Using mental imagery to promote positive intergroup relations

The Psychology of Prejudice: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Contemporary Issues

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 235-250

  Stathi, Sofia ^a   Crisp, Richard J ^b   Turner, Rhiannon N ^c   West, Keon ^c   Michele D Birtel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865980185     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (73)

1. Abrams, D., Crisp, R. J., Marques, S., Fagg, E., Bedford, L., and Provias, D. (2008). Threat inoculation: Experienced and imagined intergenerational contact prevents stereotype threat effects on older people's math performance. Psychology and Aging, 23 (4), 934-939.
2. Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books.
3. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52 (1), 1-26.
4. Bandura, A., and Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy and intrinsic interest through proximal self- motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41 (3), 586-598.
5. Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., and Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (5), 828-841.
6. Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., and Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (2), 253-267.
7. Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., and Seery, M. D. (2002). Intergroup encounters and threat: A multi-method approach. In D. Mackie and E. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 89-110). New York: Psychology Press.
8. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Brown, R., and Douch, R. (2006). Changing children's intergroup attitudes toward refugees: Testing different models of extended contact. Child Development, 77 (5), 1208-1219.
9. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Turner, R. N., Blake, B., Holman-Nicolas, R., and Powell, C. (2011). Changing attitudes with a little imagination: Imagined contact effects on young children's implicit attitudes. Anale de Psicologia, 27, 708-717.
10. Cantle, T. (2001). Community cohesion: A report of the independent review team. Home Office, London. Retrieved from http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/dpcs/community_ cohesion.pdf.
11. Census (2001). National Statistics Government Website: Neighbourhood Statistics. Retrieved from http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk.
12. Crisp, R. J. (2006). Commitment and categorization in common ingroup contexts. In R. J. Crisp and M. Hewstone (Eds.), Multiple social categorization: Processes, models and applications (pp. 90-111). Sussex: Psychology Press.
13. Crisp, R. J., Birtel, M. D., and Meleady, R. (2011). Mental simulations of social thought and action: Trivial tasks or tools for transforming social policy? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20 (4), 261-264.
14. Crisp, R. J. and Husnu, S. (2011). Attributional processes underlying imagined contact effects. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14 (2), 275-287.
15. Crisp, R. J., Husnu, S., Meleady, R., Stathi, S., and Turner, R. N. (2010). From imagery to intention: A dual-route model of imagined contact effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 21 (1), 188-236.
16. Crisp, R. J., Stathi, S., Turner, R. N., and Husnu, S. (2008). Imagined intergroup contact: Theory, paradigm and practice. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3 (1), 1-18.
17. Crisp, R. J., and Turner, R. N. (2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions? Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. American Psychologist, 64 (4), 231-240.
18. Crisp, R. J., and Turner, R. N. (2010). Have confidence in contact. American Psychologist, 65 (2), 133-134.
19. Dadds, M. R., Bovbjerg, D. H., Redd, W. H., and Cutmore, T. R. (1997). Imagery in human classical conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 122 (1), 89-103.
20. Decety, J., and Grezes. J. (2006). The power of simulation: Imagining one's own and other's behaviour. Brain Research, 1079 (1), 4-14.
21. Driskell, J. E., Copper, C., and Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (4), 481-491.
22. Dovidio, J. F., Eller. A., and Hewstone, M. (2011). Improving intergroup relations through direct, extended and other forms of indirect contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14 (2), 147-160.
23. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., and Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (1), 62-68.
24. Eller, A., and Abrams, D. (2004). Come together: Longitudinal comparisons of Pettigrew's reformulated intergroup contact model and the common ingroup identity model in Anglo-French and Mexican-American contexts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34 (3), 229-256.
25. Elliot, A. J., and McGregor, H. A. (1999). Test anxiety and the hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76 (4), 628-644.
26. Esses, V. M., and Dovidio, J. F. (2002). The role of emotions in determining willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28 (9), 1202-1214.
27. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., and Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11 (2), 77-83.
28. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., and Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (6), 878-902.
29. Gaertner, S. L., and Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
30. Gawronski, B., and Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132 (5), 692-731.
31. Greenland, K., and Brown, R. (1999). Categorization and intergroup anxiety. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29 (4), 503-521.
32. Greenwald, A. G., McGee, D. E., and Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (6), 1464-1480.
33. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., and Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97 (1), 17-41.
34. Gudykunst, W. B., and Shapiro, R. B. (1996). Communication in everyday interpersonal and intergroup encounters. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20 (1), 19-45.
35. Hewstone, M., and Brown, R. J. (1986). Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
36. Holmes, E. A., Geddes, J. R., Colom, F., and Goodwin, G. M. (2008). Mental imagery as an emotional amplifier: Application to bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46 (12), 1251-1258.
37. Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., and Shah, D. M. (2009). Developing interpretation bias modification as a 'cognitive vaccine' for depressed mood. Imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118 (1), 76-88.
38. Husnu, S., and Crisp, R. J. (2010a). Elaboration enhances the imagined contact effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46 (6), 943-950.
39. Husnu, S., and Crisp, R. J. (2010b). Imagined intergroup contact: A new technique for encouraging greater inter-ethnic contact in Cyprus. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 16 (1), 97-108.
40. Islam, R. M., and Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimension of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived outgroup variability and outgroup attitudes: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19 (6), 700-710.
41. Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Steele, J. R., and Dovidio, J. F. (2007). (Close) Distance makes the heart grow fonder: Improving implicit racial attitudes and interracial interactions through approach behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92 (6), 957-971.
42. Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., and Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 2 (9), 635-642.
43. Logan, J. (2001). Ethnic diversity grows, neighborhood integration lags behind. Albany, NY: State University of New York at Albany, Lewis Mumford Center.
44. Martin, M. E. (2006). Residential segregation patterns of Latinos in the United States, 1990-2000. New York, NY: Routledge.
45. Norman, R. M., Sorrentino, R. M., Gawronski, B., Szeto, A. C., Ye, Y., and Windell, D. (2010). Attitudes and physical distance to an individual with schizophrenia: The moderating effect of self-transcendent values. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45 (7), 751-758.
46. Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., and Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30 (6), 770-786.
47. Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49 (1), 65-85.
48. Pettigrew, T. F., and Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90 (5), 751-783.
49. Pettigrew, T. F., and Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38 (6), 922-934.
50. Plant, A. E., and Devine, P. G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 (6), 790-801.
51. Psaltis, C., Pachoulides, C., Lytras, E., Philipou, G., and Beyli, Z. (2011). Representations of history and intergroup relations in Cyprus. Final report of Cyprus civil society in action, CRIS 2008/168-265.
52. Ratcliff, C. D., Czuchry, M., Scarberry, N. C., Thomas, J. C., Dansereau, D. F., and Lord, C. G. (1999). Effects of directed thinking on intentions to engage in beneficial activities: Actions versus reasons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29 (5), 994-1009.
53. Sherif, M. (1966). In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
54. Stathi, S., and Crisp, R. J. (2008). Imagining intergroup contact promotes projection to outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44 (4), 943-957.
55. Stathi, S., and Crisp, R. J. (2010). Intergroup contact and the projection of positivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 580-591.
56. Stathi, S., Crisp, R. J., and Hogg, M. (2011). Imagining intergroup contact enables member-to-group generalization. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 15 (3), 275-284.
57. Stephan, W.G., and Stephan, C.W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41 (3), 157-175.
58. Taylor, S. E., Pham, L. B., Rivkin, I. D., and Armor, D. A. (1998). Harnessing the imagination: Mental simulation, self-regulation, and coping. American Psychologist, 53 (4), 429-439.
59. Towles-Schwen, T., and Fazio, R. H. (2006). Automatically activated racial attitudes as predictors of the success of interracial roommate relationships. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42 (5), 698-705.
60. Turner, R. N., and Crisp, R. J. (2010). Imagining intergroup contact reduces implicit prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49 (1), 129-142.
61. Turner, R. N., Crisp, R. J., and Lambert, E. (2007). Imagining intergroup contact can improve intergroup attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10 (4), 427-441.
62. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., and Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 369-388.
63. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., and Vonofakou, C. (2008). A test of the extended contact hypothesis: The mediating role of intergroup anxiety, perceived ingroup and outgroup norms, and inclusion of the outgroup in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 843-860.
64. Turner, R. N., and West, K. (2012). Behavioral consequences of imagining intergroup contact with stigmatized outgroups. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15, 193-202.
65. Turner, R. N., West, K., and Christie, Z. (in press). Outgroup trust, intergroup anxiety, and outgroup attitude as mediators of the effect of imagined intergroup contact on intergroup behavioral tendencies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
66. Voci, A., and Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice towards immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6 (1), 37-54.
67. Vorauer, J. D., Hunter, A. J., Main, K. J., and Roy, S. A. (2000). Meta-stereotype activation: Evidence from indirect measures for specific evaluative concerns experienced by members of dominant groups in intergroup interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78 (4), 690-707.
68. West, K., Holmes, E. and Hewstone, M. (2011) Enhancing imagined contact to reduce prejudice against people with schizophrenia. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14 (3), 407-428.
69. Wilder, D. A. (1993). The role of anxiety in facilitating stereotypic judgments of outgroup behavior. In D.M. Mackie and D.L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 87-109). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
70. Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
71. Woodman, T., and Hardy, L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 443-457.
72. Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., and Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 (1), 73-90.
73. Yates, A. J. (1975). Theory and practice in behavior therapy. New York, NY: Wiley.