메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 56, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 5088-5095

Risk factors for multidrug-resistant invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa, a setting with high HIV prevalence, in the prevaccine era from 2003 to 2008

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFTRIAXONE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ERYTHROMYCIN; OFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; RIFAMPICIN; TETRACYCLINE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

EID: 84866323989     PISSN: 00664804     EISSN: 10986596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.06463-11     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 84873985131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actuarial Society of South Africa. Actuarial Society of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
    • Actuarial Society of South Africa. 2011. Results extracted from the ASSA2008 AIDS and demographic model. Actuarial Society of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa. http://aids.actuarialsociety.org.za/ASSA2008-Model-3480.htm.
    • (2011) Results Extracted from the ASSA2008 AIDS and Demographic Model
  • 2
    • 33748693294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biological cost of mutational antibiotic resistance: any practical conclusions?
    • DOI 10.1016/j.mib.2006.07.002, PII S1369527406001214, Antimicrobials/Genomics
    • Andersson DI. 2006. The biological cost of mutational antibiotic resistance: any practical conclusions? Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 9:461-465. (Pubitemid 44397630)
    • (2006) Current Opinion in Microbiology , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. 461-465
    • Andersson, D.I.1
  • 3
    • 0017651113 scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol
    • Appelbaum PC, et al. 1977. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol. Lancet ii:995-997. (Pubitemid 8215383)
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8046 , pp. 995-997
    • Appelbaum, P.C.1    Scragg, J.N.2    Bhamjee, A.3
  • 7
    • 0031001743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multivariate analysis of risk factors for infection due to penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A multicenter study
    • Clavo-Sánchez AJ, et al. 1997. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for infection due to penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a multicenter study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24:1052-1059.
    • (1997) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.24 , pp. 1052-1059
    • Clavo-Sánchez, A.J.1
  • 8
    • 84962196880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; nineteenth informational supplement
    • CLSI. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA
    • CLSI. 2009. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; nineteenth informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
    • (2009) CLSI Document M100-S19
  • 9
    • 0030731080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae blood culture isolates from patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: Alterations in penicillin susceptibilities and in serogroups or serotypes
    • Crewe-Brown HH, et al. 1997. Streptococcus pneumoniae blood culture isolates from patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: alterations in penicillin susceptibilities and in serogroups or serotypes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25:1165-1172. (Pubitemid 27513205)
    • (1997) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 1165-1172
    • Crewe-Brown, H.H.1    Karstaedt, A.S.2    Lance, S.G.3    Khoosal, M.4    Jones, N.5    Wasas, A.6    Klugman, K.P.7
  • 10
    • 33744485010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Portugal over an 11-year period
    • DOI 10.1128/AAC.00198-06
    • Dias R, Louro D, Caniça M. 2006. Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Portugal over an 11-year period. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:2098-2105. (Pubitemid 43807531)
    • (2006) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , vol.50 , Issue.6 , pp. 2098-2105
    • Dias, R.1    Louro, D.2    Canica, M.3
  • 11
    • 0030003732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the
    • winter months of 1994 to 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study.
    • Doern GV, Brueggemann AB, Holley HP, Rauch AM. 1996. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:1208-1213.
    • (1996) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.40 , pp. 1208-1213
    • Doern, G.V.1    Brueggemann, A.B.2    Holley, H.P.3    Rauch, A.M.4
  • 12
    • 0030983002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistant pneumococci: Protecting patients through judicious use of antibiotics
    • Dowell SF, Schwartz B. 1997. Resistant pneumococci: protecting patients through judicious use of antibiotics. Am. Fam. Physician 55:1647-1654. (Pubitemid 27175506)
    • (1997) American Family Physician , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 1647-1654
    • Dowell, S.F.1    Schwartz, B.2
  • 13
    • 33846647401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased antimicrobial resistance among nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pediatric population after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine in the United States
    • DOI 10.1097/01.inf.0000253059.84602.c3, PII 0000645420070200000005
    • Farrell DJ, Klugman KP, Pichichero M. 2007. Increased antimicrobial resistance among nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pediatric population after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine in the United States. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26:123-128. (Pubitemid 46183361)
    • (2007) Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-128
    • Farrell, D.J.1    Klugman, K.P.2    Pichichero, M.3
  • 14
    • 4444326816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens
    • DOI 10.1159/000079816
    • Felmingham D. 2004. Comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens. Chemotherapy 50:3-10. (Pubitemid 39179214)
    • (2004) Chemotherapy , vol.50 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 3-10
    • Felmingham, D.1
  • 15
    • 77649329574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected adults
    • French N, et al. 2010. A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 362:812-822.
    • (2010) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.362 , pp. 812-822
    • French, N.1
  • 16
    • 0026634264 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal disease in South African children
    • Friedland IR, Klugman KP. 1992. Antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal disease in South African children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 146:920-923.
    • (1992) Am. J. Dis. Child. , vol.146 , pp. 920-923
    • Friedland, I.R.1    Klugman, K.P.2
  • 17
    • 0026585430 scopus 로고
    • Failure of chloramphenicol therapy in penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis
    • Friedland IR, Klugman KP. 1992. Failure of chloramphenicol therapy in penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. Lancet 339:405-408.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 405-408
    • Friedland, I.R.1    Klugman, K.P.2
  • 18
    • 0032784670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Selection by both β-lactam and non-β-lactam antibiotics
    • DOI 10.1093/jac/44.2.141
    • Goldstein FW. 1999. Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: selection by both β-lactam and non-β-lactam antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44:141-144. (Pubitemid 29389275)
    • (1999) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 141-144
    • Goldstein, F.W.1
  • 19
    • 84855892497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of antibiotic-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae with conjugate vaccines
    • Hampton LM, et al. 2012. Prevention of antibiotic-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae with conjugate vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 205:401-411.
    • (2012) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.205 , pp. 401-411
    • Hampton, L.M.1
  • 20
    • 0001291428 scopus 로고
    • A resistant pneumococcus
    • Hansman D, Bullen MM. 1967. A resistant pneumococcus. Lancet ii: 264-265.
    • (1967) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 264-265
    • Hansman, D.1    Bullen, M.M.2
  • 21
    • 58349094326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis
    • Hsu HE, et al. 2009. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 360:244-256.
    • (2009) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.360 , pp. 244-256
    • Hsu, H.E.1
  • 22
    • 0034489428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of blood and cerebrospinal fluid isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South Africa, 1991-1998
    • DOI 10.1016/S1201-9712(00)90112-7
    • Huebner RE, Wasas A, Klugman KP. 2000. Trends in antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of blood and cerebrospinal fluid isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South Africa, 1991-1998. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 4:214-218. (Pubitemid 32110098)
    • (2000) International Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 214-218
    • Huebner, R.E.1    Wasas, A.D.2    Klugman, K.E.3
  • 24
    • 0026633235 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal disease during HIV infection: Epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic perspectives
    • Janoff EN, Breiman RF, Daley CL, Hopewell PC. 1992. Pneumococcal disease during HIV infection: epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic perspectives. Ann. Intern. Med. 117:314-324.
    • (1992) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.117 , pp. 314-324
    • Janoff, E.N.1    Breiman, R.F.2    Daley, C.L.3    Hopewell, P.C.4
  • 25
    • 0032512055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of HIV on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia in a South African population
    • DOI 10.1097/00002030-199816000-00013
    • Jones N, Huebner R, Khoosal M, Crewe-Brown HH, Klugman KP. 1998. The impact of HIV on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia in a South African population. AIDS 12:2177-2184. (Pubitemid 28495272)
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , Issue.16 , pp. 2177-2184
    • Jones, N.1    Huebner, R.2    Khoosal, M.3    Crewe-Brown, H.4    Klugman, K.5
  • 26
    • 0031736801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of infections due to antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Kaplan SL, Mason EO. 1998. Management of infections due to antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11:628-644. (Pubitemid 28497566)
    • (1998) Clinical Microbiology Reviews , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 628-644
    • Kaplan, S.L.1    Mason Jr., E.O.2
  • 27
    • 68849121240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Data from a nation-wide surveillance study in Greece
    • Katsarolis I, et al. 2009. Risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: data from a nation-wide surveillance study in Greece. BMC Infect. Dis. 9:120-129.
    • (2009) BMC Infect. Dis. , vol.9 , pp. 120-129
    • Katsarolis, I.1
  • 28
    • 0024995124 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics
    • Klugman KP. 1990. Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3:171-196.
    • (1990) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.3 , pp. 171-196
    • Klugman, K.P.1
  • 29
    • 0035882185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic selection of multiply resistant pneumococci
    • DOI 10.1086/322736
    • Klugman KP. 2001. Antibiotic selection of multiply resistant pneumococci. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33:489-491. (Pubitemid 32709581)
    • (2001) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 489-491
    • Klugman, K.P.1
  • 30
    • 37349118676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Klugman KP. 2007. Risk factors for antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. S. Afr. Med. J. 97:1129-1132. (Pubitemid 350285958)
    • (2007) South African Medical Journal , vol.97 , Issue.11 III , pp. 1129-1132
    • Klugman, K.P.1
  • 31
    • 0023736202 scopus 로고
    • Drug resistance patterns and serogroups or serotypes of pneumococcal isolates from cerbrospinal fluid or blood, 1979-1986
    • Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ. 1988. Drug resistance patterns and serogroups or serotypes of pneumococcal isolates from cerebrospinal fluid or blood, 1979-1986. J. Infect. Dis. 158:956-964. (Pubitemid 18266044)
    • (1988) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.158 , Issue.5 , pp. 956-964
    • Klugman, K.P.1    Koornhof, H.J.2
  • 33
    • 0026754292 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: A South African perspective
    • Koornhof HJ, Wasas A, Klugman KP. 1992. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: a South African perspective. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:84-94.
    • (1992) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.15 , pp. 84-94
    • Koornhof, H.J.1    Wasas, A.2    Klugman, K.P.3
  • 35
    • 33645505114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Kyaw MH, et al. 2006. Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N. Engl. J. Med. 354:1455-1463.
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.354 , pp. 1455-1463
    • Kyaw, M.H.1
  • 36
    • 0036688194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Models for the spread of resistant pathogens
    • Levin BR. 2002. Models for the spread of resistant pathogens. Neth. J. Med. 60:58-66.
    • (2002) Neth. J. Med. , vol.60 , pp. 58-66
    • Levin, B.R.1
  • 37
    • 0034456878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased disease burden and antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing severe community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children
    • DOI 10.1086/313925
    • Madhi SA, Petersen K, Madhi A, Khoosal M, Klugman KP. 2000. Increased disease burden and antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing severe community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31:170-176. (Pubitemid 32268959)
    • (2000) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 170-176
    • Madhi, S.A.1    Petersen, K.2    Madhi, A.3    Khoosal, M.4    Klugman, K.P.5
  • 38
    • 0034536702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the disease spectrum of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South African children
    • DOI 10.1097/00006454-200012000-00004
    • Madhi SA, Petersen K, Madhi A, Wasas A, Klugman KP. 2000. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the disease spectrum of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South African children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 19:1141-1147. (Pubitemid 32003356)
    • (2000) Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , vol.19 , Issue.12 , pp. 1141-1147
    • Madhi, S.A.1    Petersen, K.2    Madhi, A.3    Wasas, A.4    Klugman, K.P.5
  • 40
    • 50149115661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serotype replacement and multiple resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after the introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine
    • Mera R, Miller LA, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. 2008. Serotype replacement and multiple resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after the introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. Microb. Drug Resist. 14:101-107.
    • (2008) Microb. Drug Resist. , vol.14 , pp. 101-107
    • Mera, R.1    Miller, L.A.2    Fritsche, T.R.3    Jones, R.N.4
  • 41
    • 17644384842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States over a 10-year period: Alexander Project
    • DOI 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.10.009
    • Mera RM, Miller LA, Daniels JJD, Weil JG, White AR. 2005. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States over a 10-year period: Alexander Project. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 51:195-200. (Pubitemid 40568764)
    • (2005) Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 195-200
    • Mera, R.M.1    Miller, L.A.2    Daniels, J.J.D.3    Weil, J.G.4    White, A.R.5
  • 42
    • 34249819065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Dallas, TX, children from 1999 through 2005
    • DOI 10.1097/INF.0b013e31805cdbeb, PII 0000645420070600000002
    • Messina AF, et al. 2007. Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Dallas, TX, children from 1999 through 2005. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26:461-467. (Pubitemid 46847303)
    • (2007) Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , vol.26 , Issue.6 , pp. 461-467
    • Messina, A.F.1    Katz-Gaynor, K.2    Barton, T.3    Ahmad, N.4    Ghaffar, F.5    Rasko, D.6    McCracken Jr., G.H.7
  • 43
    • 82555187917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of the new serotypes in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
    • Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MPE, George RC. 2011. Effectiveness of the new serotypes in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 29:9127-9131.
    • (2011) Vaccine , vol.29 , pp. 9127-9131
    • Miller, E.1    Andrews, N.J.2    Waight, P.A.3    Slack, M.P.E.4    George, R.C.5
  • 44
    • 79951512036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of antiretroviral treatment on the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: A time series analysis
    • Nunes MC, et al. 2011. The impact of antiretroviral treatment on the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: a time series analysis. AIDS 25:453-462.
    • (2011) AIDS , vol.25 , pp. 453-462
    • Nunes, M.C.1
  • 45
    • 69949111769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: Global estimates
    • O'Brien KL, et al. 2009. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 374:893-902.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 893-902
    • O'Brien, K.L.1
  • 48
    • 0037990199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group a streptococci in Finland
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJM199708143370701
    • Seppälä H, et al. 1997. The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland. Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance. N. Engl. J. Med. 337:441-446. (Pubitemid 27333044)
    • (1997) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.337 , Issue.7 , pp. 441-446
    • Seppala, H.1    Klaukka, T.2    Vuopio-Varkila, J.3    Muotiala, A.4    Helenius, H.5    Lager, K.6    Huovinen, P.7
  • 49
    • 79960959549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pervasive sign epistasis between conjugative plasmids and drug-resistance chromosomal mutations
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002181
    • Silva RF, et al. 2011. Pervasive sign epistasis between conjugative plasmids and drug-resistance chromosomal mutations. PLoS Genet. 7:e1002181. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002181.
    • (2011) PLoS Genet. , vol.7
    • Silva, R.F.1
  • 50
    • 33846630415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the prevention of child mortality: an international economic analysis
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60195-0, PII S0140673607601950
    • Sinha A, Levine O, Knoll MD, Muhib F, Lieu TA. 2007. Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the prevention of child mortality: an international economic analysis. Lancet 369:389-396. (Pubitemid 46177227)
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.369 , Issue.9559 , pp. 389-396
    • Sinha, A.1    Levine, O.2    Knoll, M.D.3    Muhib, F.4    Lieu, T.A.5
  • 52
    • 34948851810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for development of multiple-class resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Belgium over a 10-year period: Antimicrobial consumption, population density, and geographic location
    • DOI 10.1128/AAC.01581-06
    • Van Eldere J, Mera RM, Miller LA, Poupard JA, Amrine-Madsen H. 2007. Risk factors for development of multiple-class resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Belgium over a 10-year period: antimicrobial consumption, population density, and geographic location. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:3491-3497. (Pubitemid 47519334)
    • (2007) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , vol.51 , Issue.10 , pp. 3491-3497
    • Van Eldere, J.1    Mera, R.M.2    Miller, L.A.3    Poupard, J.A.4    Amrine-Madsen, H.5
  • 53
    • 40949105392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of levofloxacin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children in South Africa: A cohort observational surveillance study
    • von Gottberg A, et al. 2008. Emergence of levofloxacin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children in South Africa: a cohort observational surveillance study. Lancet 371:1108-1113.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 1108-1113
    • Von Gottberg, A.1
  • 56
    • 66149148587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of emerging levofloxacin-nonsusceptible pneumococci in children in South Africa
    • Wolter N, du Plessis M, von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Klugman KP. 2009. Molecular characterization of emerging levofloxacin-nonsusceptible pneumococci in children in South Africa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:1319-1324.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.47 , pp. 1319-1324
    • Wolter, N.1    Du Plessis, M.2    Von Gottberg, A.3    De Gouveia, L.4    Klugman, K.P.5
  • 58
    • 33947496957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization: WHO position paper
    • World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization. 2007. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization: WHO position paper. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 82:93-104.
    • (2007) Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. , vol.82 , pp. 93-104


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.