메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 29, 2012, Pages 4471-4474

Neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis

Author keywords

Axonal injury; Clinical trial; Neurodegeneration; Neuroprotection; Remyelination; Repair

Indexed keywords

AXONIN 1; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; EPHRIN B3; ERYTHROPOIETIN; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; LAMOTRIGINE; MINOCYCLINE; MYELIN ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN; N ACETYLASPARTIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NOGO A ANTIBODY; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; RECOMBINANT SOMATOMEDIN C; RILUZOLE; SODIUM CHANNEL; SOMATOMEDIN C;

EID: 84866431318     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161212802502189     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0032887020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. A historical note
    • Kornek B, Lassmann H Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. A historical note. Brain Pathol 1999; 9: 651-656.
    • (1999) Brain Pathol , vol.9 , pp. 651-656
    • Kornek, B.1    Lassmann, H.2
  • 2
    • 0031002545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions
    • Ferguson B, Matyszak MK, Esiri MM, Perry VH. Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 1997; 120: 393-399.
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , pp. 393-399
    • Ferguson, B.1    Matyszak, M.K.2    Esiri, M.M.3    Perry, V.H.4
  • 4
    • 0035166271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disability
    • De Stefano N, Narayanan S, Francis GS, et al. Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disability. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 65-70.
    • (2001) Arch Neurol , vol.58 , pp. 65-70
    • de Stefano, N.1    Narayanan, S.2    Francis, G.S.3
  • 5
    • 0031852514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
    • De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Liqun F, et al. Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 1998; 121: 1469-1477.
    • (1998) Brain , vol.121 , pp. 1469-1477
    • de Stefano, N.1    Matthews, P.M.2    Liqun, F.3
  • 6
    • 77955126878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axon-oligodendrocyte interactions during developmental myelination, demyelination and repair
    • Piaton G, Gould RM, Lubetzki C. Axon-oligodendrocyte interactions during developmental myelination, demyelination and repair. J Neurochem 2010; 114: 1243-12460.
    • (2010) J Neurochem , vol.114 , pp. 1243-12460
    • Piaton, G.1    Gould, R.M.2    Lubetzki, C.3
  • 7
    • 77954382272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis
    • Leray E, Yaouanq J, Le Page E, et al. Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2010; 133: 1900-1913.
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 1900-1913
    • Leray, E.1    Yaouanq, J.2    Le-Page, E.3
  • 8
    • 33244466021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of multiple sclerosis: A unifying concept
    • Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept. Brain 2006; 129: 606-616.
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , pp. 606-616
    • Confavreux, C.1    Vukusic, S.2
  • 9
    • 8844285856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: A combined analysis of the two trials
    • Kappos L, Weinshenker B, Pozzilli C, et al. Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: a combined analysis of the two trials. Neurology 2004; 63: 1779-1787.
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , pp. 1779-1787
    • Kappos, L.1    Weinshenker, B.2    Pozzilli, C.3
  • 10
    • 0032882173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis
    • Coles AJ, Wing MG, Molyneux P, et al. Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1999; 46: 296-304.
    • (1999) Ann Neurol , vol.46 , pp. 296-304
    • Coles, A.J.1    Wing, M.G.2    Molyneux, P.3
  • 11
    • 31544467633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: Evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy
    • Coles AJ, Cox A, Le Page E, et al. The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy. J Neurol 2006; 253: 98-108.
    • (2006) J Neurol , vol.253 , pp. 98-108
    • Coles, A.J.1    Cox, A.2    Le-Page, E.3
  • 12
    • 48249139449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: An immune or neurodegenerative disorder?
    • Trapp BD, Nave KA. Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder? Annu Rev Neurosci 2008; 31: 247-269.
    • (2008) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.31 , pp. 247-269
    • Trapp, B.D.1    Nave, K.A.2
  • 13
    • 0036788406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time
    • Kuhlmann T, Lingfeld G, Bitsch A, Schuchardt J, Brück W. Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time. Brain 2002; 125: 2202-2212.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 2202-2212
    • Kuhlmann, T.1    Lingfeld, G.2    Bitsch, A.3    Schuchardt, J.4    Brück, W.5
  • 14
    • 0034842960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transection of major histocompatibility complex class I-induced neurites by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
    • Medana I, Martinic MA, Wekerle H, Neumann H. Transection of major histocompatibility complex class I-induced neurites by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 809-815.
    • (2001) Am J Pathol , vol.159 , pp. 809-815
    • Medana, I.1    Martinic, M.A.2    Wekerle, H.3    Neumann, H.4
  • 15
    • 0013292906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of nitric oxide in multiple sclerosis
    • Smith KJ, Lassmann H. The role of nitric oxide in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurology 2002; 1: 232-241.
    • (2002) Lancet Neurology , vol.1 , pp. 232-241
    • Smith, K.J.1    Lassmann, H.2
  • 16
    • 18744407587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of elevated glutamate in multiple sclerosis using magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T
    • Srinivasan R, Sailasuta N, Hurd R, Nelson S, Pelletier D. Evidence of elevated glutamate in multiple sclerosis using magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T. Brain 2005; 128: 1016-1025.
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 1016-1025
    • Srinivasan, R.1    Sailasuta, N.2    Hurd, R.3    Nelson, S.4    Pelletier, D.5
  • 17
    • 0033958462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis
    • Pitt D, Werner P, Raine CS. Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 2000; 6: 67-70.
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 67-70
    • Pitt, D.1    Werner, P.2    Raine, C.S.3
  • 18
    • 2542619146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular changes in neurons in multiple sclerosis: Altered axonal expression of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 sodium channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
    • Craner MJ, Newcombe J, Black JA, Hartle C, Cuzner ML, Waxman SG. Molecular changes in neurons in multiple sclerosis: altered axonal expression of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 sodium channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 2004; 101: 8168-8173.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA , vol.101 , pp. 8168-8173
    • Craner, M.J.1    Newcombe, J.2    Black, J.A.3    Hartle, C.4    Cuzner, M.L.5    Waxman, S.G.6
  • 19
    • 42949150070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging correlates of decreased axonal Na+/K+ ATPase in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions
    • Young EA, Fowler CD, Kidd GJ, et al. Imaging correlates of decreased axonal Na+/K+ ATPase in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol 2008; 63: 428-435.
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.63 , pp. 428-435
    • Young, E.A.1    Fowler, C.D.2    Kidd, G.J.3
  • 20
    • 59949106172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual hypoxia and chronic necrosis of demyelinated axons in multiple sclerosis
    • Trapp BD, Stys PK. Virtual hypoxia and chronic necrosis of demyelinated axons in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 280-291.
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 280-291
    • Trapp, B.D.1    Stys, P.K.2
  • 21
    • 20444386558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General mechanisms of axonal damage and its prevention
    • Stys PK. General mechanisms of axonal damage and its prevention. J Neurol Sci 2005; 233: 3-13.
    • (2005) J Neurol Sci , vol.233 , pp. 3-13
    • Stys, P.K.1
  • 22
    • 33644817756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Dutta R, McDonough J, Yin X, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 478-489.
    • (2006) Ann Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 478-489
    • Dutta, R.1    McDonough, J.2    Yin, X.3
  • 23
    • 66549118688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial changes within axons in multiple sclerosis
    • Mahad DJ, Ziabreva I, Campbell G, et al. Mitochondrial changes within axons in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2009; 132: 1161-1174.
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1161-1174
    • Mahad, D.J.1    Ziabreva, I.2    Campbell, G.3
  • 24
    • 27644552194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis
    • Kutzelnigg A, Lucchinetti CF, Stadelmann C, et al. Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2005; 128: 2705-2712.
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 2705-2712
    • Kutzelnigg, A.1    Lucchinetti, C.F.2    Stadelmann, C.3
  • 25
    • 0033849266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional axonal loss in the corpus callosum correlates with cerebral white matter lesion volume and distribution in multiple sclerosis
    • Evangelou N, Konz D, Esiri MM, Smith S, Palace J, Matthews PM. Regional axonal loss in the corpus callosum correlates with cerebral white matter lesion volume and distribution in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 9): 1845-1849.
    • (2000) Brain , vol.123 , Issue.Pt 9 , pp. 1845-1849
    • Evangelou, N.1    Konz, D.2    Esiri, M.M.3    Smith, S.4    Palace, J.5    Matthews, P.M.6
  • 26
    • 66549130329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains
    • Frischer JM, Bramow S, Dal Bianco A, et al. The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain 2009; 132: 1175-1189.
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1175-1189
    • Frischer, J.M.1    Bramow, S.2    Dal-Bianco, A.3
  • 27
    • 66249105681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contactin-2/TAG-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals
    • Derfuss T, Parikh K, Velhin S, et al. Contactin-2/TAG-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 8302-8307.
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.106 , pp. 8302-8307
    • Derfuss, T.1    Parikh, K.2    Velhin, S.3
  • 28
    • 34948864286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury
    • Mathey EK, Derfuss T, Storch MK, et al. Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury. J Exp Med 2007; 204: 2363-2372.
    • (2007) J Exp Med , vol.204 , pp. 2363-2372
    • Mathey, E.K.1    Derfuss, T.2    Storch, M.K.3
  • 29
    • 33644608613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA, et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 911-923.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 911-923
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Stuart, W.H.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 30
    • 54949143968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis
    • Coles AJ, Compston DA, Selmaj KW, et al. Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1786-1801.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1786-1801
    • Coles, A.J.1    Compston, D.A.2    Selmaj, K.W.3
  • 31
    • 77949279537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: Lessons from 28 cases
    • Clifford DB, De Luca A, Simpson DM, Arendt G, Giovannoni G, Nath A. Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 438-446.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 438-446
    • Clifford, D.B.1    de Luca, A.2    Simpson, D.M.3    Arendt, G.4    Giovannoni, G.5    Nath, A.6
  • 32
    • 33751166454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term protection of central axons with phenytoin in monophasic and chronic-relapsing EAE
    • Black JA, Liu S, Hains BC, Saab CY, Waxman SG. Long-term protection of central axons with phenytoin in monophasic and chronic-relapsing EAE. Brain 2006; 129: 3196-3208.
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , pp. 3196-3208
    • Black, J.A.1    Liu, S.2    Hains, B.C.3    Saab, C.Y.4    Waxman, S.G.5
  • 33
    • 34547773583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after withdrawl of phenytoin and carbamazepin
    • Black JA, Liu S, Carrithers M, Carrithers LM, Waxman SG. Exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after withdrawl of phenytoin and carbamazepin. Ann Neurol 2007; 62: 21-33.
    • (2007) Ann Neurol , vol.62 , pp. 21-33
    • Black, J.A.1    Liu, S.2    Carrithers, M.3    Carrithers, L.M.4    Waxman, S.G.5
  • 34
    • 36849009834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid-sensing ion channel-1 contributes to axonal degeneration in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system
    • Friese MA, Craner MJ, Etzensperger R, et al. Acid-sensing ion channel-1 contributes to axonal degeneration in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system. Nat Med 2007; 13: 1483-1489.
    • (2007) Nat Med , vol.13 , pp. 1483-1489
    • Friese, M.A.1    Craner, M.J.2    Etzensperger, R.3
  • 35
    • 0036154041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BDNF and gp145trkB in multiple sclerosis brain lesions: Neuroprotective interactions between immune and neuronal cells?
    • Stadelmann C, Kerschensteiner M, Misgeld T, et al. BDNF and gp145trkB in multiple sclerosis brain lesions: neuroprotective interactions between immune and neuronal cells? Brain 2002; 125: 75-85.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 75-85
    • Stadelmann, C.1    Kerschensteiner, M.2    Misgeld, T.3
  • 37
    • 34948888764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Mi S, Hu B, Hahm K, et al. LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 2007; 13: 1228-1233.
    • (2007) Nat Med , vol.13 , pp. 1228-1233
    • Mi, S.1    Hu, B.2    Hahm, K.3
  • 38
    • 65249142739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promotion of central nervous system remyelination by induced differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells
    • Mi S, Miller RH, Tang W, et al. Promotion of central nervous system remyelination by induced differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Ann Neurol 2009; 65: 304-315.
    • (2009) Ann Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 304-315
    • Mi, S.1    Miller, R.H.2    Tang, W.3
  • 39
    • 44949177395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination protects axons from demyelination-associated axon degeneration
    • Irvine KA, Blakemore WF. Remyelination protects axons from demyelination-associated axon degeneration. Brain 2008; 131: 1464-1477.
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 1464-1477
    • Irvine, K.A.1    Blakemore, W.F.2
  • 40
    • 0036935588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelinating strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Stangel M, Hartung H-P. Remyelinating strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Prog Neurobiol 2002; 68: 361-376.
    • (2002) Prog Neurobiol , vol.68 , pp. 361-376
    • Stangel, M.1    Hartung, H.-P.2
  • 41
    • 1842843674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelinating and neuroprotective treatments in multiple sclerosis
    • Stangel M. Remyelinating and neuroprotective treatments in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004; 13: 331-347.
    • (2004) Expert Opin Investig Drugs , vol.13 , pp. 331-347
    • Stangel, M.1
  • 42
    • 54249124952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination in the CNS: From biology to therapy
    • Franklin RJ, ffrench-Constant C. Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9: 839-855.
    • (2008) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 839-855
    • Franklin, R.J.1    Ffrench-Constant, C.2
  • 43
    • 34249775208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can imaging techniques measure neuroprotection and remyelination in multiple sclerosis?
    • Zivadinov R. Can imaging techniques measure neuroprotection and remyelination in multiple sclerosis? Neurology 2007; 68(Suppl 3): S72-S82.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.68 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Zivadinov, R.1
  • 44
    • 77950906842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging biomarkers in multiple sclerosis
    • Filippi M, Agosta F. Imaging biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31: 770-788.
    • (2010) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.31 , pp. 770-788
    • Filippi, M.1    Agosta, F.2
  • 45
    • 77953476309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamotrigine for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial
    • Kapoor R, Furby J, Hayton T, et al. Lamotrigine for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 681-688.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 681-688
    • Kapoor, R.1    Furby, J.2    Hayton, T.3
  • 46
    • 1842845857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on MRI papameters in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot study
    • Kalkers NF, Barkhof F, Bergers E, van Schijndel R, Polman CH. The effect of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on MRI papameters in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult Scler 2002; 8: 532-533.
    • (2002) Mult Scler , vol.8 , pp. 532-533
    • Kalkers, N.F.1    Barkhof, F.2    Bergers, E.3    van Schijndel, R.4    Polman, C.H.5
  • 47
    • 34848841517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring human recombinant erythropoietin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Ehrenreich H, Fischer B, Norra C, et al. Exploring human recombinant erythropoietin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007; 130: 2577-2588.
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , pp. 2577-2588
    • Ehrenreich, H.1    Fischer, B.2    Norra, C.3
  • 48
    • 0033539522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tetracycline derivative, minocycline, reduces inflammation and protects against focal cerebral ischemia with a wide therapeutic window
    • Yrjanheikki J, Tikka T, Keinanen R, Goldsteins G, Chan PH, Koistinaho J. A tetracycline derivative, minocycline, reduces inflammation and protects against focal cerebral ischemia with a wide therapeutic window. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 13496-13500.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.96 , pp. 13496-13500
    • Yrjanheikki, J.1    Tikka, T.2    Keinanen, R.3    Goldsteins, G.4    Chan, P.H.5    Koistinaho, J.6
  • 50
    • 77957851846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of minocycline on cuprizone induced cortical demyelination
    • Skripuletz T, Miller E, Moharregh-Khiabani D, et al. Beneficial effects of minocycline on cuprizone induced cortical demyelination. Neurochem Res 2010; 35: 1422-1433.
    • (2010) Neurochem Res , vol.35 , pp. 1422-1433
    • Skripuletz, T.1    Miller, E.2    Moharregh-Khiabani, D.3
  • 51
    • 72449159325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate in combination with minocycline in patients with relapsing--remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a Canadian, multicenter, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial
    • Metz LM, Li D, Traboulsee A, et al., Glatiramer acetate in combination with minocycline in patients with relapsing--remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a Canadian, multicenter, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 1183-1194.
    • (2009) Mult Scler , vol.15 , pp. 1183-1194
    • Metz, L.M.1    Li, D.2    Traboulsee, A.3
  • 52
    • 18244395081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 in seven multiple sclerosis patients
    • Frank JA, Richert N, Lewis B, et al. A pilot study of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 in seven multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2002; 8: 24-29.
    • (2002) Mult Scler , vol.8 , pp. 24-29
    • Frank, J.A.1    Richert, N.2    Lewis, B.3
  • 53
    • 0034104407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A placebo- controlled pilot trial to study the remyelinating potential of intravenous immunoglobulins in multiple sclerosis
    • Stangel M, Boegner F, Klatt CH, Hofmeister C, Seyfert S. A placebo- controlled pilot trial to study the remyelinating potential of intravenous immunoglobulins in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68: 89-92.
    • (2000) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.68 , pp. 89-92
    • Stangel, M.1    Boegner, F.2    Klatt, C.H.3    Hofmeister, C.4    Seyfert, S.5
  • 54
    • 0035849518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in inflammatory demyelinating optic neuritis
    • Noseworthy JH, O'Brien PC, Petterson TM, et al. A randomized trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in inflammatory demyelinating optic neuritis. Neurology 2001; 56: 1514-1522.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , pp. 1514-1522
    • Noseworthy, J.H.1    O'Brien, P.C.2    Petterson, T.M.3
  • 55
    • 0034711155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IV immunoglobulin does not reverse established weakness in MS. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Noseworthy JH, O'Brien PC, Weinshenker BG, et al. IV immunoglobulin does not reverse established weakness in MS. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2000; 55: 1135-1143.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.55 , pp. 1135-1143
    • Noseworthy, J.H.1    O'Brien, P.C.2    Weinshenker, B.G.3
  • 56
    • 0346787871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia: Facts and fancies - the need for new approaches
    • Wahlgren NG, Ahmed N. Neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia: facts and fancies - the need for new approaches. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 17(Suppl 1): 153-166.
    • (2004) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 153-166
    • Wahlgren, N.G.1    Ahmed, N.2
  • 57
    • 33644796139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New goals in ischemic stroke therapy: The experimental approach - harmonizing science with practice
    • de Lecinana MA, Diez-Tejedor E, Gutierrez M, Guerrero S, Carceller F, Roda JM. New goals in ischemic stroke therapy: the experimental approach - harmonizing science with practice. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 20(Suppl 2): 159-168.
    • (2005) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 159-168
    • de Lecinana, M.A.1    Diez-Tejedor, E.2    Gutierrez, M.3    Guerrero, S.4    Carceller, F.5    Roda, J.M.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.