Why was it Europeans who conquered the world?

Journal of Economic History

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 601-633

  Hoffman, Philip T ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIALISM; COMPETITION (ECONOMICS); HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; MILITARY INTERVENTION; POLITICAL HISTORY; TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; TRADE; WEAPON;

EUROPE;

EID: 84865642028     PISSN: 00220507     EISSN: 14716372     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022050712000319     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Agoston, G. Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
2. Alam, M., and S. Subrahmanyam. "L'état moghol et sa fiscalité (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles)." Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 49 (1994): 189-217.
3. Alavi, S. The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770-1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
4. Alder, K. Engineering the Revolution: Arms and Enlightenment in France, 1763-1815. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
5. Anisimov, E. V. The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress through Coercion in Russia. London: M. E. Sharpe, 1993.
6. Atwell, W. "The T'ai-ch'ang, T'ien-ch'i, and Ch'ung-chen Reigns, 1620-1644." In The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, edited by J. K. Fairbank and D. C. Twitchett, 585-640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
7. Barfield, T. J. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.
8. Barua, P. "Military Developments in India, 1750-1850." Journal of Military History 58, no. 4 (1994): 599-616.
9. Bell, D. A. The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare As We Know It. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
10. Berry, M. E. Hideyoshi. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
11. -. "Public Peace and Private Attachment: The Goals and Conduct of Power in Early Modern Japan." Journal of Japanese Studies 12, no. 2 (1986): 237-71.
12. -. "Presidential Address: Samurai Trouble: Thoughts on War and Loyalty." The Journal of Asian Studies 64, no. 4 (2005): 831-47.
13. Black, J. War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
14. Bonaparte, N.-L., and I. Favé. Etudes sur le pass?et l'avenir de l'artillerie. Paris: J. Dumaine, 1846-1872.
15. Boudriot, J., and H. Berti. Les vaisseaux de 50 et 64 canons: Etude historique 1650-1780. Paris: ANCRE, 1994.
16. Brandt, L., D. Ma, and T. G. Rawski. "From Divergence to Convergence: Reevaluating the History Behind China's Economic Boom." Working Paper, Economic History Department, London School of Economics, 2011.
17. Brito, D. L., and M. D. Intriligator. "Conflict, War, and Redistribution." The American Political Science Review 79, no. 4 (1985): 943-57.
18. Brown, P. C. Central Authority and Local Autonomy in the Formation of Early Modern Japan. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1993.
19. Brzoska, M. "World Military Expenditures." In Handbook of Defense Economics, edited by K. Hartley and T. Sandler, 45-67. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.
20. Chase, K. W. Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press 2003.
21. Cipolla, C. M. Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400-1700. New York: Pantheon Books, 1965.
22. Clark, G. A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
23. Clodfelter, M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Guide to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002.
24. Cooper, R. G. S. The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
25. Corvisier, A. et al. Histoire militaire de la France. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997.
26. Dincecco, M. "Fiscal Centralization, Limited Government, and Public Revenues in Europe, 1650-1913." The Journal of Economic History 69, no. 1 (2009): 48-103.
27. Esper, T. "Military Self-Sufficiency and Weapons Technology in Muscovite Russia." Slavic Review 28, no. 2 (1969): 185-208.
28. Fearon, J. D. "Rationalist Explanations for War." International Organization 49, no. 3 (1995): 379-414.
29. Finer, S. E. The History of Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
30. Fletcher, E., and M. Iyigun. "The Clash of Civilizations: A Cliometric Investigation." Working Paper, Institute for the Study of Labor, University of Colorado, 2010.
31. Franke, H. "Siege and Defense of Towns in Medieval China." In Chinese Ways in Warfare, edited by F. A. Kiernan and J. K. Fairbank, 151-201. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.
32. Fullerton, R. L., and R. P. McAfee. "Auctioning Entry into Tournaments." The Journal of Political Economy 107, no. 3 (1999): 573-605.
33. Garfinkel, M. R., and S. Skaperdas. "Economics of Conflict: An Overview." In Handbook of Defense Economics, Volume 2, edited by T. Sandler and K. Hartley, 649-709. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007.
34. Glete, J. Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies, and State Building in Europe and America, 1500-1800. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1993.
35. Gommans, J. Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700. London: Taylor and Francis, 2003.
36. Gommans, J., and D. H. A. Kolff, eds. Warfare and Weaponry in South Asia, 1000-1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
37. Goodman, D. C. Power and Plenty: Government, Technology, and Science in Philip II's Spain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988.
38. Guilmartin, J. F. Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
39. -. "'The Guns of the Santissimo Sacramento'." Technology & Culture 24, no. 4 (1983): 559-601.
40. -. "Ideology and Conflict: The Wars of the Ottoman Empire, 1453-1606." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (1988): 721-47.
41. -. Galleons and Galleys. London: Cassell 2002.
42. Hale, J. R. War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450-1620. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
43. Hall, B. S. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1997.
44. Harding, R. Amphibious Warfare in the Eighteenth Century: The British Expedition to the West Indies, 1740-1742. Woodbridge, UK: The Royal Historical Society, 1991.
45. Headrick, D. R. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
46. -. Power over Peoples: Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the Present. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
47. Hellie, R. Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
48. Hoffman, P. T. Growth in a Traditional Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.
49. -. "The Politics and Economics of Europe's Comparative Advantage in Violence." Global Price and Income History Working Paper No. 13, December 2008.
50. -. "Prices, the Military Revolution, and Western Europe's Comparative Advantage in Violence." Economic History Review 64, S1 (2011): 39-59.
51. -. "Why Was It Europeans Who Conquered the World?" California Institute of Technology, Social Science Working Paper 1344, March 2012.
52. Hoffman, P. T., and Kathryn Norberg, eds. Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government 1450-1789. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1994.
53. Hoffman, P. T., and J.-L. Rosenthal. "The Political Economy of Warfare and Taxation in Early Modern Europe: Historical Lessons for Economic Development." In The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics, edited by J. N. Drobak and J. V. C. N. Nye, 31-55. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1997.
54. Huang, R. "Military Expenditures in Sixteenth-Century China." Oriens Extremus 17 (1970): 39-62.
55. -. "The Ming Fiscal Administration." The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, edited by J. K. Fairbank and D. C. Twitchett, 106-71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
56. Jackson, M. O., and M. Morelli. "Political Bias and War." American Economic Review 97, no. 4 (2007): 1353-73.
57. -. "Strategic Militarization, Deterrence, and Wars." Quarterly Journal of Political Science 4, no. 4 (2009): 279-313.
58. -. "The Reasons for Wars: An Updated Survey." In Handbook on the Political Economy of War, edited by C. Coyne and R. Mathers, Part 3. New York: Elgar, 2011.
59. Josson, H. and L. Willaert eds. Correspondance de Ferdinand Verbiest de la compagnie de J?us (1623-1688) Directeur de l'obervatoire de P?in. Brussels: Palais des académies 1938.
60. Kennedy, P. M. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House, 1987.
61. Kolff, D. H. A. Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
62. Kotilaine, J. T. "In Defense of the Realm: Russian Arms Trade and Production in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Century." The Military and Society in Russia: 1450-1917, edited by Eric Lohr and Marshall Poe, 94-95. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
63. Kung, James. Personal communication of data on frequency of Chinese wars involving nomads, December 9, 2010.
64. La Noue F. d. Discours politiques et militaires du seigneur de la Noue. Basel: L'imprimerie de F. Forest 1587. Lavery, B. The Ship of the Line. London: Naval Institute Press 1983-1984.
65. Levy, J. S. War in the Modern Great Power System, 1945-1975. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983.
66. Li, B. "The Late Ming Military Reform under the Shadow of Financial Crisis." Utrecht, World Economic History Conference, 2009.
67. Liu, G. W. "The Nexus of Power: Warfare, Market, and State Formation in Late Imperial China, 1000-1600." Utrecht, World Economic History Conference, 2009.
68. Lorge, P. War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China: 900-1795. London: Routledge, 2005.
69. Lucas, R. E. "Making a Miracle." Econometrica 61, no. 2 (1993): 251-72.
70. Lynn, J. A. Giant of the Grand Si?le: The French Army, 1610-1715. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
71. -. "International Rivalry and Warfare." In The Eighteenth Century, edited by T. C. W. Blanning, 178-217. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
72. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Tr. James B. Atkinson. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1977.
73. Mallett, M. E. Mercenaries and Their, Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Totowa NJ: Rowman and Littlefield 1974.
74. Martin, C., and G. Parker. The Spanish Armada. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.
75. Mathias, P., and P. O'Brien. "Taxation in Britain and France, 1715-1810: A Comparison of the Social and Economic Incidence of Taxes Collected for the Central Government." Journal of European Economic History 5 (1976): 601-50.
76. Mattingly, G. "International Diplomacy and International Law." The New Cambridge Modern History, edited by R. B. Wernham, 149-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
77. McBride, M., and S. Skaperdas. "Explaining Conflict in Low-Income Countries: Incomplete Contracting in the Shadow of the Future. In Institutions and Norms in Economic Development, edited by M. Gradstein and K. A. Konrad, 141-61. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2007.
78. McNeill, W. H. Europe's Steppe Frontier. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
79. Minost, L. "Jean II Maritz (1711-1790): La fabrication des canons au XVIIIe siècle." Cahiers d'Etudes et de Recherches du Mus? de l'Arm? hors-série numéro 2 (2005): 1-287.
80. Mokyr, J. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
81. Murphey, R. "The Ottoman Attitude Towards the Adoption of Western Technology: The Role of Efrenci Technicians in Civil and Military Applications." In Contributions à l'histoire ?onomique et sociale de l'Empire ottoman, edited by J. L. Bacqué-Gramont and P. Dumont, 287-98. Louvain, Belgique: Peeters Publishers, 1983.
82. Myers, R. H., and Y.-C. Wang. "Economic Developments, 1644-1800." In The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9, edited by J. K. Fairbank and D. C. Twitchett, 563-646. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
83. Needham, J. Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.
84. Pamuk, S., and K. Karaman. "Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500-1914." The Journal of Economic History 70, no. 3 (2010): 593-627.
85. Parker, G. The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
86. Parrot, D. Richelieu's Army: War, Government, and Society in France, 1624-1642. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
87. Parry, V. J., and M. E. Yapp, eds. War, Technology, and Society in the Middle East. London: Oxford University Press, 1975.
88. Parthasarathi, P. Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
89. Paul, M. C. "The Military Revolution in Russia, 1550-1682." Journal of Military History 68, no. 1 (2004): 9-45.
90. Perdue, P. C. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2005.
91. Pettegree, A. "Elizabethan Foreign Policy." The Historical Journal 31, no. 4 (1988): 965-72.
92. Pintner, W. M. "The Burden of Defense in Imperial Russia, 1725-1914." Russian Review 43, no. 3 (1984): 231-59.
93. Powell, R. "Guns, Butter, and Anarchy." The American Political Science Review 87, no. 1 (1993): 115-32.
94. Pryor, J. R. Geography, Technology, War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
95. Reischauer, E. O., J. K. Fairbank, and A. M. Craig. A History of East Asian Civilization. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960.
96. Rodger, N. A. M. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.
97. Rossabi, M. "The Ming and Inner Asia." In The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, edited by D. C. Twitchett and F. W. Mote, 221-71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
98. Roy, K. "The Hybrid Military Establishment of the East India company in South Asia: 1750-1849." Journal of Global History 6, no. 2 (2011):195-218.
99. Roy, T. "Rethinking the Origins of British India: State Formation and Military-Fiscal Undertakings in an Eighteenth-Century World Region." Beijing, Centre for China in the World Economy, Tsinghua University, 2010.
100. Schroeder, P. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
101. Smith, T. C. "The Land Tax in the Tokugawa Period." The Journal of Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (1958): 3-19.
102. Sng, T.-H. "Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 1700-1850." Unpublished Manuscript, Princeton University, Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance, 2011.
103. Sonnino, P ed. Louis XIV King of France and of Navarre: M?oires for the Instruction of the Dauphin. New York, Free Press 1970.
104. Spence, J. D. To Change China: Western Advisers in China, 1620-1960. Boston: Little Brown, 1969.
105. Stearns, P. N., ed. The Encyclopedia of World History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
106. Stein, B. "State Formation and Economy Reconsidered." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (1984): 387-413.
107. Subrahmanyam, S. "The Kagemusha Effect: The Portuguese Firearms and the State in Early Modern South India." Moyen Orient et Oc?n Indien, XVIe-XIXe si?les 4 (1987): 97-123.
108. Tilly, C. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990.
109. Totman, C. "Review of Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543-1879. By Noel Perrin." The Journal of Asian Studies 39, no. 3 (May 1980): 599-601.
110. Väth, A. Johann Adam Schall von Bell S. J Missionar in China, kaiserlicher Astronom und Ratgeber am Hofe von Peking 1592-1666. Nettetal: Steyler Verlag 1991.
111. Waley-Cohen, J. "China and Western Technology in the Late Eighteenth Century." The American Historical Review 98, no. 5 (1993): 1525-44.
112. Washbrook, David. "Progress and Problems: South Asian Economic and Social History, c. 1720-1860." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 1 (1988): 57-96.
113. Williams, R. The Works of Sir Roger Williams. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
114. Wright, Q. A Study of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942.
115. Wrigley, E. A., and R. S. Schofield. The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.