Preanalytical and analytical considerations for measuring nitric oxide metabolites in serum or plasma using the griess method

Clinical Laboratory

Volumn 58, Issue 7-8, 2012, Pages 615-624

  Ghasemi, Asghar ^a   Zahediasl, Saleh ^a  

^a SHAHID BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Griess assay; Nitrates; Nitric oxide; Nitrites; Plasma; Quality control; Serum

Indexed keywords

ACETONITRILE; CADMIUM; CITRIC ACID; COPPER; EDETIC ACID; HEPARIN; NITRATE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRITE; ZINC SULFATE;

ARTERIAL BLOOD; ASSAY; BLOOD ANALYSIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY FUNCTION; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; SYNTHESIS; ULTRAFILTRATION; VENOUS BLOOD;

EID: 84866092309     PISSN: 14336510     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Yoon S, Moon J, Shin C, Kim E, Jo SA, Jo I. Smoking status-dependent association of the 27-bp repeat polymorphism in intron 4 of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with plasma nitric oxide concentrations. Clinica Chimica Acta 2002;324:113-20.
2. Jobgen WS, Jobgen SC, Li H, Meininger CJ, Wu G. Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007;851:71-82.
3. Higashino H, Tabuchi M, Yamagata S, et al. Serum nitric oxide metabolite levels in groups of patients with various diseases in comparison of healthy control subjects Journal of Medical Sciences 2010;10:1-11.
4. Tsikas D. Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids by assays based on the Griess reaction: appraisal of the Griess reaction in the L-arginine/nitric oxide area of research. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007;851:51-70.
5. Giustarini D, Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Nitrite and nitrate measurement by Griess reagent in human plasma: evaluation of interferences and standardization. Methods Enzymol 2008;440:361-80.
6. Viinikka L. Nitric oxide as a challenge for the clinical chemistry laboratory. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996;56:577-581.
7. Romitelli F, Santini SA, Chierici E, et al. Comparison of nitrite/nitrate concentration in human plasma and serum samples measured by the enzymatic batch Griess assay, ion-pairing HPLC and ion-trap GC-MS: the importance of a correct removal of proteins in the Griess assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007;851:257-67.
8. Leone AM, Francis PL, Rhodes P, Moncada S. A rapid and simple method for the measurement of nitrite and nitrate in plasma by high performance capillary electrophoresis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;200:951-7.
9. Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2001;5:62-71.
10. Marzinzig M, Nussler AK, Stadler J, et al. Improved methods to measure end products of nitric oxide in biological fluids: nitrite, nitrate, and S-nitrosothiols. Nitric Oxide 1997;1:177-89.
11. Sastry KV, Moudgal RP, Mohan J, Tyagi JS, Rao GS. Spectrophotometric determination of serum nitrite and nitrate by copper-cadmium alloy. Anal Biochem 2002;306:79-82.
12. Kelm M. Nitric oxide metabolism and breakdown. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1411:273-89.
13. Dembny KD, Roza AM, Johnson C, Adams MB, Pieper GM. Heparin interferes with the determination of plasma nitric oxide by inhibition of enzymatic conversion of nitrate to nitrite by nitrate reductase. Clin Chim Acta 1998;275:107-14.
14. Ricart-Jane D, Llobera M, Lopez-Tejero MD. Anticoagulants and other preanalytical factors interfere in plasma nitrate/nitrite quantification by the Griess method. Nitric Oxide 2002;6:178-85.
15. Dusse LM, Silva RM, Vieira LM, das Gracas Carvalho M. Does plasma nitrite determination by the Griess reaction reflect nitric oxide synthesis? Clin Chim Acta 2005;362:195-7.
16. Mackenzie IM, Ekangaki A, Young JD, Garrard CS. Effect of renal function on serum nitrogen oxide concentrations. Clin Chem 1996;42:440-4.
17. Knowles RG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 1994;298 (Pt 2):249-58.
18. Dudzinski DM, Igarashi J, Greif D, Michel T. The regulation and pharmacology of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;46:235-276.
19. Ghafourifar P, Richter C. Nitric oxide synthase activity in mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1997;418:291-6.
20. Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JM, Alving K. Intragastric nitric oxide production in humans: measurements in expelled air. Gut 1994;35:1543-6.
21. Benjamin N, O'Driscoll F, Dougall H, et al. Stomach NO synthesis. Nature 1994;368:502.
22. Lundberg JO, Feelisch M, Bjorne H, Jansson EA, Weitzberg E. Cardioprotective effects of vegetables: is nitrate the answer? Nitric Oxide 2006;15:359-62.
23. Bryan NS, Grisham MB. Methods to detect nitric oxide and its metabolites in biological samples. Free Radic Biol Med 2007;43:645-57.
24. Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Gladwin MT. The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:156-67.
25. Baylis C, Vallance P. Measurement of nitrite and nitrate levels in plasma and urine-what does this measure tell us about the activity of the endogenous nitric oxide system? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998;7:59-62.
26. Zeballos GA, Bernstein RD, Thompson CI, et al. Pharmacodynamics of plasma nitrate/nitrite as an indication of nitric oxide formation in conscious dogs. Circulation 1995;91:2982-8.
27. Tanaka S, Yashiro A, Nakashima Y, Nanri H, Ikeda M, Kuroiwa A. Plasma nitrite/nitrate level is inversely correlated with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Clin Cardiol 1997;20:361-5.
28. Kevil CG, Kolluru GK, Pattillo CB, Giordano T. Inorganic nitrite therapy: historical perspective and future directions. Free Radic Biol Med 2011;51:576-93.
29. O'Kane PD, Jackson G, Ferro A. Whole body nitric oxide production is not decreased in patients with coronary atherosclerosis but is inversely related to plasma homocysteine. Atherosclerosis 2008;196:574-9.
30. Borcherding H, Leikefeld S, Frey C, Diekmann S, Steinrucke P. Enzymatic microtiter plate-based nitrate detection in environmental and medical analysis. Anal Biochem 2000;282:1-9.
31. Grau M, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Brouzos P, et al. Recent methodlogical advances in the analysis of nitrite in the human circulation: nitrite as a biochemical parameter of the L-arginine/NO pathway. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007;851:106-23.
32. Osawa M, Hayashi T, Nomura H, et al. Nitric oxide (NO) is a new clinical biomarker of survival in the elderly patients and its efficacy might be nearly equal to albumin. Nitric Oxide 2007;16:157-63.
33. Pereira FO, Frode TS, Medeiros YS. Evaluation of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2 soluble receptor, nitric oxide metabolites, and lipids as inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mediators of inflammation 2006;2006:1-7.
34. van Dissel JT, Groeneveld PH, Maes B, van Furth R, Frolich M, Feuth HD. Nitric oxide: a predictor of morbidity in postoperative patients? Lancet 1994;343:1579-80.
35. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Is nitric oxide a hormone? Iran Biomed J 2011;15:59-65.
36. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azimzadeh I, Azizi F. Increased serum nitric oxide metabolites in dysglycaemia. Ann Hum Biol 2011;38:577-82.
37. Hermenegildo C, Medina P, Peiro M, et al. Plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, is elevated in hyperthyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:5636-40.
38. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F. Nitric oxide and clustering of metabolic syndrome components in pediatrics. Eur J Epidemiol 2010;25:45-53.
39. Zahedi Asl S, Ghasemi A, Azizi F. Serum nitric oxide metabolites in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem 2008;41:1342-7.
40. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Syedmoradi L, Azizi F. Association between serum nitric oxide metabolites and hypertension in a general population. Int Angiol 2011;30:380-7.
41. Winlaw DS, Smythe GA, Keogh AM, Schyvens CG, Spratt PM, Macdonald PS. Increased nitric oxide production in heart failure. Lancet 1994;344:373-4.
42. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F. Reference values for serum nitric oxide metabolites in an adult population. Clin Biochem 2010;43:89-94.
43. Ishibashi T, Yoshida J, Nishio M. New methods to evaluate endothelial function: A search for a marker of nitric oxide (NO) in vivo: re-evaluation of NOx in plasma and red blood cells and a trial to detect nitrosothiols. J Pharmacol Sci 2003;93:409-16.
44. Conrad KP, Joffe GM, Kruszyna H, et al. Identification of increased nitric oxide biosynthesis during pregnancy in rats. Faseb J 1993;7:566-71.
45. Wennmalm A, Benthin G, Edlund A, et al. Metabolism and excretion of nitric oxide in humans. An experimental and clinical study. Circ Res 1993;73:1121-7.
46. Ishibashi T, Yoshida J, Nishio M. Evaluation of NOx in the cardiovascular system: relationship to NO-related compounds in vivo. Jpn J Pharmacol 1999;81:317-23.
47. Moshage H, Kok B, Huizenga JR, Jansen PL. Nitrite and nitrate determinations in plasma: a critical evaluation. Clin Chem 1995;41:892-6.
48. Everett SA, Dennis MF, Tozer GM, Prise VE, Wardman P, Stratford MR. Nitric oxide in biological fluids: analysis of nitrite and nitrate by high-performance ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1995;706:437-42.
49. Ellis G, Adatia I, Yazdanpanah M, Makela SK. Nitrite and nitrate analyses: a clinical biochemistry perspective. Clin Biochem 1998;31:195-220.
50. Tatsch E, Bochi GV, Pereira Rda S, et al. A simple and inexpensive automated technique for measurement of serum nitrite/nitrate. Clin Biochem 2011;44:348-50.
51. Pereira Rda S, Piva SJ, Tatsch E, et al. A simple, fast and inexpensive automated technique for measurement of plasma nitrite. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1837-9.
52. Farrell AJ, Blake DR, Palmer RM, Moncada S. Increased concentrations of nitrite in synovial fluid and serum samples suggest increased nitric oxide synthesis in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:1219-22.
53. Tsikas D. Methods of quantitative analysis of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids. Free Radic Res 2005;39:797-815.
54. Vallance P, Patton S, Bhagat K, et al. Direct measurement of nitric oxide in human beings. Lancet 1995;346:153-4.
55. Forte P, Kneale BJ, Milne E, et al. Evidence for a difference in nitric oxide biosynthesis between healthy women and men. Hypertension 1998;32:730-4.
56. Benjamin N, Vane J. Nitric oxide and hypertension. Circulation 1996;94:1197-8.
57. Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 1982;126:131-8.
58. Sakinis A, Wennmalm A. Estimation of total rate of formation of nitric oxide in the rat. Biochem J 1998;330 (Pt 1):527-32.
59. Wang J, Brown MA, Tam SH, Chan MC, Whitworth JA. Effects of diet on measurement of nitric oxide metabolites. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1997;24:418-20.
60. Ridnour LA, Sim JE, Hayward MA, et al. A spectrophotometric method for the direct detection and quantitation of nitric oxide, nitrite, and nitrate in cell culture media. Anal Biochem 2000;281:223-9.
61. Navarro-Gonzalvez JA, Garcia-Benayas C, Arenas J. Semiautomated measurement of nitrate in biological fluids. Clin Chem 1998;44:679-81.
62. Cortas NK, Wakid NW. Determination of inorganic nitrate in serum and urine by a kinetic cadmium-reduction method. Clin Chem 1990;36:1440-3.
63. Gladwin MT. Haldane, hot dogs, halitosis, and hypoxic vasodilation: the emerging biology of the nitrite anion. J Clin Invest 2004;113:19-21.
64. Bryan NS. Nitrite in nitric oxide biology: cause or consequence? A systems-based review. Free Radic Biol Med 2006;41:691-701.
65. Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. The biological role of nitrate and nitrite: the times they are a-changin'. Nitric Oxide 2010;22:61-3.
66. Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NS. Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1-10.
67. Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Benjamin N. Dietary nitrate-good or bad? Nitric Oxide 2010;22:104-9.
68. Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Janowska J, Zurakowski A. Serum concentrations of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and TNF soluble receptors in women with overweight and obesity. Metabolism 2004;53:1268-73.
69. Choi JW, Pai SH, Kim SK, Ito M, Park CS, Cha YN. Increases in nitric oxide concentrations correlate strongly with body fat in obese humans. Clin Chem 2001;47:1106-9.
70. Lundberg JO, Govoni M. Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2004;37:395-400.
71. Murray IA, Bullimore DW, Long RG. Fasting plasma nitric oxide products in coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;15:1091-5.
72. Watanabe T, Akishita M, Toba K, et al. Influence of sex and age on serum nitrite/nitrate concentration in healthy subjects. Clinica Chimica Acta 2000;301:169-79.
73. Ghasemi A, Shafiee M, Rowghani K. Stabilizing effects of cool dialysate temperature on hemodynamic parameters in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2008;19:378-83.
74. Wagner DA, Schultz DS, Deen WM, Young VR, Tannenbaum SR. Metabolic fate of an oral dose of 15N-labeled nitrate in humans: effect of diet supplementation with ascorbic acid. Cancer Res 1983;43:1921-5.
75. Kehmeier ES, Kropp M, Kleinbongard P, et al. Serial measurements of whole blood nitrite in an intensive care setting. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44:1945-50.
76. Ishibashi T, Himeno M, Imaizumi N, et al. NO(x) contamination in laboratory ware and effect of countermeasures. Nitric Oxide 2000;4:516-25.
77. Kabuto H, Yamamoto M, Yokoi I, Ogawa N. The source of nitrate and nitrite contamination that interferes with their accurate estimation in blood. Clin Chim Acta 1997;266:199-200.
78. Makela S, Yazdanpanah M, Adatia I, Ellis G. Disposable surgical gloves and Pasteur (Transfer) pipettes as potential sources of contamination in nitrite and nitrate assays. Clin Chem 1997;43:2418-20.
79. Cicinelli E, Ignarro LJ, Schonauer LM, Matteo MG, Galantino P, Falco N. Different plasma levels of nitric oxide in arterial and venous blood. Clin Physiol 1999;19:440-2.
80. Hori T, Matsubara T, Ishibashi T, et al. Decrease of nitric oxide end-products during coronary circulation reflects elevated basal coronary artery tone in patients with vasospastic angina. Jpn Heart J 2000;41:583-95.
81. Hubert JD, Seahorn TL, Klei TR, Hosgood G, Moore RM. Temporal effects of freezing on plasma nitric oxide concentrations in ponies. Can J Vet Res 2003;67:72-4.
82. Tsikas D, Gutzki FM, Rossa S, et al. Measurement of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by the Griess assay: problems with the Griess assay-solutions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1997;244:208-20.
83. Tatsch E, Boci GV, Pereira RS, Kober H, R. OJ, Moresco RN. Effects of anticoagulants and storage temperature on blood nitrite levels. J Bras Patol Med Lab 2011;47:147-50.
84. Malinski T, Radomski MW, Taha Z, Moncada S. Direct electrochemical measurement of nitric oxide released from human platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;194:960-5.
85. Grisham MB, Johnson GG, Gautreaux MD, Berg RD. Measurement of nitrate and nitrite in extracellular fluids: a window to systemic nitric oxide metabolism. Methods 1995;7:84-90.
86. Moshage H. Simple and reliable measurement of nitric oxide metabolites in plasma. Clin Chem 2009;55:1881-2.
87. Guevara I, Iwanejko J, Dembinska-Kiec A, et al. Determination of nitrite/nitrate in human biological material by the simple Griess reaction. Clinica Chimica Acta 1998;274:177-88.
88. Ghasemi A, Hedayati M, Biabani H. Protein precipitation methods evaluated for determination of serum nitric oxide end products by the Griess assay. JMSR 2007;2:43-6.
89. Lopez-Ramos JC, Martinez-Romero R, Molina F, et al. Evidence of a decrease in nitric oxide-storage molecules following acute hypoxia and/or hypobaria, by means of chemiluminescence analysis. Nitric Oxide 2005;13:62-7.
90. Becker AJ, Uckert S, Tsikas D, et al. Determination of nitric oxide metabolites by means of the Griess assay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy males and patients with erectile dysfunction during different functional conditions of the penis. Urol Res 2000;28:364-9.
91. Sun J, Zhang X, Broderick M, Fein H. Measurement of nitric oxide production in biological systems by using Griess reaction assay. Sensors 2003;3:276-84.
92. Nahrevanian H, Gholizadeh J, Farahmand M, et al. Nitric oxide induction as a novel immunoepidemiological target in malaria-infected patients from endemic areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2006;66:201-9.
93. Vahedian Z, Nabavizadeh F, Keshavarz M, Vahedian J, Mirershadi F. Lead exposure changes gastric acid secretion in rat: role of nitric oxide (NO). Acta Med Iran 2011;49:3-8.
94. Tsikas D, Fuchs I, Gutzki FM, Frolich JC. Measurement of nitrite and nitrate in plasma, serum and urine of humans by high-performance liquid chromatography, the Griess assay, chemiluminescence and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: interferences by biogenic amines and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine analogs. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998;715:441-4; discussion 445-8.
95. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F. Reference values for serum nitric oxide metabolites in pediatrics. Nitric Oxide 2010;23:264-8.
96. Shah VP, Midha KK, Dighe S, et al. Analytical methods validation: bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies. Conference report. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 1992;82:1-7.
97. Gonzalez AG, Herrador MA, Asuero AG. Intra-laboratory testing of method accuracy from recovery assays. Talanta 1999;48:729-36.
98. Armbruster DA, Pry T. Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Clin Biochem Rev 2008;29 Suppl 1:S49-52.
99. Ekins R, Edwards P. On the meaning of "sensitivity". Clin Chem 1997;43:1824-31.
100. Browne RW, Whitcomb BW. Procedures for determination of detection limits: application to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of fat-soluble vitamins in human serum. Epidemiology 2010;21 Suppl 4:S4-9.