Long-term prognosis of patients with cardiac syndrome X: A review

Netherlands Heart Journal

Volumn 20, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 365-371

  Vermeltfoort, I A C ^a   Teule, G J J ^a   van Dijk, A B ^a   Muntinga, H J ^b   Raijmakers, P G H M ^c  

^a DR BERNARD VERBEETEN INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^b Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology   (Netherlands)

^c VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries; Cardiac syndrome X; Microvascular angina; Prognosis

Indexed keywords

ANGINA PECTORIS; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; GENDER; HEART DEATH; HEART DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SURVIVAL; SYNDROME X; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THORAX PAIN;

EID: 84866262871     PISSN: 15685888     EISSN: 18766250     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12471-012-0256-z     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Bugiardini R, Manfrini O, Pizzi C, et al. Endothelial function predicts future development of coronary artery disease: a study of women with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Circulation. 2004;109(21):2518-23.
2. Chauhan A, Mullins PA, Thuraisingham SI, et al. Clinical presentation and functional prognosis in syndrome X. Br Heart J. 1993;70(4):346-51.
3. Delcour KS, Khaja A, Chockalingam A, et al. Outcomes in patients with abnormal myocardial perfusion imaging and normal coronary angiogram. Angiology. 2009;60(3):318-21.
4. Foussas SG, Adamopoulou EN, Kafaltis NA, et al. Clinical characteristics and follow-up of patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries. Angiology. 1998;49(5):349-54.
5. Fragasso G, Chierchia SL, Arioli F, et al. Coronary slow-flow causing transient myocardial hypoperfusion in patients with cardiac syndrome X: long-term clinical and functional prognosis. Int J Cardiol. 2009;137(2):137-44.
6. Gulati M, Cooper-DeHoff RM, McClure C, et al. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(9):843-50.
7. Kaski JC, Rosano GM, Collins P, et al. Cardiac syndrome X: clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(4):807-14.
8. Lamendola P, Lanza GA, Spinelli A, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with cardiac syndrome X. Int J Cardiol. 2010;140(2):197-9.
9. Leu HB, Lin CP, Lin WT, et al. Circulating mononuclear superoxide production and inflammatory markers for long-term prognosis in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006;40(6):983-91.
10. Lichtlen PR, Bargheer K, Wenzlaff P. Long-term prognosis of patients with anginalike chest pain and normal coronary angiographic findings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(5):1013-8.
11. Radice M, Giudici V, Marinelli G. Long-term follow-up in patients with positive exercise test and angiographically normal coronary arteries (syndrome X). Am J Cardiol. 1995;75(8):620-1.
12. Scholz M, Wegener K, Unverdorben M, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with angina-like chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Herz. 2003;28(5):413-20.
13. Shintani S, Nishiyama Y, Yamamoto K, et al. Different long-term course between chest pain and exercise-induced ST depression in syndrome X. Jpn Heart J. 2003;44(4):471-9.
14. Sullivan AK, Holdright DR, Wright CA, et al. Chest pain in women: clinical, investigative, and prognostic features. BMJ. 1994;308 (6933):883-6.
15. Sun SS, Huang JL, Tsai SC, et al. The higher likelihood of developing cardiomegaly during follow-up in patients with syndrome X and abnormal thallium-201 myocardial perfusion SPECT. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2001;17(4):271-8.
16. Suzuki H, Matsubara H, Koba S, et al. Clinical characteristics and follow-up in patients with microvascular angina. Circ J. 2002;66 (7):691-5.
17. Vermeltfoort IA, Bondarenko O, Raijmakers PG, et al. Is subendocardial ischaemia present in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms? A cardiovascular MR study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(13):1554-8.
18. Vermeltfoort IA, Raijmakers PG, Odekerken DA, et al. Association between anxiety disorder and the extent of ischemia observed in cardiac syndrome X. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009;16(3):405-10.
19. Vermeltfoort IA, Raijmakers PG, Riphagen II, et al. Definitions and incidence of cardiac syndrome X: review and analysis of clinical data. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010;99(8):475-81.
20. Mijnhout GS, Riphagen II, Hoekstra OS. Update of the FDG PET search strategy. Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25(12):1187-9.
21. Raijmakers PG, Paul MA, Lips P. Sentinel node detection in patients with thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2008;32(9):1961-7.
22. Temmerman OP, Raijmakers PG, Berkhof J, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic imaging techniques in the diagnosis of aseptic loosening of the femoral component of a hip prosthesis: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(6):781-5.
23. Juelsgaard P, Ronnow Sand NP. Somatic and social prognosis of patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriography: a follow-up study. Int J Cardiol. 1993;39(1):49-57.
24. Kronhaus KD, Lawson WE. Enhanced external counterpulsation is an effective treatment for Syndrome X. Int J Cardiol. 2009;135(2):256-7.
25. de Vries J, Dejongste MJ, Durenkamp A, et al. The sustained benefits of long-term neurostimulation in patients with refractory chest pain and normal coronary arteries. Eur J Pain. 2007;11 (3):360-5.
26. Sgueglia GA, Sestito A, Spinelli A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with cardiac syndrome X treated by spinal cord stimulation. Heart. 2007;93(5):591-7.
27. Lanza GA, Sestito A, Sandric S, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with refractory anginal pain and normal coronary arteries. Ital Heart J. 2001;2(1):25-30.
28. Haude M, Baumgart D, Verna E, et al. Intracoronary Doppler-and quantitative coronary angiography-derived predictors of major adverse cardiac events after stent implantation. Circulation. 2001;103 (9):1212-7.
29. Holmes Jr DR, Dehmer GJ, Kaul S, et al. ACCF/AHA clopidogrel clinical alert: approaches to the FDA "boxed warning": a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on clinical expert consensus documents and the American Heart Association endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(4):321-41.
30. Lindsay Jr J, Pinnow EE, Pichard AD. Frequency of major adverse cardiac events within 1 month of coronary angioplasty: a useful measure of operator performance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34 (7):1916-23.
31. Lanza GA, Sestito A, Iacovella S, et al. Relation between platelet response to exercise and coronary angiographic findings in patients with effort angina. Circulation. 2003;107(10):1378-82.
32. Sestito A, Maccallini A, Sgueglia GA, et al. Platelet reactivity in response to mental stress in syndrome X and in stable or unstable coronary artery disease. Thromb Res. 2005;116(1):25-31.
33. Britten MB, Zeiher AM, Schachinger V. Microvascular dysfunction in angiographically normal or mildly diseased coronary arteries predicts adverse cardiovascular long-term outcome. Coron Artery Dis. 2004;15(5):259-64.
34. Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Buchthal SD, et al. Prognosis in women with myocardial ischemia in the absence of obstructive coronary disease: results from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Circulation. 2004;109(24):2993-9.
35. Sicari R, Palinkas A, Pasanisi EG, et al. Long-term survival of patients with chest pain syndrome and angiographically normal or near-normal coronary arteries: the additional prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography test (DET). Eur Heart J. 2005;26 (20):2136-41.
36. Lanza GA, Crea F. Primary coronary microvascular dysfunction: clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management. Circulation. 2010;121(21):2317-25.
37. Herzog BA, Husmann L, Valenta I, et al. Long-term prognostic value of 13 N-ammonia myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography added value of coronary flow reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(2):150-6.
38. Lantinga LJ, Sprafkin RP, McCroskery JH, et al. One-year psychosocial follow-up of patients with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62 (4):209-13.
39. Lanza GA, Buffon A, Sestito A, et al. Relation between stressinduced myocardial perfusion defects on cardiovascular magnetic resonance and coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with cardiac syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(4):466-72.
40. Cannon III RO, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, et al. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(20):1411-7.
41. Rosano GM, Collins P, Kaski JC, et al. Syndrome X in women is associated with oestrogen deficiency. Eur Heart J. 1995;16(5):610-4.
42. Rosano GM, Peters NS, Lefroy D, et al. 17-beta-Estradiol therapy lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28(6):1500-5.
43. Vermeltfoort IA, Raijmakers PG, Kamphuisen PW. Improved myocardial perfusion preceding clinical response on bosentan treatment for coronary vasospasm. Acta Cardiol. 2009;64 (3):415-7.