Darker shades of joy: The role of negative emotion in rich product experiences

Design Issues

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 42-56

  Fokkinga, Steven ^a   Desmet, Pieter ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866115770     PISSN: 07479360     EISSN: 15314790     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/DESI_a_00174     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Marc Hassenzahl, Experience Design: Technology for All the Right Reasons Synthesis Lectures on Human-Centered Informatics (San Francisco: Morgan and Claypool, 2010), 31.
2. Juha Arrasvuori, Marion Boberg, and Hannu Korhonen, "Understanding Playfulness: An Overview of the Revised Playful Experience (PLEX) Framework, " in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Design and Emotion (Chicago: Illinois Institute of Technology, 2010).
3. Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, Design Noir: The Secret Life of Electronic Objects (Basel, Switzerland: August/ Birkhäuser, 2001), 45.
4. Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, Design Noir: The Secret Life of Electronic Objects (Basel, Switzerland: August/ Birkhäuser, 2001), 45.
5. Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, Design Noir: The Secret Life of Electronic Objects (Basel, Switzerland: August/ Birkhäuser, 2001), 45.
6. Hassenzahl, Experience Design, 29.
7. William W. Gaver et al., "The Drift Table: Designing for Ludic Engagement, " in CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York: ACM, 2004), 885-900.
8. Hassenzahl, Experience Design, 29.
9. Gaver et al., "The Drift Table, " 897-98.
10. Dolf Zillmann, "Mechanisms of Emotional Involvement with Drama, " Poetics 23, no. 1-2 (1995): 48.
11. Peter Vorderer and Holger Schramm, "Musik nach Mass. Situative und personenspezifische Unterschiede bei der Selektion von Musik, " [Music made to measure. Situational and personal differences in the selection of music], Jahrbuch Musikpsychologie 17 (2004), 89-108.
12. Peter Vorderer, Christoph Klimmt, and Ute Ritterfeld, "Enjoyment: At the Heart of Media Entertainment, " Communication Theory 14, no. 4 (2004): 392-93.
13. Dunne and Raby, Design Noir, 58.
14. For an overview of such design approaches, see Pieter M. A. Desmet and Paul Hekkert, "Special Issue Editorial: Design and Emotion, " International Journal of Design 3, no. 2 (2009), 1-6.
15. Although we see subtle differences between the words "enjoyable" and "pleasant" (e.g., enjoyable has a connotation of something actively entertaining, whereas pleasant seems to refer to stimuli that are more passively agreeable to the senses), these terms are used interchangeably throughout this paper for purposes of readability.
16. For instance, this line of reasoning can be found in theories of Soloman and Corbit (Richard L. Solomon and John D. Corbit, "An Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation: I. Temporal Dynamics of Affect, " Psychological Review 81, no. 2 (1974).
17. Eduardo B. Andrade and Joel B. Cohen, "On the Consumption of Negative Feelings, " Journal of Consumer Research 34, no. 3 (2007), 283-300.
18. Marvin Zuckerman, "Sensation Seeking and the Taste for Vicarious Horror, " in Horror Films: Current Research on Audience Preferences and Reactions, ed. J. B. Weaver and R. C. Tamborini (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996), 157-59.
19. Andrade and Cohen, "On the Consumption of Negative Feelings, " 285.
20. Andrade and Cohen, "On the Consumption of Negative Feelings, " 285.
21. Douglas Derryberry and Marjorie A. Reed, "Anxiety and Attentional Focusing: Trait, State and Hemispheric Influences, " Personality and Individual Differences 25, no. 4 (1998), 745-61.
22. Elizabeth A. Phelps, Sam Ling, and Marisa Carrasco, "Emotion Facilitates Perception and Potentiates the Perceptual Benefits of Attention, " Psychological Science 17, no. 4 (2006), 292-99.
23. Jason Tipples, "When Time Stands Still: Fear-Specific Modulation of Temporal Bias Due to Threat, " Emotion 11, no. 1 (2011), 74-80.
24. Bethany A. Teachman et al., "A New Mode of Fear Expression: Perceptual Bias in Height Fear, " Emotion 8, no. 2 (2008), 296-301.
25. Gordon H. Bower, "Mood and Memory, " American Psychologist 36, no. 2 (1981), 129-48.
26. This distinction may seem self-evident, but the common practice in empirical studies for many years was to look at the effects of all negative emotions together, under the umbrella term of "negative affect. " A number of researchers have recently started to study the differentiated effects of negative emotions in experiments and found widely diverging results. For a discussion, see Jennifer S. Lerner and Dacher Keltner, "Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgment and Choice, " Cognition & Emotion 14, no. 4 (2000): 474-76.
27. This distinction may seem self-evident, but the common practice in empirical studies for many years was to look at the effects of all negative emotions together, under the umbrella term of "negative affect. " A number of researchers have recently started to study the differentiated effects of negative emotions in experiments and found widely diverging results. For a discussion, see Jennifer S. Lerner and Dacher Keltner, "Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgment and Choice, " Cognition & Emotion 14, no. 4 (2000): 474-76.
28. Simone Schnall et al., "Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment, " Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 8 (2008), 1096-109.
29. Derek D. Rucker and Richard E. Petty, "Emotion Specificity and Consumer Behavior: Anger, Sadness, and Preference for Activity, " Motivation and Emotion 28, no. 1 (2004), 3-21.
30. See, for instance, Richard S. Lazarus, Emotion and Adaptation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 84.
31. Jean-Paul Sartre, Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions, trans. P. Mairet (London: Methuen, 1939/1962), 39-40.
32. Nico H. Frijda, The Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 69-93.
33. Maya Tamir and Brett Q. Ford, "Choosing to Be Afraid: Preferences for Fear as a Function of Goal Pursuit, " Emotion 9, no. 4 (2009): 488-97.
34. For example, he proposed that, apart from the well-known unpleasant anger, "anger" (in quotation marks) can also be "the kind of devilish glee one might experience while being objectionable in some social setting, or the mischievousness one might feel in getting one's own back in some underhand way, or the joyous hate one experiences towards the villain in a cowboy film. " See: Michael J. Apter, Reversal Theory: The Dynamics of Motivation, Emotion, and Personality, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oneworld, 2007), 119.
35. For instance, if the lion is in an enclosure that is imperceptible, a person standing next to it will not be enjoying the situation, even if she is actually safe.
36. Apter, Reversal Theory, 50-53.
37. We revised this terminology because "confidence" is a psychological state that cannot directly be manipulated by design, whereas the amount of control that the user has over a certain interaction is a designable aspect.
38. This example also shows that the feeling of trust is often a necessary aspect in the experience of a safety-zone frame. People can only feel safe from a lion behind a barrier if they can trust the barrier was well-constructed.
39. The NHTSA Traffic fact sheet 2008 states: "Per vehicle mile traveled in 2007, motorcyclists were about 37 times more likely than passenger car occupants to die in a motor vehicle traffic crash and nine times more likely to be injured [in the United States]. " http://www-nrd. nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811159.pdf (accessed August 16, 2011).
40. Joshua J. Tewksbury and Gary P. Nabhan, "Seed Dispersal: Directed Deterrence By Capsaicin in Chilies, " Nature 412, no. 6845 (2001): 403-04.
41. Steven F. Fokkinga and Pieter M. A. Desmet, "Ten Ways to Design for Disgust, Anxiety, and Other Enjoyments, " International Journal of Design (in press).
42. Hassenzahl, Experience Design: Technology for All the Right Reasons, 31.
43. Patti Williams and Jennifer Aaker, "Can Mixed Emotions Peacefully Coexist?, " Journal of Consumer Research 28, no. 4 (2002): 636-49.