Mycoplasma genitalium, an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen

Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses

Volumn 42, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 381-392

  Cazanave, C ^a,b,c   Manhart, L E ^d   Bebear C ^a,b,e  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^b Univ Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2   (France)

^c HÔPITAL PELLEGRIN   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^e BORDEAUX UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Macrolides; Mycoplasma genitalium; PCR; Sexually transmitted infection

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; CEFOXITIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GATIFLOXACIN; KETOLIDE; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINCOSAMIDE; LINEZOLID; MACROLIDE; MINOCYCLINE; MOXIFLOXACIN; NALIDIXIC ACID; OFLOXACIN; POLYMYXIN; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; RIFALAZIL; RIFAMPICIN; SPECTINOMYCIN; STREPTOGRAMIN; SULFANILAMIDE; TETRACYCLINE; TOSUFLOXACIN; TRIMETHOPRIM;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL ARTHRITIS; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BALANOPOSTHITIS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ENDOMETRITIS; EPIDIDYMITIS; GYNECOLOGIC INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION RISK; MGPB GENE; MOLECULAR MODEL; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM; MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS; MYCOPLASMOSIS; NONHUMAN; NONSPECIFIC URETHRITIS; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PROSTATITIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SALPINGITIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; URETHRITIS; UTERINE CERVICITIS; VAGINITIS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CARRIER STATE; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; OBSTETRIC LABOR, PREMATURE; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, BACTERIAL; URETHRITIS; UTERINE CERVICITIS;

EID: 84866748474     PISSN: 0399077X     EISSN: 17696690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2012.05.006     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Taylor-Robinson D., Jensen J.S. Mycoplasma genitalium: from chrysalis to multicolored butterfly. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011, 24(3):498-514.
2. Manhart L.E., Kay N. Mycoplasma genitalium: is it a sexually transmitted pathogen?. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010, 12(4):306-313.
3. Anagrius C., Lore B., Jensen J.S. Mycoplasma genitalium: prevalence, clinical significance, and transmission. Sex Transm Infect 2005, 81(6):458-462.
4. Bradshaw C.S., Fairley C.K., Lister N.A., Chen S.J., Garland S.M., Tabrizi S.N. Mycoplasma genitalium in men who have sex with men at male-only saunas. Sex Transm Infect 2009, 85(6):432-435.
5. Tosh A.K., Van Der Pol B., Fortenberry J.D., Williams J.A., Katz B.P., Batteiger B.E., et al. Mycoplasma genitalium among adolescent women and their partners. J Adolesc Health 2007, 40(5):412-417.
6. Huppert J.S., Mortensen J.E., Reed J.L., Kahn J.A., Rich K.D., Hobbs M.M. Mycoplasma genitalium detected by transcription-mediated amplification is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent women. Sex Transm Dis 2008, 35(3):250-254.
7. Hamasuna R., Imai H., Tsukino H., Jensen J.S., Osada Y. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium among female students in vocational schools in Japan. Sex Transm Infect 2008, 84(4):303-305.
8. Oakeshott P., Aghaizu A., Hay P., Reid F., Kerry S., Atherton H., et al. Is Mycoplasma genitalium in women the "new chlamydia" ? A community-based prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51(10):1160-1166.
9. Hancock E.B., Manhart L.E., Nelson S.J., Kerani R., Wroblewski J.K., Totten P.A. Comprehensive assessment of sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors for Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women. Sex Transm Dis 2010, 37(12):777-783.
10. Mena L., Wang X., Mroczkowski T.F., Martin D.H. Mycoplasma genitalium infections in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35(10):1167-1173.
11. Soni S., Alexander S., Verlander N., Saunders P., Richardson D., Fisher M., et al. The prevalence of urethral and rectal Mycoplasma genitalium and its associations in men who have sex with men attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. Sex Transm Infect 2010, 86(1):21-24.
12. Ross J.D., Brown L., Saunders P., Alexander S. Mycoplasma genitalium in asymptomatic patients: implications for screening. Sex Transm Infect 2009, 85(6):436-437.
13. Casin I., Vexiau-Robert D., De La Salmoniere P., Eche A., Grandry B., Janier M. High prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in the lower genitourinary tract of women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Paris France. Sex Transm Dis 2002, 29(6):353-359.
14. Pépin J., Labbe A.C., Khonde N., Deslandes S., Alary M., Dzokoto A., et al. Mycoplasma genitalium: an organism commonly associated with cervicitis among west African sex workers. Sex Transm Infect 2005, 81(1):67-72.
15. Napierala Mavedzenge S., Weiss H.A. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium and HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2009, 23(5):611-620.
16. Cohen C.R., Nosek M., Meier A., Astete S.G., Iverson-Cabral S., Mugo N.R., et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and persistence in a cohort of female sex workers in Nairobi Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 2007, 34(5):274-279.
17. Lusk M.J., Konecny P., Naing Z.W., Garden F.L., Cumming R.G., Rawlinson W.D. Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with cervicitis and HIV infection in an urban Australian STI clinic population. Sex Transm Infect 2010, 87(2):107-109.
18. Manhart L.E., Mostad S.B., Baeten J.M., Astete S.G., Mandaliya K., Totten P.A. High Mycoplasma genitalium organism burden is associated with shedding of HIV-1 DNA from the cervix. J Infect Dis 2008, 197(5):733-736.
19. McGowin C.L., Popov V.L., Pyles R.B. Intracellular Mycoplasma genitalium infection of human vaginal and cervical epithelial cells elicits distinct patterns of inflammatory cytokine secretion and provides a possible survival niche against macrophage-mediated killing. BMC Microbiol 2009, 9:139.
20. He J., You X., Zeng Y., Yu M., Zuo L., Wu Y. Mycoplasma genitalium-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins activate NF-kappaB through toll-like receptors 1, 2, and 6 and CD14 in a MyD88-dependent pathway. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009, 16(12):1750-1757.
21. Jensen J.S. Mycoplasma genitalium: the aetiological agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004, 18(1):1-11.
22. Manhart L.E., Broad J.M., Golden M.R. Mycoplasma genitalium: should we treat and how?. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53(3):S129-S142.
23. Thurman A.R., Musatovova O., Perdue S., Shain R.N., Baseman J.G., Baseman J.B. Mycoplasma genitalium symptoms, concordance and treatment in high-risk sexual dyads. Int J STD AIDS 2010, 21(3):177-183.
24. Schwebke J.R., Rompalo A., Taylor S., Sena A.C., Martin D.H., Lopez L.M., et al. Re-evaluating the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis: emphasizing emerging pathogens - a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52(2):163-170.
25. Dupin N., Bijaoui G., Schwarzinger M., Ernault P., Gerhardt P., Jdid R., et al. Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37(4):602-605.
26. Yoshida T., Deguchi T., Ito M., Maeda S., Tamaki M., Ishiko H. Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40(4):1451-1455.
27. Jensen J.S., Bjornelius E., Dohn B., Lidbrink P. Use of TaqMan 5' nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42(2):683-692.
28. Yokoi S., Maeda S., Kubota Y., Tamaki M., Mizutani K., Yasuda M., et al. The role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 in post-gonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(7):866-871.
29. Horner P.J., Taylor-Robinson D. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with balanoposthitis in men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2011, 87(1):38-40.
30. McGowin C.L., Anderson-Smits C. Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging cause of sexually transmitted disease in women. PLoS Pathog 2011, 7(5):e1001324.
31. Manhart L.E., Critchlow C.W., Holmes K.K., Dutro S.M., Eschenbach D.A., Stevens C.E., et al. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis 2003, 187(4):650-657.
32. Falk L., Fredlund H., Jensen J.S. Signs and symptoms of urethritis and cervicitis among women with or without Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Sex Transm Infect 2005, 81(1):73-78.
33. Haggerty C.L., Totten P.A., Astete S.G., Lee S., Hoferka S.L., Kelsey S.F., et al. Failure of cefoxitin and doxycycline to eradicate endometrial Mycoplasma genitalium and the consequence for clinical cure of pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Infect 2008, 84(5):338-342.
34. Cohen C.R., Manhart L.E., Bukusi E.A., Astete S., Brunham R.C., Holmes K.K., et al. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis. Lancet 2002, 359(9308):765-766.
35. Cohen C.R., Mugo N.R., Astete S.G., Odondo R., Manhart L.E., Kiehlbauch J.A., et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Sex Transm Infect 2005, 81(6):463-466.
36. Short V.L., Totten P.A., Ness R.B., Astete S.G., Kelsey S.F., Haggerty C.L. Clinical presentation of Mycoplasma genitalium infection versus Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection among women with pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48(1):41-47.
37. Oakeshott P., Hay P., Taylor-Robinson D., Hay S., Dohn B., Kerry S., et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in early pregnancy and relationship between its presence and pregnancy outcome. BJOG 2004, 111(12):1464-1467.
38. Jurstrand M., Jensen J.S., Magnuson A., Kamwendo F., Fredlund H. A serological study of the role of Mycoplasma genitalium in pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy. Sex Transm Infect 2007, 83(4):319-323.
39. Short V.L., Jensen J.S., Nelson D.B., Murray P.J., Ness R.B., Haggerty C.L. Mycoplasma genitalium among young, urban pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2010, 2010:984760.
40. Hitti J., Garcia P., Totten P., Paul K., Astete S., Holmes K.K. Correlates of cervical Mycoplasma genitalium and risk of preterm birth among Peruvian women. Sex Transm Dis 2010, 37(2):81-85.
41. Clausen H.F., Fedder J., Drasbek M., Nielsen P.K., Toft B., Ingerslev H.J., et al. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Hum Reprod 2001, 16(9):1866-1874.
42. Svenstrup H.F., Fedder J., Kristoffersen S.E., Trolle B., Birkelund S., Christiansen G. Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and tubal factor infertility-a prospective study. Fertil Steril 2008, 90(3):513-520.
43. Grzesko J., Elias M., Maczynska B., Kasprzykowska U., Tlaczala M., Goluda M. Occurrence of Mycoplasma genitalium in fertile and infertile women. Fertil Steril 2009, 91(6):2376-2380.
44. Bébéar C., Cazanave C., Pereyre S., Bébéar C.M. Mycoplasmes urogénitaux. Les maladies sexuellement transmissibles 2009, 57-61. Masson, Paris. M. Janier (Ed.).
45. Manhart L.E. Has the time come to systematically test for Mycoplasma genitalium?. Sex Transm Dis 2009, 36(10):607-608.
46. Bébéar C.M. Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma. L'antibiogramme 2012, 589-600. ESKA, Paris. P. Courvalin, R. Leclerq, E. Bingen (Eds.).
47. Bébéar C.M., de Barbeyrac B., Pereyre S., Renaudin H., Clerc M., Bébéar C. Activity of moxifloxacin against the urogenital mycoplasmas Ureaplasma spp., Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(8):801-805.
48. Yasuda M., Maeda S., Deguchi T. In vitro activity of fluoroquinolones against Mycoplasma genitalium and their bacteriological efficacy for treatment of M. genitalium-positive non-gonococcal urethritis in men. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41(9):1357-1359.
49. Bradshaw C.S., Jensen J.S., Tabrizi S.N., Read T.R., Garland S.M., Hopkins C.A., et al. Azithromycin failure in Mycoplasma genitalium urethritis. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12(7):1149-1152.
50. Shimada Y., Deguchi T., Nakane K., Yasuda M., Yokoi S., Ito S., et al. Macrolide resistance-associated 23S rRNA mutation in Mycoplasma genitalium, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2011, 17(6):1148-1150.
51. Jensen J.S., Bradshaw C.S., Tabrizi S.N., Fairley C.K., Hamasuna R. Azithromycin treatment failure in Mycoplasma genitalium-positive patients with non-gonococcal urethritis is associated with induced macrolide resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(12):1546-1553.
52. Jernberg E., Moghaddam A., Moi H. Azithromycin and moxifloxacin for microbiological cure of Mycoplasma genitalium infection: an open study. Int J STD AIDS 2008, 19(10):676-679.
53. Yew H.S., Anderson T., Coughlan E., Werno A. Induced macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium isolates from patients with recurrent nongonococcal urethritis. J Clin Microbiol 2011, 49(4):1695-1696.
54. Shimada Y., Deguchi T., Yamaguchi Y., Yasuda M., Nakane K., Yokoi S., et al. gyrB and parE mutations in urinary Mycoplasma genitalium DNA from men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010, 36(5):477-478.
55. Shimada Y., Deguchi T., Nakane K., Masue T., Yasuda M., Yokoi S., et al. Emergence of clinical strains of Mycoplasma genitalium harbouring alterations in ParC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010, 36(3):255-258.
56. Maeda S.I., Tamaki M., Kojima K., Yoshida T., Ishiko H., Yasuda M., et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium persistence in the urethra with recurrence of non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2001, 28(8):472-476.
57. Falk L., Fredlund H., Jensen J.S. Tetracycline treatment does not eradicate Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Infect 2003, 79(4):318-319.
58. Wikstrom A., Jensen J.S. Mycoplasma genitalium: a common cause of persistent urethritis among men treated with doxycycline. Sex Transm Infect 2006, 82(4):276-279.
59. Bjornelius E., Anagrius C., Bojs G., Carlberg H., Johannisson G., Johansson E., et al. Antibiotic treatment of symptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium infection in Scandinavia: a controlled clinical trial. Sex Transm Infect 2008, 84(1):72-76.
60. Mena L.A., Mroczkowski T.F., Nsuami M., Martin D.H. A randomized comparison of azithromycin and doxycycline for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium-positive urethritis in men. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48(12):1649-1654.
61. Ross J.D., Jensen J.S. Mycoplasma genitalium as a sexually transmitted infection: implications for screening, testing, and treatment. Sex Transm Infect 2006, 82(4):269-271.
62. Stamm W.E., Batteiger B.E., McCormack W.M., Totten P.A., Sternlicht A., Kivel N.M. A randomized, double-blind study comparing single-dose rifalazil with single-dose azithromycin for the empirical treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis 2007, 34(8):545-552.
63. Takahashi S., Matsukawa M., Kurimura Y., Takeyama K., Kunishima Y., Iwasawa A., et al. Clinical efficacy of azithromycin for male nongonococcal urethritis. J Infect Chemother 2008, 14(6):409-412.
64. Bradshaw C.S., Chen M.Y., Fairley C.K. Persistence of Mycoplasma genitalium following azithromycin therapy. PLoS One 2008, 3(11):e3618.
65. Gambini D., Decleva I., Lupica L., Ghislanzoni M., Cusini M., Alessi E. Mycoplasma genitalium in males with non-gonococcal urethritis: prevalence and clinical efficacy of eradication. Sex Transm Dis 2000, 27(4):226-229.
66. Johannisson G., Enstrom Y., Lowhagen G.B., Nagy V., Ryberg K., Seeberg S., et al. Occurrence and treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients visiting STD clinics in Sweden. Int J STD AIDS 2000, 11(5):324-326.
67. Horner P., Thomas B., Gilroy C.B., Egger M., Taylor-Robinson D. Role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in acute and chronic non-gonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32(7):995-1003.
68. Takahashi S., Ichihara K., Hashimoto J., Kurimura Y., Iwasawa A., Hayashi K., et al. Clinical efficacy of levofloxacin 500mg once daily for 7 days for patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. J Infect Chemother 2011, 17(3):392-396.
69. Hamasuna R., Takahashi S., Matsumoto M., Sho T., Matsumoto T. Mutations on gyrA or parC genes of Mycoplasma genitalium and efficacies of treatment with fluoroquinolones against Mycoplasma genitalium-related urethritis. Poster no. P3-S7-09. 19th biennial conference of the International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research (ISSTDR) 2011, Quebec City, Canada.
70. Jensen J.S. Single-dose azithromycin treatment for Mycoplasma genitalium-positive urethritis: best but not good enough. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48(12):1655-1656.
71. Tully J.G., Taylor Robinson D., Rose D.L., Cole R.M., Bové J.M. Mycoplasma genitalium, a new species from the human urogenital tract. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1983, 33(2):387-396.