Obliquity forcing of organic matter accumulation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2

Paleoceanography

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Meyers, Stephen R ^a   Sageman, Bradley B ^b   Arthur, Michael A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANOXIC CONDITIONS; CARBON CYCLE; CENOMANIAN; CLIMATE CONDITIONS; CLIMATE EFFECT; DEEP SEA; EUSTACY; INTERMEDIATE WATER; INVERSE ANALYSIS; LATITUDE; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; OBLIQUITY; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; ORGANIC MATTER; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOPRODUCTIVITY; RADIONUCLIDE; RECONSTRUCTION; SEDIMENTATION; TRANSECT; TURONIAN;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); DEMERARA RISE;

EID: 84865425891     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012PA002286     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adams, D. D., M. T. Hurtgen, and B. B. Sageman (2010), Volcanic trigger-ing of a biogeochemical cascade during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Nat Geosci., 3, 201-204, doi:10.1038/ngeo743.
2. Ando, A., B. Huber, K. MacLeod, T. Ohta, and B.-K. Khim (2009), Blake Nose stable isotopic evidence against the mid-Cenomanian glaciation hypothesis, Geology, 37, 451-454, doi:10.1130/G25580A.1.
3. Arthur, M. A., and B. B. Sageman (2005), Sea level control on source rock development: Perspectives from the Holocene Black Sea, the mid-Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America, and the Late Devonian Appalachian Basin, in The Deposition ofOrganic Carbon-Rich Sediments: Models, Mechanisms and Consequences, edited by N. B. Harris, Spec. Publ. SEPMSoc. Sediment. Geol., 82, 35-59.
4. Arthur, M. A., S. O. Schlanger, and H. C. Jenkyns (1987), The Cenoma-nian-Turonian ocean anoxic event, II. Palaeoceanographic controls on organic-matter production and preservation, in Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, edited by J. Brooks and A. Fleet, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 26, 401-420.
5. Barclay, R. S., J. C. McElwain, and B. B. Sageman (2010), Carbon seques-tration activated by a volcanic CO2 pulse during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Nat Geosci., 3, 205-208, doi:10.1038/ngeo757.
6. Berger, A., M. F. Loutre, and J. Laskar (1992), Stability of the astronomical frequencies over the Earth's history for paleoclimate studies, Science, 255, 560-566, doi:10.1126/science.255.5044.560.
7. Bice, K. L., D. Birgel, P. A. Meyers, K. A. Dahl, K.-U. Hinrichs, and R. D. Norris (2006), A multiple proxy and model study of Cretaceous upper ocean temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Paleoceano-graphy, 21, PA2002, doi:10.1029/2005PA001203. (Pubitemid 44794615)
8. Bornemann, A., R. D. Norris, O. Friedrich, B. Beckmann, S. Schouten, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, J. Vogel, P. Hoffmann, and T. Wagner (2008), Isotopic evidence for glaciation during the Cretaceous supergreenhouse, Science, 319, 189-192, doi:10.1126/science.1148777.
9. Clarke, L. J., and H. C. Jenkyns (1999), New oxygen isotope evidence for long-term Cretaceous climatic change in the Southern Hemisphere, Geology, 27, 699-702, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0699:NOIEFL>2.3. CO;2. (Pubitemid 30005575)
10. Einsele, G., and J. Wiedmann (1982), Turonian black shales in the Moroc-can coastal basins: First upwelling in the Atlantic Ocean?, in Geology of the Northwest African Continental Margin, edited by U. von Rad et al., pp. 396-414, Springer, Berlin, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68409-8-16.
11. Erbacher, J., O. Friedrich, P. A. Wilson, H. Birch, and J. Mutterlose (2005), Stable organic carbon isotope stratigraphy across Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 ofDemerara Rise,westerntropicalAtlantic, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q06010, doi:10.1029/2004GC000850.
12. Fisher, C. G., and M. A. Arthur (2002), Water mass characteristics in the Cenomanian US Western Interior seaway as indicated by stable isotopes of calcareousorganisms, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 188, 189-213, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00552-7. (Pubitemid 35409506)
13. Forster, A., S. Schouten, K. Moriya, P. A. Wilson, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2007a), Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: Sea surface temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 22, PA1219, doi:10.1029/ 2006PA001349. (Pubitemid 46831852)
14. Forster, A., S. Schouten, M. Baas, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2007b), Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Santonian) sea surface temperature record of the trop-icalAtlantic Ocean, Geology, 35, 919-922, doi:10.1130/G23874A.1. (Pubitemid 47617596)
15. Freeman, K. H., and J. M. Hayes (1992), Fractionation of carbon isotopes by phytoplankton and estimates of ancient CO2 levels, Global Biogeo-chem. Cycles, 6, 185-198, doi:10.1029/92GB00190.
16. Friedrich, O., J. Erbacher, K. Moriya, P. Wilson, and H. Kuhnert (2008a), Warm saline intermediate waters in the Cretaceous tropical Atlantic Ocean, Nat Geosci., 1, 453-457, doi:10.1038/ngeo217.
17. Friedrich, O., R. D. Norris, A. Bornemann, B. Beckmann, H. Palike, P. Worstell, P. Hofmann, and T. Wagner (2008b), Cyclic changes in Tur-onian to Coniacian planktic foraminiferal assemblages from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Micropaleontol., 68, 299-313, doi:10.1016/j. marmicro.2008.06.003.
18. Friedrich, O., R. D. Norris, and J. Erbacher (2012), Evolution ofmiddle to Late Cretaceous oceans-A 55 m.y. record of Earth's temperature and carbon cycle, Geology, 40, 107-110, doi:10.1130/G32701.1.
19. Gale, A. S. (1995), Cyclostratigraphy and correlation of the Cenomanian Stage in western Europe, in Orbital Forcing Timescales and Cyclostrati-graphy, edited by M. R. House and A. S. Gale, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 85, 177-197, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.085.01.11.
20. Gale, A., S. Voigt, B. Sageman, and W. J. Kennedy (2008), Eustatic sea-level record for the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous)-Extension to the Western Interior Basin, USA, Geology, 36, 859-862, doi:10.1130/G24838A.1.
21. Haq, B. U., J. Hardenbol, and P. R. Vail (1987), Chronology offluctuating sea levels since the Triassic (250 million years ago to present), Science, 235, 1159-1167.
22. Hardas, P., and J. Mutterlose (2006), Calcareous nannofossil biostratigra-phy of the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval of ODP Leg 207 at the Demerara Rise, Rev. Micropaleontol., 49, 165-179, doi:10.1016/j. revmic.2006.04.005. (Pubitemid 44350036)
23. Hay, W. W. (1999), An alternative global Cretaceous paleogeography, in Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean/Climate System, edited by E. Barrera and C. Johnson, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 332, 1-47.
24. Hay, W. W., D. L. Eicher, and R. Diner (1993), Physical oceanography and water masses in the Western Interior Seaway, in Evolution of the Western Interior Basin, edited by W. G. E. Caldwell and E. G. Kauffman, Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 39, 297-318.
25. Hays, J. D., J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton (1976), Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the ice ages, Science, 194, 1121-1132, doi:10.1126/science.194.4270.1121.
26. Herbert, T. D. (1994), Reading orbital signals distorted by sedimentation: Models and examples, in Orbital Forcing and Cyclic Sequences, edited by P. L. de Boer and D. G. Smith, Spec. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sedimentol., 19, 483-507. (Pubitemid 24427688)
27. Herbin, J. P., E. Masure, and J. Roucache (1987), Cretaceous formations from the lower continental rise offCape Hatteras: Organic geochemistry, dinoflagellate cysts, and the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event at Sites 603(Leg 93) and 105(Leg 11), Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 93, 1139-1162.
28. Hinnov, L. A. (2000), New perspectives on orbitally forced stratigraphy, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 419-475, doi:10.1146/annurev. earth.28.1.419.
29. Hinnov, L. A., and R. K. Goldhammer (1991), Spectral analysis of the Mid-dle Triassic Latemar Limestone, J. Sediment. Petrol., 61, 1173-1193.
30. Huber, B. T., R. D. Norris, and K. G. MacLeod (2002), Deep-sea paleotem-perature record of extreme warmth during the Cretaceous, Geology, 30, 123-126, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0123:DSPROE>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35003304)
31. Jarvis, I., J. S. Lignum, D. R. Grocke, H. C. Jenkyns, and M. A. Pearce (2011), Black shale deposition, atmospheric CO2 drawdown, and cooling during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event, Paleoceano-graphy, 26, PA3201, doi:10.1029/2010PA002081.
32. Jenkyns, H. C., A. Forster, S. Schouten, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2004), High temperatures in the Late Cretaceous Arctic Ocean, Nature, 432, 888-892, doi:10.1038/nature03143. (Pubitemid 40037147)
33. Jiménez Berrocoso, A. J., K. G. MacLeod, S. E. Calvert, and J. Elorza (2008), Bottom water anoxia, inoceramid colonization, and benthopelagic coupling during black shale deposition on Demerara Rise (Late Creta-ceous western tropical North Atlantic), Paleoceanography, 23, PA3212, doi:10.1029/2007PA001545.
34. Jiménez Berrocoso, A. J., K. G. MacLeod, E. E. Martin, E. Bourbon, C. I. Londono, and C. Basak (2010), Nutrient trap for Late Cretaceous organic-rich black shales in the tropical North Atlantic, Geology, 38, 1111-1114, doi:10.1130/G31195.1.
35. Jones, C. E., and H. C. Jenkyns (2001), Seawater strontium isotopes, oce-anic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, Am. J. Sci., 301, 112-149, doi:10.2475/ajs.301.2.112.
36. Kauffman, E. G. (1995), Global change leading to biodiversity crisis in a greenhouse world: The Cenomanian-Turonian (Cretaceous) Mass Extinc-tion, in Effects ofPast Global Change on Life, edited by S. Stanley et al., pp. 47-71, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington D. C.
37. Kent, D. V., G. Muttoni, and P. Brack (2004), Magnetostratigraphic confir-mation of a much faster tempo for sea-level change for the Middle Trias-sic Latemar platform carbonates, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 228, 369-377, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.10.017. (Pubitemid 39660478)
38. Kerr, A. C. (1998), Oceanic plateau formation: A cause ofmass extinction and black shale deposition around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, J. Geol. Soc., 155, 619-626, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.4.0619. (Pubitemid 28472339)
39. Kerr, A. C. (2005), Oceanic LIPs: The kiss of death, Elements, 1, 289-292, doi:10.2113/gselements.1.5.289.
40. Kim, J.-H., S. Schouten, E. C. Hopmans, B. Donner, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2008), Global sediment core-top calibration of the TEX86 palaeothermometer in the ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 1154-1173, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.12.010.
41. Kolonic, S., et al. (2005), Black shale deposition on the northwest African Shelf during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event: Climate coupling and global organic carbon burial, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1006, doi:10.1029/2003PA000950. (Pubitemid 40865280)
42. Kuhnt, W., Herbin, J. P., Thurow, J., and J. Wiedmann (1990), Distribution of Cenomanian-Turonian organic facies in the western Mediterranean and along the adjacent Atlantic margin, in Deposition of Organic Facies, AAPG Stud. Geol., vol. 30, edited by A. Y. Huc, pp. 133-160, Am. Assoc. of Pet. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
43. Kuhnt, W., A. Nederbragt, and L. Leine (1997), Cyclicity ofCenomanian-Turonian organic-carbon-rich sediments in the Tarfaya Atlantic Coastal Basin (Morocco), Cretaceous Res., 18, 587-601, doi:10.1006/cres.1997. 0076.
44. Kuhnt, W., F. Luderer, S. Nederbragt, J. Thurow, and T. Wagner (2005), Orbital-scale record of the late Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE-2) in the Tarfaya Basin (Morocco), Int. J. Earth Sci., 94, 147-159, doi:10.1007/s00531-004-0440-5. (Pubitemid 40289913)
45. Kump, L. R., K. M. Meyer, and A. Ridgwell (2008), Investigating the cause and consequences ofoceanic anoxia, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet-ing. Suppl., Abstract PP33D-05.
46. Kuypers, M. M. M., R. D. Pancost, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (1999), A large and abrupt fall in atmospheric CO2 concentrations during Creta-ceous times, Nature, 399, 342-345, doi:10.1038/20659. (Pubitemid 29318129)
47. Kuypers, M. M. M., L. J. Lourens, W. I. C. Rijpstra, R. D. Pancost, I. A. Nijenhuis, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2004), Orbital forcing oforganic carbon burial in the proto-North Atlantic during oceanic anoxic event 2, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 228, 465-482, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.037. (Pubitemid 39660484)
48. Laskar, J., P. Robutel, F. Joutel, M. Gastineau, A. C. M. Correia, and B. Levrard (2004), A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quanti-ties of the Earth, Astron. Astrophys., 428, 261-285, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041335.
49. Laskar, J., A. Fienga, M. Gastineau, and H. Manche (2011), La:2010: A new orbital solution for the long term motion of the Earth, Astron. Astro-phys., 532, A89, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116836.
50. Liu, Z., M. Pagani, D. Zinniker, R. DeConto, M. Huber, H. Brinkhuis, S. R. Shah, R. M. Leckie, and A. Pearson (2009), Global cooling during the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition, Science, 323, 1187-1190, doi:10.1126/science.1166368.
51. Locklair, R. E., and B. B. Sageman (2008), Cyclostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Western Interior, U.S.A.: A Coniacian-Santonian orbital timescale, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 269, 540-553, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2008.03.021.
52. MacLeod, K. G., E. E. Martin, and S. W. Blair (2008), Nd isotopic excur-sion across Cretaceous ocean anoxic event 2(Cenomanian-Turonian) in the tropical North, Atl. Geol., 36, 811-814.
53. Malinverno, A., E. Erba, and T. Herbert (2010), Orbital tuning as an inverse problem: Chronology of the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a (Selli Level) in the Cismon APTICORE, Paleoceanography, 25, PA2203, doi:10.1029/2009PA001769.
54. Martin, E. E., K. G. MacLeod, A. Jiménez Berrocoso, and E. Bourbon (2012), Water mass circulation on Demerara Rise during the Late Cretaceous, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 327-328, 111-120, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.037.
55. März, C., B. Beckmann, C. Franke, C. Vogt, T. Wagner, and S. Kasten (2009), Geochemical environment of the Coniacian-Santonian western tropical Atlantic at Demerara Rise, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 273, 286-301, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.05.004.
56. Meyer, K. M., and L. R. Kump (2008), Oceanic Euxinia in Earth History: Causes and consequences, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 36, 251-288, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124256. (Pubitemid 351883476)
57. Meyers, S. R. (2008), Resolving Milankovitchian controversies: The Triassic Latemar Limestone and Eocene Green River Formation, Geology, 36, 319-322, doi:10.1130/G24423A.1. (Pubitemid 351753229)
58. Meyers, S. R. (2012), Seeing red in cyclic stratigraphy: Spectral noise estimation for astrochronology, Paleoceanography, doi:10.1029/2012PA002307, in press.
59. Meyers, S. R., and B. B. Sageman (2004), Detection, quantification, and significance of hiatuses in pelagic and hemipelagic strata, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 224, 55-72, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.003. (Pubitemid 38964591)
60. Meyers, S. R., and B. B. Sageman (2007), Quantification of deep-time orbital forcing by average spectral misfit, Am. J. Sci., 307, 773-792, doi:10.2475/05.2007.01. (Pubitemid 47559791)
61. Meyers, S., B. Sageman, and L. Hinnov (2001), Integrated quantitative stratigraphy of the Cenomanian-Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone Member using evolutive harmonic analysis and stratigraphic modeling, J. Sediment. Res., 71, 628-644, doi:10.1306/012401710628.
62. Meyers, S. R., B. B. Sageman, and T. W. Lyons (2005), Organic carbon burial rate and the molybdenum proxy: Theoretical framework and application to Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2, Paleoceanography, 20, PA2002, doi:10.1029/2004PA001068. (Pubitemid 41410753)
63. Meyers, S. R., B. B. Sageman, and M. Pagani (2008), Resolving Milankovitch: Consideration of signal and noise, Am. J. Sci., 308, 770-786, doi:10.2475/06.2008.02.
64. Meyers, S. R., S. E. Siewert, B. S. Singer, B. B. Sageman, D. J. Condon, J. D. Obradovich, B. R. Jicha, and D. A. Sawyer (2012), Intercalibration of radioisotopic and astrochronologic time scales for the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Interval, Western Interior Basin, U.S.A, Geology, 40, 7-10, doi:10.1130/G32261.1.
65. Mitchell, R. N., D. M. Bice, A. Montanari, L. C. Cleaveland, K. T. Christianson, R. Coccioni, and L. A. Hinnov (2008), Oceanic anoxic cycles? Orbital prelude to the Bonarelli Level (OAE 2), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 267, 1-16, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.026.
66. Moriya, K., P. Wilson, O. Friedrich, J. Erbacher, and H. Kawahata (2007), Testing for ice sheets during the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse using glassy foraminiferal calcite from the mid-Cenomanian tropics on Demerara Rise, Geology, 35, 615-618, doi:10.1130/G23589A.1. (Pubitemid 47099246)
67. Mudelsee, M. (2010), Climate Times SeriesAnalysis: Classical Statistical and Bootstrap Methods, 474 pp., Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
68. Muller, R. A., and G. J. MacDonald (2000), Ice Ages and Astronomical Causes, 318 pp., Springer, Chichester, U. K.
69. Nederbragt, A. J., J. Thurow, and R. Pearce (2007), Sediment composition and cyclicity in the Mid-Cretaceous at Demerara Rise, ODP Leg 207, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci. Results, 207, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.207.103.2007.
70. Norris, R. D., D. Kroon, B. T. Huber, and J. Erbacher (2001), Cretaceous-Paleogene ocean and climate change in the subtropical North Atlantic, in Western North Atlantic Palaeogene and Cretaceous Palaeoceanography, edited by D. Kroon, R. D. Norris, and A. Klaus, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 183, 1-22, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.183.01.01. (Pubitemid 32489633)
71. Park, J., and T. Herbert (1987), Hunting for paleoclimatic periodicities in a geologic time series with an uncertain time scale, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,027-14,040, doi:10.1029/JB092iB13p14027.
72. Preto, N., L. A. Hinnov, L. A. Hardie, and V. De Zanche (2001), Middle Triassic orbital signature recorded in the shallow-marine Latemar carbonate buildup (Dolomites, Italy), Geology, 29, 1123-1126, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001) 029<1123:MTOSRI>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 34063419)
73. Prokoph, A., M. Villeneuve, F. P. Agterberg, and V. Rachold (2001), Geochronology and calibration of global Milankovitch cyclicity at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, Geology, 29, 523-526, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001) 029<0523:GACOGM>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35295143)
74. Sageman, B. B., J. Rich, M. A. Arthur, G. E. Birchfield, and W. E. Dean (1997), Evidence For Milankovitch periodicities in Cenomanian-Turonian lithologic and geochemical cycles, Western Interior U.S.A., J. Sediment. Res., 67, 286-301.
75. Sageman, B., J. Rich, C. E. Savrda, T. Bralower, M. A. Arthur, and W. E. Dean (1998), Multiple Milankovitch cycles in the Bridge Creek Limestone (Cenomanian-Turonian), Western Interior basin, in Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A., Concepts Sedimentol. Paleontol., vol. 6, edited by W. E. Dean and M. A. Arthur, pp. 153-171, Soc. for Sediment. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
76. Sageman, B. B., S. R. Meyers, and M. A. Arthur (2006), Orbital time scale and new C-isotope record for Cenomanian-Turonian boundary stratotype, Geology, 34, 125-128, doi:10.1130/G22074.1. (Pubitemid 43210785)
77. Shah, S. R., G. Mollenhauer, N. Ohkouchi, T. I. Eglinton, and A. Pearson (2008), Origins of archaeal tetraether lipids in sediments: Insights from radiocarbon analysis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 4577-4594, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.021.
78. Shen, Y. N., D. E. Canfield, and A. H. Knoll (2002), Middle Proterozoic ocean chemistry: Evidence from the McArthur Basin, northern Australia, Am. J. Sci., 302, 81-109, doi:10.2475/ajs.302.2.81.
79. Shipboard Scientific Party (2004), Leg 207 summary, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, InitialRep., 207, 293-317.
80. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., M. M. Kuypers, R. D. Pancost, and S. Schouten (2008), The carbon isotopic response of algae, (cyano)bacteria, archaea and higher plants to the late Cenomanian perturbation of the global car-bon cycle: Insights from biomarkers in black shales from the Cape Verde Basin (DSDP Site 367), Org. Geochem., 39, 1703-1718, doi:10.1016/j. orggeochem.2008.01.012.
81. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., E. C. van Bentum, G.-J. Reichart, J. Pross, and S. Schouten (2010), A CO2 decrease-driven cooling and increased latitu-dinal temperature gradient during the mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 293, 97-103, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2010.02.027.
82. Sinton, C. W., and R. A. Duncan (1997), Potential links between ocean pla-teau volcanism and global ocean anoxia at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, Econ. Geol., 92, 836-842, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.92.7-8.836.
83. Snow, L. J., R. A. Duncan, and T. J. Bralower (2005), Trace element abun-dances in the Rock Canyon Anticline, Pueblo, Colorado, marine sedimen-tary section and their relationship to Caribbean plateau construction and oxygen anoxic event 2, Paleoceanography, 20, PA3005, doi:10.1029/2004PA001093. (Pubitemid 41601610)
84. Thomson, D. J. (1982), Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis, Proc. IEEE, 70, 1055-1096,doi:10.1109/PROC.1982.12433.
85. Thomson, D. J. (1990), Quadratic-inverse spectrum estimates: Applications to palaeoclimatology, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 332, 539-597, doi:10.1098/rsta.1990.0130.
86. Thomson, D. J. (2010), Time-series analysis of paleoclimate data, in Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, edited by V. Gornitz, pp. 949-959, Springer, New York.
87. Trabucho Alexandre, J. T., E. Tuenter, G. A. Henstra, K. J. van der Zwan, R. S. W. van de Wal, H. A. Dijkstra, and P. L. de Boer (2010), The mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic nutrient trap: Black shales and OAEs, Paleo-ceanography, 25, PA4201, doi:10.1029/2010PA001925.
88. Tsikos, H., et al. (2004), Carbon-isotope stratigraphy recorded by the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event: Correlation and implica-tions based on three localities, J. Geol. Soc., 161, 711-719, doi:10.1144/0016-764903-077. (Pubitemid 38933578)
89. Turgeon, S. C., and R. A. Creaser (2008), Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode, Nature, 454, 323-326, doi:10.1038/nature07076. (Pubitemid 352009990)
90. van Bentum, E. C., G.-J. Reichart, A. Forster, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2012), Latitudinal differences in the amplitude of the OAE-2 carbon isotopic excursion: pCO2 and paleo productivity, Biogeosciences, 9, 717-731, doi:10.5194/bg-9-717-2012.
91. Vaughan, S., R. J. Bailey, and D. G. Smith (2011), Detecting cycles in stratigraphic data: Spectral analysis in the presence of red noise, Paleo-ceanography, 26, PA4211, doi:10.1029/2011PA002195.
92. Voigt, S., A. S. Gale, and S. Flogel (2004), Midlatitude shelf seas in the Cenomanian-Turonian greenhouse world: Temperature evolution and North Atlantic circulation, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4020, doi:10.1029/2004PA001015. (Pubitemid 40447415)
93. Voigt, S., A. S. Gale, and T. Voigt (2006), Sea-level change, carbon cycling and palaeoclimate during the Late Cenomanian of northwest Europe; an integrated palaeoenvironmental analysis, Cretaceous Res., 27, 836-858, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.04.005. (Pubitemid 44801249)
94. Voigt, S., J. Erbacher, J. Mutterlose, W. Weiss, T. Westerhold, F. Wiese, M. Wilmsen, and T. Wonik (2008), The Cenomanian-Turonian of the Wunstorf section-(North Germany): Global stratigraphic reference sec-tion and new orbital time scale for Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Newsl. Stra-tigr., 43, 65-89, doi:10.1127/0078-0421/2008/0043-0065.
95. Weedon, G. P. (2003), Time-Series Analysis and Cyclostratigraphy, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., doi:10.1017/CBO9780511535482.
96. Weedon, G. P., and H. C. Jenkyns (1999), Cyclostratigraphy and the Early Jurassic timescale: Data from the Belemnite Marls, Dorset, southern England, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111, 1823-1840, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1999)111<1823: CATEJT>2.3.CO;2.
97. Westerhold, T., and U. Röhl (2009), High resolution cyclostratigraphy of the early Eocene-New insights into the origin of the Cenozoic cooling trend, Clim. Past, 5, 309-327, doi:10.5194/cp-5-309-2009.
98. Whittaker, S. G., and T. K. Kyser (1993), Variations in the neodymium and strontium isotopic composition and REE content of molluscan shells from the Cretaceous Western Interior seaway, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 4003-4014, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(93)90349-2. (Pubitemid 24419255)
99. Zühlke, R., T. Bechstadt, and R. Mundil (2003), Sub-Milankovitch and Milankovitch forcing on a model Mesozoic carbonate platform-The Latemar (Middle Triassic, Italy), Terra Nova, 15, 69-80, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2003.00366.x. (Pubitemid 36536945)