Anger and Children's Socioemotional Development: Can Parenting Elicit a Positive Side to a Negative Emotion?

Journal of Child and Family Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 845-856

  Razza, Rachel A ^a   Martin, Anne ^b   Brooks Gunn, Jeanne ^b  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

Anger; Delay of gratification; Differential susceptibility; Maternal warmth; Problem behavior

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866281841     PISSN: 10621024     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10826-011-9545-1     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Achenbach, T. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
2. Allison, P. D. (2009). Missing data. In R. E. Millsap & A. Maydeu-Olivares (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of quantitative methods in psychology (pp. 72-89). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Bates, J. E. (1989). Applications of temperament concepts. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 3-26). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
5. Belsky, J. (1997). Variation in susceptibility to rearing influence: An evolutionary argument. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 182-186.
6. Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 300-304.
7. Belsky, J., Hsieh, K., & Crnic, K. (1998). Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys' externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3 years: Differential susceptibility to rearing experience? Development and Psychopathology, 10, 301-319.
8. Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004). Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger. Emotion, 4, 107-130.
9. Blandon, A. Y., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., & O'Brien, M. (2010). Contributions of child's physiology and maternal behavior to children's trajectories of temperamental reactivity. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1089-1102.
10. Braungart-Rieker, J. M., Hill-Soderlund, A. L., & Karrass, J. (2010). Fear and anger reactivity trajectories from 4 to 16 months: The roles of temperament, regulation, and maternal sensitivity. Developmental Psychology, 46, 791-804.
11. Brooks-Gunn, J., & Markman, L. (2005). The contribution of parenting to ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness. The Future of Children, 15, 138-167.
12. Buss, K. A., & Goldsmith, H. H. (1998). Fear and anger regulation in infancy: Effects on the temporal dynamics of affective expression. Child Development, 69, 359-374.
13. Cacioppo, J. T., Amaral, D. G., Blanchard, J. J., Cameron, J. L., Carter, C. S., Crews, D., et al. (2007). Social neuroscience: Progress and implications for mental health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 99-123.
14. Caldwell, B., & Bradley, R. (1984). Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)-Revised Edition. Little Rock, AR: University of Arkansas.
15. Calkins, S. D. (2002). Does aversive behavior during toddlerhood matter? The effects of difficult temperament on maternal perceptions and behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal, 23, 381-402.
16. Campos, J., Campos, R., & Barrett, K. (1989). Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 25, 394-402.
17. Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 183-204.
18. Degnan, K. A., Hane, A. A., Henderson, H. A., Moas, O. L., Reeb-Sutherland, B. C., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Longitudinal stability of temperamental exuberance and social-emotional outcomes in early childhood. Developmental Psychology doi: 10. 1037/a0021316.
19. Denham, S. A., Lehman, E. B., Moser, M. H., & Reeves, S. L. (1995). Continuity and change in emotional components of infant temperament. Child Study Journal, 25, 289-308.
20. Dennis, T. (2006). Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 84-97.
21. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 633-652.
22. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001). Early temperament and emotional development. In A. F. Kalverboer & A. Gramsbergen (Eds.), Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development (pp. 967-988). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
23. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273.
24. Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Morris, A. S., Fabes, R. A., Cumberland, A., Reiser, M., et al. (2003). Longitudinal relations among parental emotional expressivity, children's regulation, and quality of socioemotional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 3-19.
25. Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Spinrad, T. L., Cumberland, A., Liew, J., Reiser, M., et al. (2009). Longitudinal relations of children's effortful control, impulsivity, and negative emotionality to their externalizing, internalizing, and co-occurring behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 988-1008.
26. Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children's effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76, 1055-1071.
27. Fox, N. A. (1994). Dynamic cerebral processes underlying emotion regulation. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), Monographs of the society for research in child development: Vol. 59. The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations (pp. 152-166). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Fuligni, A. S., Han, W.-J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2004). The infant-toddler HOME in the second and third years of life. Parenting: Science and Practice, 4, 139-159.
30. Gaertner, B., Spinrad, T. L., & Eisenberg, N. (2008). Attention in toddlers: Measurement, stability, and relations to negative emotion and parenting. Infant and Child Development, 17, 339-363.
31. Gilliom, M., & Shaw, D. (2004). Codevelopment of externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 313-333.
32. Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety. London, England: Oxford University Press.
33. Graziano, P. A., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2010). Maternal behaviour and children's early emotion regulation skills differentially predict development of children's reactive control and later effortful control. Infant and Child Development, 19, 333-353.
34. Harmon-Jones, E., & Allen, J. J. B. (1998). Anger and prefrontal brain activity: EEG asymmetry consistent with approach motivation despite negative affective valence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1310-1316.
35. Henderson, H. A., & Wachs, T. D. (2007). Temperament theory and the study of cognition-emotion interactions across development. Developmental Review, 27, 396-427.
36. Hill, N. E., Bush, K. R., & Roosa, M. W. (2003). Parenting and family socialization strategies and children's mental health: Low-income, Mexican-American, and Euro-American mothers and children. Child Development, 74, 189-204.
37. Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development: I. Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Ososfsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd edn ed., pp. 494-554). Oxford, England: Wiley.
38. Kagan, J., Arcus, D., Snidman, N., Feng, W. Y., Hendler, J., & Greene, S. (1994). Reactivity in infants: A cross-national comparison. Developmental Psychology, 30, 342-345.
39. Kessler, R. C., & Mrozek, D. (1997). UM CIDI-short form. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
40. Kochanska, G. (1993). Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience. Child Development, 64, 325-347.
41. Kochanska, G. (1995). Children's temperament, mother's discipline, and security of attachment: Multiple pathways to emerging internalization. Child Development, 66, 597-615.
42. Kochanska, G. (1997). Multiple ways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 33, 228-240.
43. Kochanska, G. (2002). Committed compliance, moral self, and internalization: A mediational model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 339-351.
44. Kochanska, G., & Knaack, A. (2003). Effortful control as a personality characteristic of young children: Antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Personality, 71, 1087-1112.
45. Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36, 220-232.
46. Kopp, C. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 199-214.
47. Lahey, B. B., van Hulle, C. A., Keenan, K., Rathouz, P. J., D'Onofrio, B. M., Rodgers, J. L., et al. (2008). Temperament and parenting during the first year of life predict future child conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1139-1158.
48. Laptook, R. S., Klein, D. N., Durbin, C. E., Hayden, E. P., Olino, T. M., & Carlson, G. (2008). Differentiation between los positive affectivity and behavioral inhibition in preschool age children: A comparison of behavioral approach in novel and non-novel contexts. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 758-767.
49. Lawson, K. R., & Ruff, H. A. (2004). Early attention and negative emotionality predict later cognitive and behavioural function. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 157-165.
50. Leerkes, E. M., Blankson, A. N., & O'Brien, M. (2009). Differential effects of maternal sensitivity to infant distress and nondistress on social-emotional functioning. Child Development, 80(3), 762-775.
51. Leventhal, T., Martin, A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2004). The Early Childhood - Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (EC-HOME): Across five national datasets in the third and fifth year of life. Parenting: Science and Practice, 4, 161-188.
52. Lewis, M., Alessandri, S. M., & Sullivan, M. W. (1990). Violation of expectancy, loss of control, and anger expressions in young infants. Developmental Psychology, 26, 745-751.
53. Lewis, M., Sullivan, M. W., Ramsey, D. S., & Alessandri, S. M. (1992). Individual differences in anger and sad expressions during extinction: Antecedents and consequences. Infant Behavior and Development, 15, 443-452.
54. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Heatherington & P. H. Mussen (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4: Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
55. McEwen, B. S. (2005). Stressed or stressed out: What is the difference? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 30, 315-318.
56. Mikulincer, M. (1988). Reactance and helplessness following exposure to unsolvable problems: The effects of attributional style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 679-686.
57. Miner, J. L., & Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (2008). Trajectories of externalizing behavior from age 2 to age 9: Relations with gender, temperament, ethnicity, parenting, and rater. Developmental Psychology, 44, 771-786.
58. Morrell, J., & Murray, L. (2003). Parenting and the development of conduct disorder and hyperactive symptoms in childhood: A prospective longitudinal study from 2 months to 8 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 489-508.
59. Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F. M., Avenevoli, S., & Essex, M. J. (2002). Temperament vulnerability and negative parenting as interacting predictors of child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 461-471.
60. Murphy, B., & Eisenberg, N. (1996). Provoked by a peer: Children's anger related responses and their relation to social functioning. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 42, 103-124.
61. Patterson, G. R. (1982). A social learning approach: Vol. 3. Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
62. Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C., Stams, G. J. J. M., Hermanns, J. M. A., Thea, T. D., & van den Wittenboer, G. L. H. (2008). Parenting style as a mediator between children's negative emotionality and problematic behavior in early childhood. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169, 209-226.
63. Putnam, S. P., & Stifter, C. A. (2002). Development of approach and inhibition in the first year: Parallel findings from motor behavior, temperament ratings and directional cardiac response. Developmental Science, 5, 441-451.
64. Putnam, S. P., & Stifter, C. A. (2005). Behavioral approach-inhibition in toddlers: Prediction from infancy, positive and negative affective components, and relations with behavior problems. Child Development, 76, 212-226.
65. Raver, C. C. (1996). The relations between social contingency in mother-child interactions and 24-month-olds' social competence. Developmental Psychology, 32, 850-859.
66. Rodriguez, M. L., Ayduk, O., Aber, J. L., Mischel, W., Sethi, A., & Shoda, Y. (2005). A contextual approach to the development of self-regulatory competencies: The role of maternal unresponsitivity and toddlers' negative affect in stressful situations. Social Development, 14, 136-157.
67. Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569-578.
68. Rothbart, M. K. (1986). Longitudinal observation of infant temperament. Developmental Psychology, 22, 356-365.
69. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to 7 years: The children's behavior questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394-1408.
70. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th edn, pp. 99-166). New York: Wiley.
71. Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D., & Hershey, K. (2000). Stability of temperament in childhood: Laboratory infant assessment to parent report at 7 years. In V. J. Molfese & D. L. Molfese (Eds.), Temperament and personality development across the life span (pp. 85-119). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
72. Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., & Posner, M. I. (2007). Executive attention and effortful control: Linking temperament, brain networks, and genes. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 2-7.
73. Royston, P. (2007). Multiple imputation of missing values: Further update of ice, with an emphasis on interval censoring. The Stata Journal, 7, 445-464.
74. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
75. Sanson, A., Hemphill, S. A., & Smart, D. (2004). Connections between temperament and social development: A review. Social Development, 13, 142-170.
76. Shaw, D. S., Keenan, K., & Vondra, J. I. (1994). Developmental precursors of externalizing behavior: Ages 1 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 30, 335-364.
77. Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C. L., Kupfer, A., et al. (2007). Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers' effortful control to children's adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1170-1186.
78. Stifter, C. A., Putnam, S., & Jahromi, L. (2008). Exuberant and inhibited toddlers: Stability of temperament and risk for problem behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 401-421.
79. van Zeijl, J., Mesman, J., Stolk, M. N., Alink, L. R. A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., et al. (2007). Differential susceptibility to discipline: The moderating effect of child temperament on the association between maternal discipline and early childhood externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 626-636.
80. von Hippel, P. T. (2007). Regression with missing Ys: An improved strategy for analyzing multiply imputed data. Sociological Methodology, 37, 83-117.
81. Zaslow, M. J., Weinfield, N. S., Gallagher, M., Hair, E. C., Ogawa, J. R., Egeland, B., et al. (2006). Longitudinal prediction of child outcomes from differing measures of parenting in a low-income sample. Developmental Psychology, 42, 27-37.