Mild exercise early in life produces changes in bone size and strength but not density in proximal phalangeal, third metacarpal and third carpal bones of foals

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 190, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 383-389

  Firth, Elwyn C ^a   Rogers, Christopher W ^a   van Weeren, P Rene ^b   Barneveld, Albert ^b   McIlwraith, C Wayne ^c   Kawcak, Christopher E ^c   Goodship, Allen E ^d   Smith, Roger K W ^e  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Animal model; Bone; Early exercise; Growth; Horse

Indexed keywords

AGE; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BONE AREA; BONE CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS; BONE DENSITY; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE MINERAL; BONE SIZE; BONE STRENGTH; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORTICAL THICKNESS; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; FOAL; HORSE; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERIOSTEAL CIRCUMFERENCE; PERIPHERAL QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; WORKLOAD; ANIMAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; FEMALE; FORELIMB; HISTOLOGY; MALE; METACARPAL BONE; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

ANIMALIA; EQUIDAE;

AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; BONE DENSITY; CARPUS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; FORELIMB; HORSES; MALE; METACARPAL BONES; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL;

EID: 84865972919     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: 15322971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.016     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Ashizawa N., Nonaka K., Michikami S., Mizuki T., Amagai H., Tokuyama K., Suzuki M. Tomographical description of tennis-loaded radius: reciprocal relation between bone size and volumetric BMD. Journal of Applied Physiology 1999, 86:1347-1351.
2. Barneveld A., van Weeren P.R. Conclusions regarding the influence of exercise on the development of the equine musculoskeletal system with special reference to osteochondrosis. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 1999, 30:112-119.
3. Boyde A., Firth E.C. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old thoroughbred horses to early training. 8. Quantitative back-scattered electron scanning electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy of the epiphysis of the third metacarpal bone. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2005, 53:123-132.
4. Brama P.A.J., Tekoppele J.M., Bank R.A., Barneveld A., Firth E.C., van Weeren P.R. The influence of strenuous exercise on collagen characteristics of articular cartilage in Thoroughbreds age 2 years. Equine Veterinary Journal 2000, 32:551-554.
5. Brama P.A.J., Holopainen J., van Weeren P.R., Firth E.C., Helminen H.J., Hyttinen M.M. The effect of loading on the organisation of the collagen fibril network in juvenile equine articular cartilage. Journal of Orthopedic Research 2009, 27:1226-1234.
6. Cornelissen B.P., van Weeren P.R., Ederveen A.G., Barneveld A. Influence of exercise on bone mineral density of immature cortical and trabecular bone of the equine metacarpus and proximal sesamoid bone. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 1999, 30:79-85.
7. Davies H.M., Gale S.M., Baker I.D. Radiographic measures of bone shape in young Thoroughbreds during training for racing. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 1999, 30:262-265.
8. Doube M., Firth E.C., Boyde A. Variations in articular calcified cartilage by site and exercise in the 18-month-old equine distal metacarpal condyle. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007, 15:1283-1292.
9. Ducher G., Courteix D., Meme S., Magni C., Viala J.F., Benhamou C.L. Bone geometry in response to long-term tennis playing and its relationship with muscle volume: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study in tennis players. Bone 2005, 37:457-466.
10. Dykgraaf S., Firth E.C., Rogers C.W., Kawcak C.E. Effects of exercise on chondrocyte viability and subchondral bone sclerosis in the distal third metacarpal and metatarsal bones of young horses. The Veterinary Journal 2008, 178:53-61.
11. Ferretti J.L., Capozza R.F., Zanchetta J.R. Mechanical validation of a tomographic (pQCT) index for noninvasive estimation of rat femur bending strength. Bone 1996, 18:97-102.
12. Firth E.C. The response of bone, articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse. Journal of Anatomy 2006, 208:513-526.
13. Firth E.C., Rogers C.W. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old thoroughbred horses to early training. 7. Bone and articular cartilage response in the carpus. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2005, 53:113-122.
14. Firth E.C., van Weeren P.R., Pfeiffer D.U., Delahunt J., Barneveld A. Effect of age, exercise and growth rate on bone mineral density (BMD) in third carpal bone and distal radius of Dutch Warmblood foals with osteochondrosis. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 1999, 30:74-78.
15. Firth E.C., Delahunt J., Wichtel J.W., Birch H.L., Goodship A.E. Galloping exercise induces regional changes in bone density within the third and radial carpal bones of Thoroughbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 1999, 31:111-115.
16. Firth E.C., Goodship A.E., Delahunt J., Smith T. Osteoinductive response in the dorsal aspect of the carpus of young Thoroughbreds in training occurs within months. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 1999, 30:552-554.
17. Firth E.C., Rogers C.W., Perkins N.R., Anderson B.H., Grace N.D. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old thoroughbred horses to early training. 1. Study design, and clinical, nutritional, radiological and histological observations. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2004, 52:261-271.
18. Firth E.C., Rogers C.W., Doube M., Jopson N.B. Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2005, 53:101-112.
19. Franklyn M., Oakes B., Field B., Wells P., Morgan D. Section modulus is the optimum geometric predictor for stress fractures and medial tibial stress syndrome in both male and female athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2008, 36:1179-1189.
20. Frisbie D., Cross M., McIlwraith C. A comparative study of articular cartilage thickness in the stifle of animal species used in human pre-clinical studies compared to articular cartilage thickness in the human knee. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology 2006, 19:142-146.
21. Fujita T. Volumetric and projective bone mineral density. Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions 2002, 2:302-305.
22. Haapasalo H. Physical activity and growing bone. Development of peak bone mass with special reference to the effects of unilateral physical activity. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 1998, 87:250-252.
23. Hampson B.A., Morton J.M., Mills P.C., Trotter M.G., Lamb D.W., Pollitt C.C. Monitoring distances travelled by horses using GPS tracking collars. Australian Veterinary Journal 2010, 88:176-181.
24. Helminen H.J., Hyttinen M.M., Lammi M.J., Arokoski J.P.A., Lapvetelainen T., Jurvelin J., Kiviranta I., Tammi M.I. Regular joint loading in youth assists in the establishment and strengthening of the collagen network of articular cartilage and contributes to the prevention of osteoarthrosis later in life: a hypothesis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2000, 18:245-257.
25. Jones G., Bennell K., Cicuttini F.M. Effect of physical activity on cartilage development in healthy kids. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2003, 37:382-383.
26. Kurvers C., van Weeren P.R., Rogers C.W., van Dierendonck M.C. Quantification of spontaneous locomotion activity in foals kept in pastures under various management conditions. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2006, 67:1212-1217.
27. Liu L.J., Maruno R., Mashimo T., Sanka K., Higuchi T., Hayashi K., Shirasaki Y., Mukai N., Saitoh S., Tokuyama K. Effects of physical training on cortical bone at midtibia assessed by peripheral QCT. Journal of Applied Physiology 2003, 95:219-224.
28. McCarthy R.N., Jeffcott L.B. Effects of treadmill exercise on cortical bone in the third metacarpus of young horses. Research in Veterinary Science 1992, 52:28-37.
29. McIlwraith C.W. Fractures of the carpus. Equine Fracture Repair 1996, 209. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. A.J. Nixon (Ed.).
30. Moffat P.A., Firth E.C., Rogers C.W., Smith R.K.W., Barneveld A., Goodship A.E., Kawcak C.E., McIlwraith C.W., van Weeren P.R. The influence of exercise on ultrasonographically measured cross sectional area of the superficial digital flexor tendon of young Thoroughbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2008, 40:136-140.
31. Morel P.C.H., Bokor A., Rogers C.W., Firth E.C. Growth curves from birth to weaning for Thoroughbred foals raised on pasture. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2007, 55:319-325.
32. Murray R.C., Branch M.V., Dyson S.J., Parkin T.D.H., Goodship A.E. How does exercise intensity and type affect equine distal tarsal subchondral bone thickness?. Journal of Applied Physiology 2007, 102:2194-2200.
33. Nugent G.E., Law A.W., Wong E.G., Temple M.M., Bae W.C., Chen A.C., Kawcak C.E., Sah R.L. Site- and exercise-related variation in structure and function of cartilage from equine distal metacarpal condyle. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2004, 12:826-833.
34. Nunamaker D.M. Metacarpal stress fractures. Equine Fracture Repair 1996, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. A.J. Nixon (Ed.).
35. Pool R.R. Pathologic manifestations of joint disease in the athletic horse. Joint Disease in the Horse 1996, 87-104. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. C.W. McIlwraith, G.W. Trotter (Eds.).
36. Richardson D.W. Fractures of the proximal phalanx. Equine Fracture Repair 1996, W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia. A.J. Nixon (Ed.).
37. Riggs C.M. Fractures - a preventable hazard of racing Thoroughbreds?. The Veterinary Journal 2002, 163:19-29.
38. Rogers C.W., Firth E.C., McIlwraith C.W., Barneveld A., Goodship A.E., Kawcak C.E., Smith R.K.W., van Weeren P.R. Evaluation of a new strategy to modulate skeletal development in the equine athlete by imposing track-based exercise during growth. Equine Veterinary Journal 2008, 40:111-118.
39. Rogers C.W., Firth E.C., McIlwraith C.W., Barneveld A., Goodship A.E., Kawcak C.E., Smith R.K.W., van Weeren P.R. Evaluation of a new strategy to modulate skeletal development in the equine athlete by imposing track-based exercise during growth: the effects on 2-year-old and 3-year-old racing careers. Equine Veterinary Journal 2008, 40:119-127.
40. Stanley R.L., Edwards L.J., Goodship A.E., Firth E.C., Patterson-Kane J.C. Exercise does not alter cellularity or tenocyte nuclear morphology in immature or adult equine digital tendons. Equine Veterinary Journal 2008, 40:141-146.
41. Tidswell H.K., Innes J.F., Avery N.C., Clegg P.D., Barr A.R.S., Vaughan-Thomas A., Wakley G., Tarlton J.F. High-intensity exercise induces structural, compositional and metabolic changes in cuboidal bones - findings from an equine athlete model. Bone 2008, 43:724-733.
42. van den Hoogen B.M., van de Lest C.H.A., van Weeren P.R., Browers J.F.H.M., van Golde L.M.G., Barnevld A. Effect of exercise on the proteoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage in growing foals. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 1999, 31:62-66.
43. van Weeren P.R., Firth E.C., Brommer H., Rogers C.W., DeGroot J., Brama P.A.J. Early exercise advances the maturation of articular cartilage extracellular matrix in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 2008, 40:128-133.
44. Verheyen K.L.P., Wood J.L.N. Descriptive epidemiology of fractures occurring in british thoroughbred racehorses in training. Equine Veterinary Journal 2004, 36:167-173.
45. Welch J.M., Weaver C.M., Turner C.H. Adaptations to free-fall impact are different in the shafts and bone ends of rat forelimbs. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004, 97:1859-1865.