Mycoplasma genitalium: The aetiological agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-11

  Skov Jensen, Jørgen ^a  

^a STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cervicitis; Genital diseases; Mycoplasma infections; Sexually transmitted diseases; Urethritis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; LYMECYCLINE; MACROLIDE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; SPARFLOXACIN; TETRACYCLINE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE;

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CHLAMYDIASIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FEMALE; FEMALE INFERTILITY; GENITAL TRACT INFECTION; HUMAN; MALE; MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM; NONHUMAN; NONSPECIFIC URETHRITIS; PATHOGENESIS; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEX RATIO; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; UROGENITAL TRACT INFECTION; UTERINE CERVICITIS; VAGINITIS;

ANIMALS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, BACTERIAL; URETHRITIS; UTERINE CERVICITIS;

EID: 0842329803     PISSN: 09269959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00923.x     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Prentice MJ, Taylor-Robinson D, Csonka GW. Non-specific urethritis. A placebo-controlled trial of minocycline in conjunction with laboratory investigations. Br J Vener Dis 1976; 52: 269-275.
2. Munday PE, Thomas BJ, Johnson AP et al. Clinical and microbiological study of non-gonococcal urethritis with particular reference to non-chlamydial disease. Br J Vener Dis 1981; 57: 327-333.
3. Paavonen J, Roberts PL, Stevens CE et al. Randomized treatment of mucopurulent cervicitis with doxycycline or amoxicillin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 128-135.
4. Tully JG, Rose DL, Whitcomb RF, Wenzel RP. Enhanced isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from throat washings with a newly modified culture medium. J Infect Dis 1979; 139: 478-482.
5. Tully JG, Whitcomb RF, Clark HF, Williamson DL. Pathogenic mycoplasmas: cultivation and vertebrate pathogenicity of a new spiroplasma. Science 1977; 195: 892-894.
6. Tully JG, Taylor-Robinson D, Cole RM, Rose DL. A newly discovered mycoplasma in the human urogenital tract. Lancet 1981; I: 1288-1291.
7. Tally JG, Taylor-Robinson D, Rose DL et al. Mycoplasma genitalium, a new species from the human urogenital tract. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1983; 33: 387-396.
8. Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM, Hanna NF. Microbiological and serological study of non-gonococcal urethritis with special reference to Mycoplasma genitalium. Genitourin Med 1985; 61: 319-324.
9. Samra Z, Borin M, Bukowsky Y et al. Non-occurrence of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7: 49-51.
10. Luo D, Xu W, Liang G et al. Isolation and identification of Mycoplasma genitalium from high risk populations of sexually transmitted diseases in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 1999; 112: 489-492.
11. Jensen JS, Hansen HT, Lind K. Isolation of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the male urethra. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 286-291.
12. Totten PA, Schwartz MA, Sjöström KE et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with nongonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 269-276.
13. Baseman JB, Dallo SF, Tully JG, Rose DL. Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2266-2269.
14. Tully JG, Rose DL, Baseman JB et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium mixture in synovial fluid isolate. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1851-1855.
15. Lind K. Serological cross-reactions between 'Mycoplasma genitalium' and M. pneumoniae. Lancet 1982; ii: 1158-1159.
16. Lind K, Lindhardt BØ, Schütten HJ et al. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1036-1043.
17. Hooton TM, Roberts MC, Roberts PL et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium determined by DNA probe in men with urethritis. Lancet 1988; 1: 266-268.
18. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Søndergård-Andersen J et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46-50.
19. Palmer HM, Gilroy CB, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D. Development and evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991; 61: 199-203.
20. Evans AS. Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited. Yale J Biol Med 1976; 49: 175-195.
21. Taylor-Robinson D. The role of mycoplasmas in non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56: 537-543.
22. Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Hay PE. Occurrence of Mycoplasma genitalium in different populations and its clinical significance. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl 1): S66-S68.
23. Jensen JS, Ørsum R, Dohn B et al. Mycoplasma genitalium: a cause of male urethritis? Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 265-269.
24. Horner PJ, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with acute non-gonococcal urethritis. Lancet 1993; 342: 582-585.
25. Björnelius E, Lidbrink P, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis - a study in Swedish male STD patients. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 292-296.
26. Horner PJ, Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma genitalium and non-gonococcal urethritis. Lancet 1994; 343: 790-791.
27. Horner PJ, Thomas B, Gilroy CB et al. Do all men attending departments of genitourinary medicine need to be screened for non-gonococcal urethritis? Int J STD AIDS 2002; 13: 667-673.
28. Janier M, Lassau F, Casin I et al. Male urethritis with and without discharge: a clinical and microbiological study. Sex Transm Dis 1995; 22: 244-252.
29. Deguchi T, Komeda H, Yasuda M et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS 1995; 6: 144-145.
30. Lackey PC, Ennis DM, Cassell GH et al. The etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 759.
31. Busolo F, Camposampiero D, Bordignon G, Bertollo G. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis DNAs in male patients with urethritis using the polymerase chain reaction. New Microbiol 1997; 20: 325-332.
32. Maeda S, Tamaki M, Nakano M et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients with urethritis. J Urol 1998; 159: 405-407.
33. Keane FE, Thomas BJ, Gilroy CB et al. The association of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium with non-gonococcal urethritis: observations on heterosexual men and their female partners. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 435-439.
34. Johannisson G, Enström Y, Löwhagen GB et al. Occurrence and treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients visiting STD clinics in Sweden. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 324-326.
35. Gambini D, Decleva I, Lupica L et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in males with nongonococcal urethritis: prevalence and clinical efficacy of eradication. Sex Transm Dis 2000; 27: 226-229.
36. Luo D, Zhu W, Zhang X et al. Molecular epidemiologic study of Mycoplasma genitalium infection in high risk populations of sexually transmitted diseases in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2000; 113: 1015-1018.
37. Morency P, Dubois MJ, Gresenguet G et al. Aetiology of urethral discharge in Bangui, Central African Republic. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77: 125-129.
38. Pepin J, Sobela F, Deslandes S et al. Etiology of urethral discharge in West Africa: the role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79: 118-126.
39. Taylor-Robinson D, Jensen JS, Fehler G et al. Observations on the microbiology of urethritis in black South African men. Int J STD AIDS 2002; 13: 323-325.
40. Yoshida T, Maeda S, Deguchi T, Ishiko H. Phylogeny-based rapid identification of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas from urethritis patients. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 105-110.
41. Anagrius C, Loré B. Klamydialiknande symptom kan ha annan bakgrund - Mycoplasma genitalium - en viktig och vanlig STD. Läkartidningen 2002; 99: 4854-4859.
42. Mena L, Wang X, Mroczkowski TF, Martin DH. Mycoplasma genitalium infections in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1167-1173.
43. Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M et al. Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1451-1455.
44. Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D. Microimmunofluorescence technique for detection of antibody to Mycoplasma genitalium. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37: 1072-1074.
45. Uldum SA, Jensen JS, Søndergård-Andersen J, Lind K. Enzyme immunoassay for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 1198-1204.
46. Tully JG, Taylor-Robinson D, Rose DL et al. Urogenital challenge of primate species with Mycoplasma genitalium and characteristics of infection induced in chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1986; 153: 1046-1054.
47. Taylor-Robinson D, Tully JG, Barile MF. Urethral infection in male chimpanzees produced experimentally by Mycoplasma genitalium. Br J Exp Pathol 1985; 66: 95-101.
48. Wang RY, Grandinetti T, Shih JW et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and host antibody immune response in patients infected by HIV, patients attending STD clinics and in healthy blood donors. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 19: 237-245.
49. Kokotovic B, Friis NF, Jensen JS, Ahrens P. Amplified-fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of Mycoplasma species. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3300-3307.
50. Hannan PC. Comparative susceptibilities of various AIDS-associated and human urogenital tract mycoplasmas and strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to 10 classes of antimicrobial agent in vitro. J Med Microbiol 1998; 47: 1115-1122.
51. Horner P, Thomas B, Gilroy CB et al. Role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in acute and chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 995-1003.
52. Falk L, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence, symptoms, signs and treatment efficacy among attendees at a Swedish STD outpatient clinic. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12 (Suppl 2, Abstracts International Congress of Sexually Transmitted Infections, 24-27 June): 107.
53. Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Tetracycline treatment does not eradicate Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 318-319.
54. Maeda SI, Tamaki M, Kojima K et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium persistence in the urethra with recurrence of nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 472-476.
55. Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Yokoi S et al. longitudinal quantitative detection by real-time PCR of Mycoplasma genitalium in first-pass urine of men with recurrent nongonococcal urethritis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3854-3856.
56. Horner PJ. European guideline for the management of urethritis. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12 (Suppl 3): 63-67.
57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002; 51 (RR-6): 1-78.
58. Whatley JD, Thin RN, Mumtaz G, Ridgway GL. Azithromycin vs doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS 1991; 2: 248-251.
59. Taylor Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Horowitz S, Horowitz J. Mycoplasma genitalium in the joints of two patients with arthritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 1066-1069.
60. Palmer HM, Gilroy CB, Claydon EJ, Taylor-Robinson D. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in the genitourinary tract of women by the polymerase chain reaction. Int J STD AIDS 1991; 2: 261-263.
61. Tsunoe H, Tanaka M, Nakayama H et al. High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in female commercial sex workers in Japan. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 790-794.
62. de Barbeyrac B, Bernet Poggi C, Febrer F et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl 1): S83-S89.
63. Uno M, Deguchi T, Komeda H et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in the cervices of Japanese women. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 284-286.
64. Manhart LE, Dutro SM, Holmes KK et al. Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with mucopurulent cervicitis. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12 (Suppl 2, Abstracts International Congress of Sexually Transmitted Infections, 24-27 June): 69.
65. Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK et al. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 650-657.
66. Casin I, Vexiau-Robert D, La SP et al. High prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in the lower genitourinary tract of women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Paris. France Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 353-359.
67. Cohen CR, Manhart LE, Bukusi EA et al. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis. Lancet 2002; 359: 765-766.
68. Irwin KL, Moorman AC, O'Sullivan MJ et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 525-534.
69. Møller BR, Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Serological evidence implicating Mycoplasma genitalium in pelvic inflammatory disease. Lancet 1984; 1: 1102-1103.
70. Lind K, Kristensen GB. Significance of antibodies to Mycoplasma genitalium in salpingitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987; 6: 205-207.
71. Keane FE, Thomas BJ, Gilroy CB et al. The association of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium with bacterial vaginosis: observations on heterosexual women and their male partners. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 356-360.
72. Lu GC, Schwebke JR, Duffy LB et al. Midtrimester vaginal Mycoplasma genitalium in women with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 163-165.
73. Labbe AC, Frost E, Deslandes S et al. Mycoplasma genitalium is not associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy in Guinea-Bissau. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78: 289-291.
74. Luki N, Lebel P, Boucher M et al. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas in perinatal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 255-263.
75. Clausen HF, Fedder J, Drasbek M et al. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1866-1874.
76. Møller BR, Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM, Freundt EA. Acute upper genital-tract disease in female monkeys provoked experimentally by Mycoplasma genitalium. Br J Exp Pathol 1985; 66: 417-426.