Poverty and single parenting: Relations with preschoolers' cortisol and effortful control

Infant and Child Development

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 537-554

  Zalewski, Maureen ^a   Lengua, Liliana J ^a   Fisher, Philip A ^b   Trancik, Anika ^c   Bush, Nicole R ^d   Meltzoff, Andrew N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b OREGON SOCIAL LEARNING CENTER   (United States)

^c Florida Center for Early Childhood   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Effortful control; Parenting; Poverty; Single parent status

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865861748     PISSN: 15227227     EISSN: 15227219     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/icd.1759     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ackerman, B. P., Brown, E. D., & Izard, C. E. (2004). The relations between contextual risk, earned income and the school adjustment of children from economically disadvantaged families. Developmental Psychology, 40, 204-216. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.204.
2. Alink, L. R. A., vanIjzendoorn, M. H., Bakersmans-Kranenburg, M. J., Mesman, J., Juffer, F., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta-analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 427-450. Doi: 10.1002/dev.203000
3. Ashman, S. B., Dawson, G., Panagiotides, H., Yamada, E., & Wilkinson, C. W. (2002). Stress hormone levels of children of depressed mothers. Developmental Psychopathology, 14, 333-349. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579402002080.
4. Badanes, L. S., Watamura, S. E., & Hankin, B. L. (2011). Hypocortisolism as a potential marker of allostatic load in children: Associations with family risk and internalizing disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 881-896.
5. Blair, C. (2010). Stress and the development of self-regulation in context. Child Development Perspectives, 4(3), 181-188.
6. Blair, C., Granger, D., & Razza, R. P. (2005). Cortisol reactivity is positively related to executive function in preschool children attending Head Start. Child Development, 76, 554-567.
7. Blair, C., Raver, C. C., Granger, D., Mills-Koonce, R., Hibel, L., & The family life project key investigators. (2011). Allostatis and allostatic load in the context of poverty in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 845-857. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000344
8. Bornstein, M. H., & Bradley, R. H. (2003). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271-301. DOI: 10.10170S0954579405050145.
10. Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children, 7(2), 55-71. DOI: 10.2307/1602387.
11. Bruce J., Fisher P. A., Pears K. C., & Levine, S. (2009). Morning cortisol levels in preschool-aged foster children: Differential effects of maltreatment type. Developmental Psychobiology, 51(1), 14-23. DOI: 10.1002/dev.20333.
12. Bugental, D. B., Martorell, G. A., & Barraza, V. (2003). The hormonal costs of subtle forms of infant maltreatment. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 237-244. DOI: 10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00008-9.
13. Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001) Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Development, 72(4), 1032-1053. DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00333.
14. Casey, B. J., Trainor, R. J., Orendi, J. L., Schubert, A. B., Nystrom, L. E., Giedd, J. N., et al. (1997). A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance on a go-no-go task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 835-847.
15. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001). The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology upon neuroendocrine functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 783-804.
16. Cowen, P. A., & Cowen, C. P. (1992). Parenting style ratings: School children and their families project. Berkeley: University of California.
17. Davis, E. P., Bruce, J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2002). The anterior attention network: Associations with temperament and neuroendocrine activity in 6-year-old children. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 43-56. DOI: 10.1002/dev.10012.
18. DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., Smith, J. C. (2010). Income, poverty and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2009. Current population reports, U.S. Census Bureau, P60-238. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
19. Diamond, A., & Taylor, C. (1996). Development of an aspect of executive control: Development of the abilities to remember what I said and to "Do as I say, not as I do". Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 315-334. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199605)29:4<315::AID-DEV2>3.0.CO;2-T.
20. Donzella, B., Gunnar, M. R., Krueger, W. K., & Alwin, J. (2000). Cortisol and vagal tone responses to competitive challenge in preschoolers: Associations with temperament. Developmental Psychobiology, 37, 209-220. DOI: 10.1002/1098-2302(2000)37:4<209::AID-DEV1>3.0.CO;2-S.
21. Dougherty, L. R., Klein, D. N., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M., & Rose, S. (2009). Increased waking salivary cortisol and depression risk in preschoolers: The role of maternal history of melancholic depression and early child temperament. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1495-1503. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02116.x.
22. Dufar, M. J., Howell, N. C., Downey, D. B., Ainsworth, J. W., & Laprapy, A. J. (2010). Sex differences in parenting behaviors in single-mother and single-father households. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1092-1106. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00752.x.
23. Duncan, G. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1994). Economic deprivation and early-childhood development. Child Development, 65, 296-318.
24. Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1981). Peabody picture vocabulary test-revised (2nd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
25. Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Chen, H., & Berenson, K. (2007). Developmental transitions in youth behavioral opposition and maternal beliefs in social ecological context. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 577-588. DOI: 10.1007/s10826-006-9108-z.
26. Eisenberg, N., Gershoff, E. T., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. J., Losoya, S. H., et al. (2001). Mother's emotional expressivity and children's behavior problems and social competence: Mediation through children's regulation. Developmental Psychology, 37, 475-490.
27. Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., Shepard, S. A., et al. (2003). The relations of effortful control and ego control to children's resiliency and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39, 761-776.
28. Evans, G. W., & English, K. (2002). The environment of poverty: Multiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73, 1238-1248.
29. Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. (2007). Childhood poverty and health: Cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation. Psychological Science, 18, 953-957. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02008.x.
30. Fernald, L. C., Burke, H. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2008). Salivary cortisol levels in children of low-income women with high depressive symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 423-436. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579408000205.
31. Fisher, D. B., Serbin, L. A., Stack, D. M., Ruttle, P. L., Ledingham, J. E., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2007). Intergenerational predictors of diurnal cortisol secretion in early childhood. Infant and Child Development, 16, 151-170. Doi: 10.1002/icd.474.
32. Fisher, P. A., & Stoolmiller, M. (2008). Intervention effects on foster parent stress: Associations with child cortisol levels. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 1003-1021. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579408000473.
33. Fisher, P. A., Van Ryzin, M. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2011). Mitigating HPA axis dysregulation associated with placement changes in foster care. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(4), 531-539. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.007.
34. Francis, D. D., Caldji, C., Champagne, F., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1999). The role of corticotropin-releasing factor-norepinephrine systems in mediating the effects of early experience on the development of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1153-1166.
35. Gardner, F., Connell, A., Tretacosta, C. J., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2009). Moderators of outcome in a brief family-centered intervention for preventing early problem behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 543-553. DOI: 10.1037/a0015622.
36. Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 3.5-7years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition, 53, 129-153. DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-X.
37. Gilman, S. E., Kawachi, I., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Buka, L. (2003). Socio-economic status, family disruption and residential stability in childhood: Relation to onset, recurrence and remission of major depression. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1341-1355. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291703008377.
38. Granger, D. A., Kivlighan, K. T., Fortunato, C., Harmon, A. G., Hibel, L. C., Schwartz, E. B., et al. (2007). Integration of salivary biomarkers into developmental and behaviorally-oriented research: Problems and solutions for collecting specimens. Physiology & Behavior, 92, 583-590. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.004
39. Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145-173. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605.
40. Gunnar, M. R. (1994). Psychoendocrine studies of temperament and stress in early childhood: Expanding current models. In J. E. Bates, & T. D. Wachs (Eds.). Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior (pp. 175-198). Washington, DC: APA. DOI: 10.1037/10149-006.
41. Gunnar, M., & Vazquez, D. M. (2001). Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development. Developmental Psychopathology, 13, 515-538. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579401003066.
42. Hane, A. A., Henderson, H. A., Reeb-Sutherland, B. C., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Ordinary variations in human caregiving in infancy and biobehavioral development in early childhood: A follow-up study. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, 558-567.
43. Harmon, A. G., Hibel, L., Rumyantseva, O., & Granger, D. A. (2007). Measuring salivary cortisol in studies of child development: Watch out-what goes in may not come out of saliva collection devices. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 495-500.
44. Hertsgaard, L., Gunnar M., Erickson, M. F., & Nachmias, M. (1995). Adrenocortical responses to the strange situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships. Child Development, 66, 1100-1106. DOI: 10.2307/1131801.
45. Jackson, A. P., Preston, K. S. J., & Franke, T. M. (2010). Single parenting and child behavior problems in kindergarten. Race and Social Problems, 2(1), 50-58. DOI: 10.1007/s12552-010-9026-y.
46. Kerig, P. K., & Lindahl, K. M. (2001) Family observational coding systems: Resources for systemic research. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
47. Krikorian, R., & Bartok, J. (1998). Developmental data for the Porteus Maze Test. Child Neuropsychologist, 12, 305-310. DOI: 10.1076/clin.12.3.305.1984.
48. King, S. L., & Hegadoren, K. M. (2002). Stress hormones: How do they measure up? Biological Research for Nursing, 4(2), 92-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2006.02.001.
49. Kochanska, G., Murray, K., Jacques, T. Y., Koenig, A. L., & Vandegeest, K. A. (1996). Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization. Child Development, 67, 490-507. DOI: 10.2307/1131828.
50. Lemery-Chaifant, K., Doelger, L., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2010). Genetic relations between effortful and attentional control and symptoms of psychopathology in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 17(4), 365-385. DOI: 10.1002/icd.581.
51. Lengua, L. J. (2003). Associations among emotionality, self-regulation, adjustment problems and positive adjustment in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 595-618. DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2003.08.002.
52. Lengua, L. J. (2012). Poverty, the development of effortful control, and children's academic, social and emotional adjustment. In V. Maholmes & R. King (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of poverty and child development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
53. Lengua, L. J., Bush, N., Long, A. C., Trancik, A. M., & Kovacs, E. A. (2008). Effortful control as a moderator of the relation between contextual risk and growth in adjustment problems. Development & Psychopathology, 20, 509-528. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579408000254.
54. Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2011). Changes in neighborhood poverty from 1990 to 2000 and youth's problem behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1680-1698. DOI: 10.1037/a0025314.
55. Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2000). System for coding interactions and family functioning (SCIFF): A coding system for family problem discussions.
56. Linver, M. R., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Kohen, D. E. (2002). Family processes as pathways from income to young children's development. Developmental Psychology, 38, 719-734. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.719.
57. Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meany, M. J., & Bruce, M. S. (2000). Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state. Biological Psychiatry, 48(10), 976-980.
58. Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwan, B. S. (2001). Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 653-676. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579401003133.
59. Lupien, S. J., Gillin, C. J., & Hauger, R. L. (1999). Working memory is more sensitive than declarative memory to the acute effects of corticosteroids: A dose-response study in humans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 113, 420-430. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.113.3.420.
60. MacKenzie, E. P., Fite, P. J., & Bates, J. E. (2004). Predicting outcome in behavioral parent training: Expected and unexpected results. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 26, 37-53. DOI: 10.1300/J019v26n02_03.
61. McEwen, B. S. (1998). Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center: Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171-179. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199801153380307.
62. Middlemiss, W. (2003). Brief report: Poverty, stress, and support: Patterns of parenting behavior among lower income black and lower income white mothers. Infant and Child Development, 12, 293-300. DOI: 10.1002/icd.307
63. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133 (1), 25-45. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25.
64. Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 427-441. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579400003096.
65. Rothbart, M. K., & Rueda, M. R. (2005). The development of effortful control. In U. Mayr, E. Awh, & S. Keele (Eds.), Developing individuality in the human brain: A tribute to Michael I. Posner (pp. 167-188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
66. Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., & Posner, M. I. (2007). Executive attention and effortful control: Linking temperament, brain networks and genes. Child Development Perspectives, 1(1), 2-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00002.x.
67. Scaramella, L. V., Neppl, T. K., Ontai, L. L., & Conger, R. D. (2008). Consequences of socioeconomic risk across three generations: Parenting behavior and child externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 725-733.
68. Spangler, G., & Grossman, K. E. (1993). Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Development, 64, 1439-1450. DOI: 10.2307/1131544.
69. Schwartz, E. B., Granger, D. A., Susman, E. J., Gunnar, M. R., & Laird, B. (1998). Assessing salivary cortisol studies of child development. Child Development, 69, 1503-1513.
70. Turner-Cobb, J. M., Rixon, L., Jessop, D. S. (2008). A prospective study of diurnal cortisol responses to the social experience of school transition in four-year-old children: Anticipation, exposure, adaptation. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 377-389. DOI: 10.1002/dev.20298.