeding spionid polychaete. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2000, 201:233-239.
47. Kones J.K., Soetaert K., van Oevelen D., Owino J.O., Mavuti K. Gaining insight into food webs reconstructed by the inverse method. Journal of Marine Systems 2006, 60:153-166.
48. Kroer N. Bacterial growth efficiency on natural dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography 1993, 38(6):1282-1290.
49. Lahajnar N., Rixen T., Gaye-Haake B., Schafer P., Ittekkot V. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes of deep-sea sediments from the Arabian Sea and the NE Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research II 2005, 52:1947-1964.
50. Leduc D., Probert P.K. The effect of bacterivorous nematodes on detritus incorporation by macrofaunal detritivores: a study using stable isotope and fatty acid analyses. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2009, 371:130-139.
51. Levin L.A., Etter R.J., Rex M.A., Gooday A.J., Smith C.R., Pineda J., Stuart C.T., Hessler R.R., Pawson D. Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2001, 32:51-93.
52. Loeuille N., Loreau M. Evolutionary emergence of size-structured food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 2005, 102:5761-5766.
53. Loo L.-O., Rosenberg R. Production and energy budget in marine suspension feeding populations: Mytilus edulis, Cerastoderma edule, Mya arenaria and Amphiura filiformis. Journal of Sea Research 1996, 35(1-3):199-207.
54. Luna G.M., Manini E., Danovaro R. Large fraction of dead and inactive bacteria in coastal marine sediments: comparison of protocols for determination and ecological significance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002, 68(7):3509-3513.
55. Mahaut M.-L., Sibuet M., Shiriyama Y. Weight-dependent respiration rates in deep-sea organisms. Deep-Sea Research I 1995, 42(9):1575-1582.
56. Marchant R., Nicholas W.L. An energy budget for the free-living nematode Pelodera (Rhabditidae). Oecologia 1974, 16:237-252.
57. Marquis E., Niquil N., Delmas D., Hartmann H.J., Bonnet D., Carlotti F., Herbland A., Labry C., Sautour B., Laborde P., Vezina A., Dupuy C. Inverse analysis of the planktonic food web dynamics related to phytoplankton bloom development on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay, French coast. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2007, 73:223-235.
58. Middelburg J.J., Soetaert K., Herman P.M.J. Empirical relationships for use in global diagenetic models. Deep-Sea Research I 1997, 44(2):327-344.
59. Middelburg J.J., Barranguet C., Boschker H.T.S., Herman P.M.J., Moens T., Heip C.H.R. The fate of intertidal microphytobenthos carbon: an in-situ 13C-labelling study. Limnology and Oceanography 2000, 45(6):1224-1234.
60. Moens T., Vincx M. Observations on the feeding ecology of estuarine nematodes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 1997, 77:211-227.
61. Moens T., Vanhove S., De Mesel I., Kelemen B., Janssens T., Dewicke A., Vanreusel A. Carbon sources of Antarctic nematodes as revealed by natural carbon isotope ratios and a pulse-chase experiment. Polar Biology 2007, 31:1-13.
62. Moodley L., Middelburg J.J., Boschker H.T.S., Duineveld G.C.A., Pel R., Herman P.M.J., Heip C.H.R. Bacteria and foraminifera: key players in a short-term deep-sea benthic response to phytodetritus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 236:23-29.
63. Moodley L., Middelburg J.J., Soetaert K., Boschker H.T.S., Herman P.M.J., Heip C.H.R. Similar rapid response to phytodetritus deposition in shallow and deep-sea sediments. Journal of Marine Research 2005, 63:457-469.
64. Navarro J.M., Thompson R.J. Physiological energetic of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus in a cold ocean environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1996, 138:135-148.
65. Navarro E., Iglesias J.I.P., Ortega M.M., Larretxea X. The basis for a functional response to variable food quantity and quality in cockles Cerastoderma edule (Bivalvia, Cardiidae). Physiological Zoology 1994, 67(2):468-496.
66. Nielsen A.M., Eriksen N.T., Lonsmann Iversen J.J., Riisgard H.U. Feeding, growth and respiration in the polychaetes Nereis diversicolor (facultative filter-feeder) and N. Virens (omnivorous)-a comparative study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1995, 125:149-158.
67. Otto S., Balzer W. Release of dissolved organic carbon (DOM) from sediments of the NW European continental margin (Goban Spur) and its significance for benthic carbon cycling. Progress in Oceanography 1998, 42:127-144.
68. Papadimitriou S., Kennedy H., Bentaleb I., Thomas D.N. Dissolved organic carbon in sediments from the eastern North Atlantic. Marine Chemistry 2002, 79:37-47.
69. Piepenburg D., Blackburn T.H., von Dorrien C.F., Gutt J., Hall P.O.J., Hulth S., Kendall M.A., Opalinski K.W., Rachor E., Schmid M.K. Partitioning of benthic community respiration in the Arctic (northwestern Barents Sea). Marine Ecology Progress Series 1995, 118:199-213.
70. R Development Core Team, 2009. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, http://www.R-project.org.
71. Rice D.L., Bianchi T.S., Roper E.H. Experimental studies of sediment reworking and growth of Scoloplos spp. (Orbiniidae: Polychaeta). Marine Ecology Progress Series 1986, 30:9-19.
72. Richardson T.L., Jackson G.A., Ducklow H.W., Roman M.R. Carbon fluxes through food webs of the eastern equatorial Pacific: an inverse approach. Deep-Sea Research I 2004, 51:1245-1274.
73. Riordan T.J., Lindsay S.M. Feeding responses to particle-bound cues by a deposit-feeding spionid polychaete, Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi 1883). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2002, 277(1):79-95.
74. Robertson A.I. The relationship between annual production:biomass ratios and lifespans for marine macrobenthos. Oecologia 1979, 38:193-202.
75. Rowe G.T., Wei C., Nunnally C., Haedrich R., Montagna P., Baguley J.G., Bernhard J.M., Wicksten M., Ammons A., Briones E.E., Soliman Y., Deming J.W. Comparative biomass structure and estimated carbon flow in food webs in the deep Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research II 2008, 55:2699-2711.
76. Sauter E., Schluter M., Suess E. Organic carbon flux and remineralization in surface sediments from the northern North Atlantic derived from pore-water oxygen microprofiles. Deep-Sea Research I 2001, 48:529-553.
77. Schiemer F. Food dependence and energetic of free-living nematodes I. Respiration, growth and reproduction of Caenorhabditis briggsae (Nematoda) at different levels of food supply. Oecologia 1982, 54:108-121.
78. Shafir A., Field J.G. Importance of a small carnivorous isopod in energy transfer. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1980, 3:203-215.
79. Smith C.R., De Leo F.C., Bernardino A.F., Sweetman A.K., Martinez Arbizu P. Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2008, 23(9):518-528.
80. Smith K.L., Ruhl H.A., Bett B.J., Billett D.S.M., Lampitt R.S., Kaufmann R.S. Climate, carbon cycling and deep-ocean ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 2009, 106:19211-19218.
81. Soetaert, K., van Oevelen, D., 2009a. LIM: Linear Inverse Model examples and solution methods. R Package Version 1.3. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=LIM.
82. Soetaert K., van Oevelen D. Modelling food web interactions in benthic deep-sea ecosystems: a practical guide. Oceanography 2009, 22:128-143.
83. Soetaert, K., van den Meersche, K., van Oevelen, D., 2009. limSolve: Solving Linear Inverse Models. R Package Version 1.5.1. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=limSolve.
84. Soetaert K., Petzoldt T., Setzer R.W. Solving differential equations in R: package deSolve. Journal of Statistical Software 2010, 33(9):1-25.
85. Sprung M. Estimating macrobenthic secondary production from body weight and biomass: a field test in a non-boreal intertidal habitat. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1993, 100:103-109.
86. Stead R.A., Thompson R.J., Jaramillo J.R. Absorption efficiency, ingestion rate, gut passage time and scope for growth in suspension- and deposit-feeding Yoldia hyperborea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2003, 252:159-172.
87. Sundback K., Nilsson P., Nilsson C., Jonsson B. Balance between autotrophic and heterotrophic components and processes in microbenthic communities of sandy sediments: a field study. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1996, 43:689-706.
88. Taghon G.L. Optimal foraging by deposit-feeding invertebrates: Roles of particle size and organic coating. Oecologia 1982, 52:295-304.
89. Tenore K.R. Comparison of the ecological energetic of the polychaetes Capitella capitata and Nereis succinea in experimental systems receiving similar levels of detritus. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 1982, 16:46-54.
90. Thistle D. The deep-sea floor: an overview. Ecosystems of the World: Ecosystems of the Deep Oceans 2003, 5-38. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P.A. Tyler (Ed.).
91. Tholosan O., Bianchi A. Bacterial distribution and activity at the water-sediment boundary layer on NW Mediterranean continental margin. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1998, 168:273-283.
92. Thompson M.L., Schaffner L.C. Population biology and secondary production of the suspension-feeding polychaete Chaetopterus cf. Variopedatus: implications for benthic-pelagic coupling in lower Chesapeake Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 2001, 46(8):1899-1907.
93. Thompson R.M., Hemberg M., Starzomski B.M., Shurin J.B. Trophic levels and trophic tangles: the prevalence of omnivory in real food webs. Ecology 2007, 88(3):612-617.
94. Thompson R.M., Hemberg M., Starzomski B.M., Shurin J. The ubiquity of omnivory. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 2009, 30(5):761-764.
95. Tyler P.A. Ecosystems of the World: Ecosystems of the Deep Oceans 2003, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
96. Urban-Malinga B., Moens T. Fate of organic matter in Arctic intertidal sediments: is utilization by meiofauna important?. Journal of Sea Research 2006, 56:239-248.
97. van den Meersche K., Soetaert K., van Oevelen D. Xsample(): An R function for sampling linear inverse problems. Journal of Statistical Software 2009, 30(1):1-15.
98. van Oevelen D., Soetaert K., Middelburg J.J., Herman P.M.J., Moodley L., Hamels I., Moens T., Heip C.H.R. Carbon flows through a benthic food web: integrating biomass, isotope and tracer data. Journal of Marine Research 2006, 64:453-482.
99. van Oevelen D., Middelburg J.J., Soetaert K., Moodley L. The fate of bacterial carbon in an intertidal sediment: Modelling an in situ isotope tracer experiment. Limnology and Oceanography 2006, 51(3):1302-1314.
100. van Oevelen D., Moodley L., Soetaert K., Middelburg J.J. The trophic significance of bacterial carbon in a marine intertidal sediment: Results of an in situ isotope labelling study. Limnology and Oceanography 2006, 51(5):2349-2359.
101. van Oevelen D., van den Meersche K., Meysman F.J.R., Soetaert K., Middelburg J.J., Vezina A.F. Quantifying food web flows using linear inverse models. Ecosystems 2010, 13(1):32-45.
102. Vedel A., Riisgard H.U. Filter-feeding in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor: growth and bioenergetics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1993, 100:145-152.
103. Vezina A.F., Platt T. Food web dynamics in the ocean. I. Best estimates of flow networks using inverse methods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1988, 42:269-287.
104. White D.C., Davis W.M., Nickels J.S., King J.D., Bobbie R.J. Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractible lipid phosphate. Oecologia 1979, 40:51-62.
105. Whitlatch R.B. Food-resource partitioning in the deposit-feeding polychaete Pectinaria gouldii. Biological Bulletin 1974, 147:227-235.
106. Witte U., Aberle N., Sand M., Wenzhofer F. Rapid response of a deep-sea benthic community to POM enrichment: an in situ experimental study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2003, 251:27-36.
107. Witte U., Wenzhofer F., Sommer S., Boetius A., Heinz P., Aberle N., Sand M., Cremer A., Abraham W.-R., Jorgensen B.B., Pfannkuche O. In situ experimental evidence of the fate of a phytodetritus pulse at the abyssal sea floor. Nature 2003, 424:763-766.
108. Woulds C., Cowie G.L., Levin L.A., Andersson J.H., Middelburg J.J., Vanderwiele S., Lamont P.A., Larkin K.E., Gooday A.J., Schumacher S., Whitcraft C., Jeffreys R.M., Schwartz M. Oxygen as a control on seafloor biological communities and their roles in sedimentary carbon cycling. Limnology and Oceanography 2007, 52(4):1698-1709.