메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 78, Issue 15, 2012, Pages 5111-5118

Sensitive quantification of Clostridium difficile cells by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR targeting rRNA molecules

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; DETECTION RATES; EFFECTIVE TOOL; HUMAN FECES; HUMAN INTESTINE; LOWER DETECTION LIMIT; POPULATION LEVELS; RRNA GENES; VEGETATIVE CELLS;

EID: 84866180610     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: 10985336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.07990-11     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0033914385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strain of Clostridium difficile responsible for a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Alfa MJ, et al. 2000. Characterization of a toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strain of Clostridium difficile responsible for a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:2706-2714.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.38 , pp. 2706-2714
    • Alfa, M.J.1
  • 2
    • 84855713138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization among nursing home residents in Hesse, Germany
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030183
    • Arvand M, et al. 2012. High prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization among nursing home residents in Hesse, Germany. PLoS One 7:e30183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030183.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7
    • Arvand, M.1
  • 3
    • 0034050010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Barbut F, et al. 2000. Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:2386-2388.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.38 , pp. 2386-2388
    • Barbut, F.1
  • 4
    • 33847618667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narrative review: the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease
    • Bartlett JG. 2006. Narrative review: the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 145:758-764.
    • (2006) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.145 , pp. 758-764
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 6
    • 0037478898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and real-time RT-PCR assays for rapid detection and quantification of viable yeasts and molds contaminating yogurts and pasteurized food products
    • Bleve G, Rizzotti L, Dellaglio F, Torriani S. 2003. Development of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and real-time RT-PCR assays for rapid detection and quantification of viable yeasts and molds contaminating yogurts and pasteurized food products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:4116-4122.
    • (2003) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.69 , pp. 4116-4122
    • Bleve, G.1    Rizzotti, L.2    Dellaglio, F.3    Torriani, S.4
  • 7
    • 0019840786 scopus 로고
    • Simplified procedure for the routine isolation of Clostridium difficile from faeces
    • Borriello SP, Honour P. 1981. Simplified procedure for the routine isolation of Clostridium difficile from faeces. J. Clin. Pathol. 34:1124-1127.
    • (1981) J. Clin. Pathol. , vol.34 , pp. 1124-1127
    • Borriello, S.P.1    Honour, P.2
  • 8
    • 77954535313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection due to C. difficile ribotype 078: first report of cases in the Republic of Ireland
    • Burns K, et al. 2010. Infection due to C. difficile ribotype 078: first report of cases in the Republic of Ireland. J. Hosp. Infect. 75:287-291.
    • (2010) J. Hosp. Infect. , vol.75 , pp. 287-291
    • Burns, K.1
  • 9
    • 61749094058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleic acids as viability markers for bacteria detection using molecular tools
    • Cenciarini-Borde C, Courtois S, La Scola B. 2009. Nucleic acids as viability markers for bacteria detection using molecular tools. Future Microbiol.4:45-64.
    • (2009) Future Microbiol. , vol.4 , pp. 45-64
    • Cenciarini-Borde, C.1    Courtois, S.2    La Scola, B.3
  • 10
    • 0027235445 scopus 로고
    • Shedding of Clostridium difficile, fecal beta-lactamase activity, and gastrointestinal symptoms in 51 volunteers treated with oralcefixime
    • Chachaty E, Bourneix C, Renard S, Bonnay M, Andremont A. 1993.Shedding of Clostridium difficile, fecal beta-lactamase activity, and gastrointestinal symptoms in 51 volunteers treated with oralcefixime. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 37:1432-1435.
    • (1993) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 1432-1435
    • Chachaty, E.1    Bourneix, C.2    Renard, S.3    Bonnay, M.4    Andremont, A.5
  • 11
    • 0026757824 scopus 로고
    • Presence of Clostridium difficile and antibiotic and beta-lactamase activities in feces of volunteers treated with oral cefixime,oral cefpodoxime proxetil, or placebo
    • Chachaty E, et al. 1992. Presence of Clostridium difficile and antibiotic and beta-lactamase activities in feces of volunteers treated with oral cefixime,oral cefpodoxime proxetil,or placebo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.36:2009-2013.
    • (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 2009-2013
    • Chachaty, E.1
  • 12
    • 84872613610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference deleted
    • Reference deleted.
  • 13
    • 34548011939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: an emerging epidemic in nursing homes
    • Crogan NL, Evans BC. 2007. Clostridium difficile: an emerging epidemic in nursing homes. Geriatr. Nurs. 28:161-164.
    • (2007) Geriatr. Nurs. , vol.28 , pp. 161-164
    • Crogan, N.L.1    Evans, B.C.2
  • 14
    • 79952264488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Game changer' antibiotic and others in works for superbug
    • doi:10.1038/nm0111-10
    • Dolgin E. 2011. 'Game changer' antibiotic and others in works for superbug.Nat. Med. 17:10. doi:10.1038/nm0111-10.
    • (2011) Nat. Med. , vol.17 , pp. 10
    • Dolgin, E.1
  • 15
    • 5444223395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two novel real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays for rapid detection of bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates
    • Dreier J, Stormer M, Kleesiek K. 2004. Two novel real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays for rapid detection of bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4759-4764.
    • (2004) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.42 , pp. 4759-4764
    • Dreier, J.1    Stormer, M.2    Kleesiek, K.3
  • 16
    • 0037318345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of storage conditions on viability of Clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores and toxin activity in human faeces
    • Freeman J, Wilcox MH. 2003. The effects of storage conditions on viability of Clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores and toxin activity in human faeces. J. Clin. Pathol. 56:126-128.
    • (2003) J. Clin. Pathol. , vol.56 , pp. 126-128
    • Freeman, J.1    Wilcox, M.H.2
  • 17
    • 34547640042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers
    • Henriques AO, Moran CP, Jr. 2007. Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 61:555-588.
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.61 , pp. 555-588
    • Henriques, A.O.1    Moran Jr., C.P.2
  • 18
    • 0026774508 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between cytotoxin production and sporulation in Clostridium difficile
    • Kamiya S, Ogura H, Meng XQ, Nakamura S. 1992. Correlation between cytotoxin production and sporulation in Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Microbiol.37:206-210.
    • (1992) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.37 , pp. 206-210
    • Kamiya, S.1    Ogura, H.2    Meng, X.Q.3    Nakamura, S.4
  • 19
    • 0031903191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile by PCR
    • Kato H, et al. 1998. Identification of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2178-2182.
    • (1998) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.36 , pp. 2178-2182
    • Kato, H.1
  • 20
    • 0034918125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonisation and transmission of Clostridium difficile in healthy individuals examined by PCR ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
    • Kato H, et al. 2001. Colonisation and transmission of Clostridium difficile in healthy individuals examined by PCR ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Med. Microbiol. 50:720-727.
    • (2001) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.50 , pp. 720-727
    • Kato, H.1
  • 21
    • 0037401010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular methods for the assessment of bacterial viability
    • Methods
    • Keer JT, Birch L. 2003. Molecular methods for the assessment of bacterial viability. J. Microbiol. Methods 53:175-183.
    • (2003) J. Microbiol. , vol.53 , pp. 175-183
    • Keer, J.T.1    Birch, L.2
  • 22
    • 33748681343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review
    • doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
    • Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. 2006. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis.6:130. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130.
    • (2006) BMC Infect. Dis. , vol.6 , pp. 130
    • Kramer, A.1    Schwebke, I.2    Kampf, G.3
  • 23
    • 77955959302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of human intestinal catalase-negative,Gram-positive cocci by rRNA-targeted reverse transcription-PCR
    • Kubota H, et al. 2010. Detection of human intestinal catalase-negative,Gram-positive cocci by rRNA-targeted reverse transcription-PCR. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 76:5440-5451.
    • (2010) Appl.Environ. Microbiol. , vol.76 , pp. 5440-5451
    • Kubota, H.1
  • 24
    • 84872606754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference deleted
    • Reference deleted.
  • 25
    • 84872602766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference deleted
    • Reference deleted.
  • 26
    • 0026601880 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of five cultural procedures for isolation of Clostridium difficile from stools
    • Marler LM, et al. 1992. Comparison of five cultural procedures for isolation of Clostridium difficile from stools. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:514-516.
    • (1992) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.30 , pp. 514-516
    • Marler, L.M.1
  • 27
    • 33846136980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitive quantitative detection of commensal bacteria by rRNA-targeted reverse transcription-PCR
    • Matsuda K, Tsuji H, Asahara T, Kado Y, Nomoto K. 2007. Sensitive quantitative detection of commensal bacteria by rRNA-targeted reverse transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:32-39.
    • (2007) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.73 , pp. 32-39
    • Matsuda, K.1    Tsuji, H.2    Asahara, T.3    Kado, Y.4    Nomoto, K.5
  • 28
    • 63849243189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of an analytical system for the human fecal microbiota, based on reverse transcription-quantitative PCR targeting of multicopy rRNA molecules
    • Matsuda K, et al. 2009. Establishment of an analytical system for the human fecal microbiota, based on reverse transcription-quantitative PCR targeting of multicopy rRNA molecules. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:1961-1969.
    • (2009) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.75 , pp. 1961-1969
    • Matsuda, K.1
  • 29
    • 0345869650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative PCR with 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specific primers for analysis of human intestinal bifidobacteria
    • Matsuki T, et al. 2004. Quantitative PCR with 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specific primers for analysis of human intestinal bifidobacteria.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:167-173.
    • (2004) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.70 , pp. 167-173
    • Matsuki, T.1
  • 31
    • 0025161604 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage andC.difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Stamm WE. 1990. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage andC. difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients. J. Infect. Dis. 162:678-684
    • (1990) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.162 , pp. 678-684
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Stamm, W.E.3
  • 32
    • 62249140918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New approach to the management of Clostridium difficile infection: colonisation with non-toxigenic C. difficile during daily ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration.
    • Agents
    • Merrigan MM, Sambol SP, Johnson S, Gerding DN. 2009. New approach to the management of Clostridium difficile infection: colonisation with non-toxigenic C. difficile during daily ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration.Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33(Suppl. 1):S46-S50.
    • (2009) Int. J. Antimicrob. , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Merrigan, M.M.1    Sambol, S.P.2    Johnson, S.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 33
    • 33747626919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for extracting RNA from dormant and germinating Bacillus subtilis strain 168 endospores
    • Moeller R, et al. 2006. A method for extracting RNA from dormant and germinating Bacillus subtilis strain 168 endospores. Curr. Microbiol. 53:227-231.
    • (2006) Curr. Microbiol. , vol.53 , pp. 227-231
    • Moeller, R.1
  • 34
    • 65449189218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Monaghan T, Boswell T, Mahida YR. 2009. Recent advances in Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Postgrad Med. J. 85:152-162.
    • (2009) Postgrad Med. J. , vol.85 , pp. 152-162
    • Monaghan, T.1    Boswell, T.2    Mahida, Y.R.3
  • 35
    • 57149132237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative detection of Clostridium difficile in hospital environmental samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction
    • Mutters R, et al. 2009. Quantitative detection of Clostridium difficile in hospital environmental samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J.Hosp. Infect. 71:43-48.
    • (2009) J.Hosp. Infect. , vol.71 , pp. 43-48
    • Mutters, R.1
  • 36
    • 0019793682 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the feces and the antibody in sera of young and elderly adults
    • Nakamura S, et al. 1981. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the feces and the antibody in sera of young and elderly adults. Microbiol. Immunol.25:345-351.
    • (1981) Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.25 , pp. 345-351
    • Nakamura, S.1
  • 37
    • 10744228413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults:transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization
    • Ozaki E, et al. 2004. Clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults:transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization. J.Med. Microbiol. 53:167-172.
    • (2004) J.Med. Microbiol. , vol.53 , pp. 167-172
    • Ozaki, E.1
  • 38
    • 12844251441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile in faecal samples of breast-fed and formulafed infants by real-time PCR.
    • Penders J, et al. 2005. Quantification of Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile in faecal samples of breast-fed and formulafed infants by real-time PCR. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 243:141-147.
    • (2005) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , vol.243 , pp. 141-147
    • Penders, J.1
  • 39
    • 34848846245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents
    • Riggs MM, et al. 2007. Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin.Infect. Dis. 45:992-998.
    • (2007) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.45 , pp. 992-998
    • Riggs, M.M.1
  • 40
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection:new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. 2009. Clostridium difficile infection:new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol.7:526-536.
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 42
    • 0028057679 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital
    • Samore MH, et al. 1994. Clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:181-187.
    • (1994) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.18 , pp. 181-187
    • Samore, M.H.1
  • 43
    • 0032574193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary symptomless colonisation byClostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea
    • Shim JK, Johnson S, Samore MH, Bliss DZ, Gerding DN. 1998. Primary symptomless colonisation byClostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. Lancet 351:633-636.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 633-636
    • Shim, J.K.1    Johnson, S.2    Samore, M.H.3    Bliss, D.Z.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 45
    • 45149121464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of real-time PCR for detection of the tcdC gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Sloan LM, Duresko BJ, Gustafson DR, Rosenblatt JE. 2008. Comparison of real-time PCR for detection of the tcdC gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. J. Clin.Microbiol. 46:1996-2001.
    • (2008) J. Clin.Microbiol. , vol.46 , pp. 1996-2001
    • Sloan, L.M.1    Duresko, B.J.2    Gustafson, D.R.3    Rosenblatt, J.E.4
  • 46
    • 41549142775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficilespores
    • Sorg JA, Sonenshein AL. 2008. Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficilespores. J. Bacteriol. 190:2505-2512.
    • (2008) J. Bacteriol. , vol.190 , pp. 2505-2512
    • Sorg, J.A.1    Sonenshein, A.L.2
  • 47
    • 60849136597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile inclinical samples
    • Stamper PD, et al. 2009. Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producingClostridium difficile in clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:373-378.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.47 , pp. 373-378
    • Stamper, P.D.1
  • 48
    • 0032901542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile andconstruction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes
    • Stubbs SL, Brazier JS, O'Neill GL, Duerden BI. 1999. PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J. Clin.Microbiol. 37:461-463.
    • (1999) J. Clin.Microbiol. , vol.37 , pp. 461-463
    • Stubbs, S.L.1    Brazier, J.S.2    O'Neill, G.L.3    Duerden, B.I.4
  • 49
    • 0031574072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CLUSTAL_X Windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools
    • Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG.1997. The CLUSTAL_X Windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. NucleicAcids Res.25:4876-4882.
    • (1997) NucleicAcids Res. , vol.25 , pp. 4876-4882
    • Thompson, J.D.1    Gibson, T.J.2    Plewniak, F.3    Jeanmougin, F.4    Higgins, D.G.5
  • 50
    • 26944496048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective multicenter evaluation of a new immunoassay and real-time PCR for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients
    • van den Berg RJ, et al. 2005. Prospective multicenter evaluation of a new immunoassay and real-time PCR for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:5338-5340.
    • (2005) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.43 , pp. 5338-5340
    • van den Berg, R.J.1
  • 51
    • 0035262138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of six commercial assays for the rapid detection of Clostridium difficile toxin and/or antigen in stool specimens
    • Vanpoucke H, De Baere T, Claeys G, Vaneechoutte M, Verschraegen G.2001. Evaluation of six commercial assays for the rapid detection of Clostridium difficile toxin and/or antigen in stool specimens. Clin. Microbiol.Infect. 7:55-64.
    • (2001) Clin. Microbiol.Infect. , vol.7 , pp. 55-64
    • Vanpoucke, H.1    De Baere, T.2    Claeys, G.3    Vaneechoutte, M.4    Verschraegen, G.5
  • 52
    • 0019499424 scopus 로고
    • Isolation rates and toxigenic potential of Clostridiumdifficile isolates from various patient populations
    • Viscidi R, Willey S, Bartlett JG. 1981. Isolation rates and toxigenic potential of Clostridiumdifficile isolates from various patient populations.Gastroenterology 81:5-9.
    • (1981) Gastroenterology , vol.81 , pp. 5-9
    • Viscidi, R.1    Willey, S.2    Bartlett, J.G.3
  • 53
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease
    • Voth DE, Ballard JD. 2005. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:247-263.
    • (2005) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.18 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 54
    • 0034649081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital disinfectants and spore formation by Clostridium difficile
    • Wilcox MH, Fawley WN. 2000. Hospital disinfectants and spore formation by Clostridium difficile. Lancet 356:1324.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 1324
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2
  • 55
    • 0031891748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection-relapse or reinfection?
    • Wilcox MH, Fawley WN, Settle CD, Davidson A. 1998. Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection-relapseor reinfection? J.Hosp. Infect. 38:93-100.
    • (1998) J.Hosp. Infect. , vol.38 , pp. 93-100
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Settle, C.D.3    Davidson, A.4
  • 56
    • 0020554353 scopus 로고
    • Efficiency of various bile salt preparations for stimulation of Clostridium difficile spore germination
    • Wilson KH. 1983. Efficiency of various bile salt preparations for stimulation of Clostridium difficile spore germination. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:1017-1019.
    • (1983) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.18 , pp. 1017-1019
    • Wilson, K.H.1
  • 57
    • 0020084325 scopus 로고
    • Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile
    • Wilson KH, Kennedy MJ, Fekety FR. 1982. Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile.J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:443-446.
    • (1982) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.15 , pp. 443-446
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Kennedy, M.J.2    Fekety, F.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.