Flaxseed does not enhance the estrogenic effect of low-dose estrogen therapy on markers of uterine health in ovariectomized rats

Journal of Medicinal Food

Volumn 15, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 846-850

  Sacco, Sandra M ^a   Jiang, Jessica M Y ^a   Thompson, Lilian U ^a   Ward, Wendy E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b BROCK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

cell proliferation; flaxseed; low dose estrogen therapy; morphology; uterus

Indexed keywords

ESTRADIOL;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; HISTOLOGY; LINSEED; LOW DRUG DOSE; NONHUMAN; OVARIECTOMY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UTERUS WEIGHT;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SHAPE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EPITHELIAL CELLS; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; FLAX; FOOD-DRUG INTERACTIONS; HYPERPLASIA; MENOPAUSE; OVARIECTOMY; PHYTOESTROGENS; POWDERS; PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; RANDOM ALLOCATION; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SEEDS; UTERUS;

RATTUS;

EID: 84865689967     PISSN: 1096620X     EISSN: 15577600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0314     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al.: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333. (Pubitemid 34761611)
2. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al.: Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701-1712. (Pubitemid 38489892)
3. Grady D, Gebretsadik T, Kerlikowske K, Ernster V, Petitti D: Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:304-313.
4. Richman S, Edusa V, Fadiel A, Naftolin F: Low-dose estrogen therapy for prevention of osteoporosis: working our way back to monotherapy. Menopause 2006;13:148-155.
5. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, et al.: Effects of ultralowdose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:443-451. (Pubitemid 40458828)
6. Ettinger B: Rationale for use of lower estrogen doses for postmenopausal hormone therapy. Maturitas 2007;57:81-84. (Pubitemid 46602903)
7. Samsioe G, Dvorak V, Genazzani AR, et al.: One-year endometrial safety evaluation of a continuous combined transdermal matrix patch delivering low-dose estradiol-norethisterone acetate in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2007;57:171-181. (Pubitemid 46771030)
8. Garcia-Perez MA, Moreno-Mercer J, Tarin JJ, Cano A: Similar efficacy of low and standard doses of transdermal estradiol in controlling bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006;22:179-184.
9. Stevenson JC: Type and route of estrogen administration. Climacteric 2009;12(Suppl 1):86-90.
10. Stevenson JC, Oladipo A, Manassiev N, Whitehead MI, Guilford S, Proudler AJ: Randomized trial of effect of transdermal continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk markers. Br J Haematol 2004;124:802-808. (Pubitemid 38365786)
11. Grady D: Clinical practice. Management of menopausal symptoms. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2338-2347. (Pubitemid 44837782)
12. Mahady GB, Parrot J, Lee C, Yun GS, Dan A: Botanical dietary supplement use in peri- and postmenopausal women. Menopause 2003;10:65-72. (Pubitemid 36706324)
13. Singh SR, Levine MA: Natural health product use in Canada: analysis of the National Population Health Survey. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;13:e240-e250. (Pubitemid 44406021)
14. Sacco SM, Jiang JM, Reza-Lo'pez S, Ma DW, Thompson LU, Ward WE: Flaxseed does not antagonize the effect of ultra-lowdose estrogen therapy on bone mineral density and biomechanical bone strength in ovariectomized rats. J Environ Health Toxicol A 2009;72:1209-1216.
15. Sacco SM, Jiang JM, Reza-Lopez S, Ma DW, Thompson LU, Ward WE: Flaxseed combined with low-dose estrogen therapy preserves bone tissue in ovariectomized rats. Menopause 2009; 16:545-554.
16. Chen J, Saggar JK, Corey P, Thompson LU: Flaxseed and pure secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, but not flaxseed hull, reduce human breast tumor growth (MCF-7) in athymic mice. J Nutr 2009;139:2061-2066.
17. Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Kreiger N, Mills CA, Thompson LU: Dietary phytoestrogen intake - lignans and isoflavones - and breast cancer risk (Canada). Cancer Causes Control 2008;19: 259-272.
18. Thompson LU, Chen JM, Li T, Strasser-Weippl K, Goss PE: Dietary flaxseed alters tumor biological markers in postmenopausal breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:3828-3835. (Pubitemid 40685603)
19. Thompson LU, Robb P, Serraino M, Cheung F: Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutr Cancer 1991;16: 43-52.
20. Wang LQ, Meselhy MR, Li Y, Qin GW, Hattori M: Human intestinal bacteria capable of transforming secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to mammalian lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2000;48:1606-1610.
21. Axelson M, Sjovall J, Gustafsson BE, Setchell KD: Origin of lignans in mammals and identification of a precursor from plants. Nature 1982;298:659-660. (Pubitemid 12099722)
22. Borriello SP, Setchell KD, Axelson M, Lawson AM: Production and metabolism of lignans by the human faecal flora. J Appl Bacteriol 1985;58:37-43. (Pubitemid 15136128)
23. Penttinen P, Jaehrling J, Damdimopoulos AE, et al.: Diet-derived polyphenol metabolite enterolactone is a tissue-specific estrogen receptor activator. Endocrinology 2007;148:4875-4886. (Pubitemid 47481543)
24. Saarinen NM, Huovinen R, Warri A, et al.: Enterolactone inhibits the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas in the rat. Mol Cancer Ther 2002;1:869- 876.
25. Bergman Jungestrom M, Thompson LU, Dabrosin C: Flaxseed and its lignans inhibit estradiol-induced growth, angiogenesis, and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:1061- 1067. (Pubitemid 46340386)
26. Penttinen-Damdimopoulou PE, Power KA, Hurmerinta TT, Nurmi T, van der Saag PT, Makela SI: Dietary sources of lignans and isoflavones modulate responses to estradiol in estrogen reporter mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009;53:996-1006.
27. Simbalista RL, Sauerbronn AV, Aldrighi JM, Areas JA: Consumption of a flaxseed-rich food is not more effective than a placebo in alleviating the climacteric symptoms of postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2010;140:293-297.
28. Power KA, Ward WE, Chen JM, Saarinen NM, Thompson LU: Flaxseed and soy protein isolate, alone and in combination, differ in their effect on bone mass, biomechanical strength, and uterus in ovariectomized nude mice with MCF-7 human breast tumor xenografts. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2007;70:1888- 1896. (Pubitemid 350034912)
29. Chen J, Hui E, Ip T, Thompson LU: Dietary flaxseed enhances the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on the growth of estrogendependent human breast cancer (mcf-7) in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:7703-7711. (Pubitemid 39557535)
30. Canadian Council on Animal Care: Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, Vol. 1. Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa, Canada, 1993.
31. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC Jr: AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A Rodent Diet. J Nutr 1993;123:1939-1951. (Pubitemid 23342492)
32. North American Menopause Society: Hormone products for postmenopausal use in the United States and Canada. 2010. www.menopause.org/htcharts.pdf (accessed April 16, 2011).
33. Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, Pickar JH: Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002;287:2668-2676. (Pubitemid 34533545)
34. Simionescu C, Georgescu CV, Margaritescu C, et al.: P53 and PCNA immunoexpression in endometrial carcinomas. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2006;47:137-141.