Latitudinal differences in the amplitude of the OAE-2 carbon isotopic excursion: PCO2 and paleo productivity

Biogeosciences

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 717-731

  Van Bentum, E C ^a   Reichart, G J ^a   Forster, A ^b,c   Sinninghe Damste J S ^a,b  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b ROYAL NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^c NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGA; AMPLITUDE; BIOMARKER; CARBON CYCLE; CARBON ISOTOPE; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CENOMANIAN; CRETACEOUS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LATITUDE; ORGANIC MATTER; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; RECONSTRUCTION; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TURONIAN;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; DEMERARA RISE;

ALGAE;

EID: 84863667047     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-717-2012     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Andersen, N., Müller, P. J., Kirst, G., and Schneider, R. R.: Alkenone δ13C as a proxy for past CO2 in surface waters: Results from the Late Quaternary Angola Current, in: Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples From the South Atlantic, edited by: Fischer, G. and Wefer, G., Springer New York, 469-488, 1999.
2. Arthur, M., Glancy, T., Hodell, D., Schlanger, S. O., Szak, C., Zachos, J., and Anonymous: The Cenomanian/Turonian (Mid-Cretaceous) "oceanic anoxic event" as observed in northwestern Europe, The Geological Society of America, 1984 annual meeting, 1984.
3. Arthur, M. A. and Premoli-Silva, I.: Development of widespread organic carbon-rich strata in the Mediterranean Tethys., in: Nature and Origin of Cretaceous Carbon-Rich Facies Academic Press, edited by: Schlanger, S. O. and Cita, M. B., New York, pp. 7-54. 1982.
4. Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. A., and Claypool, G. E.: Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon, Nature, 315, 216-218, 1985a. (Pubitemid 16267990)
5. Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E., and Schlanger, S. O.: Variations in the global carbon cycle during the Cretaceous related to climate, volcanism, and changes in atmospheric CO2, in: The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present edited by: Sundquist, E. T. and Broecker, W. S., Geo-phys. Monogr. Ser, AGU, Washington, D. C., 504-529, 1985b.
6. Arthur, M. A., Schlanger, S. O., and Jenkyns, H. C.: The Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event; II, Palaeoceano-graphic controls on organic-matter production and preservation, in: Marine petroleum source rocks., edited by: Brooks, J. and Fleet, A. J., Geological Society Special Publications, Geological Society of London, London, UK, 401-420, 1987.
7. Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E., and Pratt, L. M.: Geochemical And Climatic Effects Of Increased Marine Organic-Carbon Burial At The Cenomanian Turonian Boundary, Nature, 335, 714-717, 1988. (Pubitemid 19309761)
8. Barclay, R. S., McElwain, J. C., and Sageman, B. B.: Carbon Sequestration activated by a volcanic CO2 pulse during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Nature Geosci., 3, 205-208, 2010.
9. Berner, R. A.: Palaeo-CO2 and climate, Nature, 358, 114, 1992.
10. Berner, R. A. and Kothavala, Z.: Geocarb III: A Revised Model of Atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic Time, Am J Sci, 301, 182-204, 2001.
11. Bice, K. L., Birgel, D., Meyers, P. A., Dahl, K. A., Hin-richs, K. U., and Norris, R. D.: A multiple proxy and model study of Cretaceous upper ocean temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2002, doi:10.1029/2005PA001203, 2006. (Pubitemid 44794615)
12. Bidigare, R. R., Fluegge, A., Freeman, K. H., Hanson, K. L., Hayes, J. M., Hollander, D., Jasper, J. P., King, L. L., Laws, E. A., Milder, J., Millero, F. J., Pancost, R., Popp, B. N., Steinberg, P. A., and Wakeham, S. G.: Consistent fractionation of13C in nature and in the laboratory: Growth-rate effects in some hapto-phyte algae, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 279, 1997.
13. Bijl, P. K., Houben, A. J. P., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S. M., Sluijs, A., Reichart, G. J., and Sinnighe Damsté, J. S.: Transient Middle Eocene Atmospheric CO2 and temperature variations, Science, 330, 819-821, 2010.
14. Blättler, C. L., Jenkyns, H. C., Reynard, L. M., and Henderson, G. M.: Significant increases in global weathering during Oceanic Anoxic Events 1a and 2 indicated by calcium isotopes, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 309, 77-88, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.06.029, 2011.
15. Bornemann, A., Norris, R. D., Friedrich, O., Beckmann, B., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Vogel, J., Hofmann, P., and Wagner, T.: Isotopic evidence for glaciation during the Cretaceous supergreenhouse, Science, 319, 189-192, doi:10.1126/science.1148777, 2008.
16. Bowman, A. R. and Bralower, T. J.: Paleoceanographic significance of high-resolution carbon isotope records across the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior and New Jersey coastal plain, USA, Mar. Geolo., 217, 305, 2005.
17. Bralower, T. J.: Volcanic cause of catastrophe, Nature, 454, 285-287, 2008.
18. Brassell, S. C., Lewis, C. A., de Leeuw, J. W., de Lange, F., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Isoprenoid thiophenes: novel products of sediment diagenesis?, Nature, 320, 160-162, 1986.
19. Erbacher, J., Mosher, D. C., and Malone, M. J.: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, 207, College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, 207, 2004a.
20. Erbacher, J., Mosher, D. C., Malone, M. J., and the ODP Leg 207 scientific party: Drilling probes past carbon cycle perturbations on the Demerara Rise, EOS, 85, 57-63, 2004b.
21. Erbacher, J., Friedrich, O., Wilson, P. A., Birch, H., and Mutterlose, J.: Stable organic carbon isotope stratigraphy across Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 of Demerara Rise, western tropical Atlantic., Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 6, Q06010, doi:10.1029/2004GC000850, 2005.
22. Flögel, S., Wallmann, K., Poulsen, C. J., Zhou, J., Oschlies, A., Voigt, S., and Kuhnt, W.: Simulating the biogeochemical effects of volcanic CO2 degassing on the oxygen-state of the deep ocean during the Cenomanian/Turonian Anoxic Event (OAE2), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 305, 371-384, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.018, 2011.
23. Forster, A., Sturt, H., Meyers, P. A. and Shipboard Scientific Party: Molecular Biogeochemistry of Cretaceous Black Shales from the Demerara Rise: Preliminary Shipboard Results From Sites 1257 and 1258, Leg 207, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, edited by: Erbacher, J., Mosher, D. C., Malone, M. J., et al., 207, 1-22, 2004.
24. Forster, A., Schouten, S., Moriya, K., Wilson, P. A., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: Sea surface temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic, Paleoceanog-raphy, 22, PA1219, doi:1210.1029/ 2006PA001349, 2007. (Pubitemid 46831852)
25. Forster, A., Kuypers, M. M. M., Turgeon, S. C., Brumsack, H.-J., Petrizzo, M. R., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: The Cenoma-nian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event in the South Atlantic: New insights from a geochemical study of DSDP Site 530A, Palaeo-geogr. Palaeocl., 267, 256-283, 2008.
26. Freeman, K. H. and Hayes, J. M.: Fractionation of carbon isotopes by phytoplankton and estimates of ancient CO2 levels, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 6, 185-198, 1992.
27. Friedrich, O., Erbacher, J., and Mutterlose, J.: Paleoenvironmen-tal changes across the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event (Oceanic Anoxic Event 2) as indicated by benthic foraminifera from the Demerara Rise (ODP Leg 207), Revue de Micropaleontologie, 49, 121-139, 2006. (Pubitemid 44350038)
28. Frijia, G. and Parente, M.: Strontium isotope stratigraphy in the upper Cenomanian shallow-water carbonates of the southern Apennines: Short-term perturbations of marine 87Sr/86Sr during the oceanic anoxic event 2, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 261, 15-29, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.01.003, 2008.
29. Gale, A. S. and Christensen, W. K.: Occurrence of the belemnite Actinocamax plenus in the Cenomanian of SE France and its significance, B. Geol. Soc. Denmark, 43, 68-77, 1996.
30. Goericke, R. and Fry, B.: Variations of marine plankton δ13C with latitude, temperature, and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy. 8, 85-90, 1994. (Pubitemid 24402985)
31. Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Smith, A. G., Bleeker, W., and Lourens, L. J.: A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene, Episodes, 27, 83-100, 2004. (Pubitemid 39016972)
32. Hardas, P. and Mutterlose, J.: Calcareous nannofossil assemblages of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in the equatorial Atlantic: Evidence of an eutrophication event., Mar. Micropaleontol., 66, 52-69, 2007. (Pubitemid 350151582)
33. Hasegawa, T.: Cenomanian-Turonian carbon isotope events recorded in terrestrial organic matter from northern Japan, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 130, 251-273, 1997.
34. Hasegawa, T.: A global carbon-isotope event in the Middle Turo-nian (Cretaceous) sequences in Japan and Russian Far East, P. Jpn. Acad. B-Phys., 79, 141, 2003.
35. Hayes, J. M., Popp, B. N., Takigiku, R., and Johnson, M. W.: An isotopic study of biochemical relationships between carbonates and organic carbon in the Greenhorn formation, Geochim. Cos-mochim. Ac., 53, 2961-2972, 1989.
36. Hayes, J. M.: Factors Controlling C-13 Contents Of Sedimentary Organic-Compounds-Principles And Evidence, Mar. Geol., 113, 111-125, 1993. (Pubitemid 24393435)
37. Hayes, J. M.: Fractionation of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in biosynthetic processes, Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 43, 225, 2001.
38. Hetzel, A., Böttcher, M. E., Wortmann, U. G., and Brumsack, H. J.: Paleo-redox conditions during OAE 2 reflected in Demerara Rise sediment geochemistry (ODP Leg 207), PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL, 273, 302-328, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.11.005, 2009.
39. Huber, B. T., Leckie, R. M., Norris, R. D., Bralower, T. J., and CoB-abe, E.: Foraminiferal assemblage and stable isotopic change across the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the subtropical North Atlantic, J. Foramin. Res., 29, 392-417, 1999. (Pubitemid 129317347)
40. Huber, B. T., Norris, R. D., and MacLeod, K. G.: Deep-sea paleotemperature record of extreme warmth during the Cretaceous, Geology, 30, 123-126, 2002. (Pubitemid 35003304)
41. Jarvis, I., Gale, A. S., Jenkyns, H. C., and Pearce, M. A.: Secular variation in Late Cretaceous carbon isotopes: a new δC13 carbonate reference curve for the Cenomanian-Campanian (99.6-70.6 Ma), Geological Magazine, 143, 561-608, 2006. (Pubitemid 44322647)
42. Jarvis, I., Lignum, J. S., Gröcke, D. R., Jenkyns, H. C., and Pearce, M. A.: Black shale deposition, atmospheric CO2 drawdown, and cooling during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event, Paleoceanography, 26, PA3201, doi:10.1029/2010pa002081, 2011.
43. Jasper, J. P., Hayes, J. M., Mix, A. C., and Prahl, F. G.: Photosyn-thetic fractionation of 13C and concentrations of dissolved CO2 in the central equatorial Pacific during the last 255,000 years, Paleoceanography, 9, 781-798, 1994.
44. Jefferies, R. P. S.: The palaeoecology of the Actinocamax Plenus subzone (lowest Turonian) in the Anglo-Paris Basin, Palaeontology, 4, 609-647, 1962.
45. Jenkyns, H., C.: Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 11, doi:10.1029/2009GC002788, 2010.
46. Jenkyns, H. C.: Cretaceous anoxic events: from continents to oceans, J. geol. Soc. London, 137, 171-188, 1980.
47. Jenkyns, H. C., Gale, A. S., and Corfield, R. M.: Carbon-Isotope And Oxygen-Isotope Stratigraphy Of The English Chalk And Italian Scaglia And Its Paleoclimatic Significance, Geol. Mag., 131, 1-34, 1994. (Pubitemid 24424027)
48. Kerr, A. C.: Oceanic plateau formation: a cause of mass extinction and black shale deposition around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary?, J. Geol. Soc. London, 155, 619-626, 1998. (Pubitemid 28472339)
49. Kim, J.-H., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Donner, B., and Sin-ninghe Damsté, J. S.: Global sediment core-top calibration of the TEX86 palaeothermometer in the ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 72, 1154-1173, 2008.
50. Kolonic, S., Wagner, T., Forster, A., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Walsworth-Bell, B., Erba, E., Turgeon, S., Brumsack, H. J., Chellai, E. H., Tsikos, H., Kuhnt, W., and Kuypers, M. M. M.: Black shale deposition on the northwest African Shelf during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event: Climate coupling and global organic carbon burial, Paleoceanography, 20, doi:10.1029/2003PA000950, 2005. (Pubitemid 40865280)
51. Koopmans, M. P., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Klapwijk, M. M., de Leeuw, J. W., Lewan, M. D., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: A thermal and chemical degradation approach to decipher pristane and phytane precursors in sedimentary organic matter, Org. Geochem., 30, 1089, 1999.
52. Kuypers, M. M. M., Blokker, P., Hopmans, E. C., Kinkel, H., Pan-cost, R. D., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Archaeal remains dominate marine organic matter from the early Albian oceanic anoxic event 1b, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 185, 211-234, 2002a. (Pubitemid 35021908)
53. Kuypers, M. M. M., Pancost, R. D., Nijenhuis, I. A., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Enhanced productivity led to increased organic carbon burial in the euxinic North Atlantic basin during the late Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event, Paleoceanography, 17, 1051, doi:10.1029/2000PA000569, 2002b.
54. Kuypers, M. M. M., van Breugel, Y., Schouten, S., Erba, E., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: N-2-fixing cyanobacteria supplied nutrient N for Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events, Geology, 32, 853-856, 2004. (Pubitemid 39447921)
55. Meyers, P. A., Bernasconi, S. M., and Forster, A.: Origins and accumulation of organic matter in expanded Albian to Santonian black shale sequences on the Demerara Rise, South American margin, Org. Geochem., 37, 1816-1830, 2006. (Pubitemid 44855141)
56. Mook, W. G., Bommerson, J. C., and Staverman, W. H.: Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 22, 169 pp., 1974.
57. Nederbragt, A. J., Thurow, J., and Pearce, R.: Sediment composition and cyclicity in the mid-Cretaceous at Demerara Rise, ODP Leg 207., in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, edited by: Mosher, D. C., Erbacher, J., and Malone, M. J., Scientific Results, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1-31, 2007.
58. Pagani, M.: The alkenone-CO2 proxy and ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide, Philos. T. R. Soc. A., Sciences, 360, 609-632, 2002.
59. Paul, C. R. C., Lamolda, M. A., Mitchell, S. F., Vaziri, M. R., Gorostidi, A., and Marshall, J. D.: The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary at Eastbourne (Sussex, UK): a proposed European reference section, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 150, 83-121, 1999. (Pubitemid 29350772)
60. Popp, B. N., Laws, E. A., Bidigare, R. R., Dore, J. E., Hanson, K. L., and Wakeham, S. G.: Effect of phytoplankton cell geometry on carbon isotopic fractionation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 69-77, 1998.
61. Rau, G. H., Sweeney, R. E., and Kaplan, I. R.: Plankton 13C:12C ratio changes with latitude: differences between northern and southern oceans, Deep-Sea Res., 29 1935 pp., 1982.
62. Rau, G. H., Takahashi, T., and Des Marais, D. J.: Latitudinal variations in plankton δ13C: Implications for CO2 and productivity in past oceans, Nature, 341, 516 pp., 1989.
63. Rau, G. H., Takahashi, T., Des Marais, D. J., Repeta, D. J., and Martin, J. H.: The relationship between δ13C of organic matter and [CO2 (aq)] in ocean surface water: Data from a JGOFS site in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and a model, Geochim. Cos-mochim. Ac., 56, 1413-1419, 1992.
64. Riebesell, U., Schulz, K. G., Bellerby, R. G. J., Botros, M., Fritsche, P., Meyerhofer, M., Neill, C., Nondal, G., Oschlies, A., Wohlers, J., and Zollner, E.: Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2 ocean, Nature, 450, 545-548, 2007. (Pubitemid 350190242)
65. Romanek, C. S., Grossman, E. L., and Morse, J. W.: Carbon iso-topic fractionation in synthetic aragonite and calcite-effects of temperature and precipitation rate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 56, 419-430, 1992.
66. Royer, D. L., Berner, R. A., and Park, J.: Climate sensitivity constrained by CO2 concentrations over the past 420 million years, Nature, 446, 530-532, 2007. (Pubitemid 46514733)
67. Sageman, B. B., Meyers, S. R., and Arthur, M. A.: Orbital time scale and new C-isotope record for Cenomanian-Turonian boundary stratotype, Geology, 34, 125-128, 2006. (Pubitemid 43210785)
68. Schlanger, S. O. and Jenkyns, H. C.: Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events; causes and consequences, Geol. Mijnbouw, 55, 179-184, 1976.
69. Schlanger, S. O., Arthur, M. A., Jenkyns, H. C., and Scholle, P. A.: The Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event; I, Stratigraphy and distribution of organic carbon-rich beds and the marine δ13C excursion, in: Marine petroleum source rocks., 26, Geological Society Special Publications, edited by: Brooks, J. and Fleet, A. J., 371-399, Geol. Soc. Lond., London, UK, 1987.
70. Scholle, P. A. and Arthur, M. A.: Carbon isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool, Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. B., 67-87, 1980.
71. Schouten, S., Klein Breteler, W. C. M., Blokker, P., Schogt, N., Ri-jpstra, W. I. C., Grice, K., Baas, M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Biosynthetic effects on the stable carbon isotopic compositions of algal lipids: Implications for deciphering the carbon isotopic biomarker record, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 1397-1406, 1998. (Pubitemid 28453912)
72. Schulte, S., Benthien, A., Andersen, N., Müller, P. J., Rühlemann, C., and Schneider, R. R.: Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of the C37:2 Alkenone: A Proxy for CO2 (aq) Concentration in Oceanic Surface Waters?, in: The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems, edited by: Wefer, G., Mulitza, S., and Ratmeyer, V., 195-211, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, 2003.
73. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Kock-van Dalen, A. C., de Leeuw, J. W., and Schenck, P. A.: Quenching of labile functionalised lipids by inorganic sulphur species: evidence for the formation of sedimentary organic sulphur compounds at the early stages of diagenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 53, 1343-1355, 1989.
74. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Wakeham, S. G., Kohnen, M. E. L., Hayes, J. M., and De Leeuw, J. W.: A 6,000-Year Sedimentary Molecular Record Of Chemocline Excursions In The Black-Sea, Nature, 362, 827-829, 1993.
75. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Kok, M. D., Köster, J., and Schouten, S.: Sulfurized carbohydrates: an important sedimentary sink for organic carbon?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 164, 7-13, 1998. (Pubitemid 29298329)
76. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., and Reichart, G. J.: The influence of oxic degradation on the sedimentary biomaker record II. Evidence from Arabian Sea sediments, Geochim. Cos-mochim. Ac., 66, 2737 pp., 2002.
77. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Kuypers, M. M. M., Pancost, R., and Schouten, S.: The carbon isotopic response of algae, (cyano)bacteria, archaea and higher plants to the late Cenomanian perturbation of the global carbon cycle: Insights from biomarkers in black shales from the Cape Verde Basin (DSDP Site 367), Org. Geochem., 39, 1703-1718, doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.012, 2008.
78. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Van Bentum, E. C., Reichart, G. J., Pross, J., and Schouten, S.: A CO2 decrease-driven cooling and increased latitudinal temperature gradient during the mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 293, 97-103, 2010.
79. Snow, L. J., Duncan, R. A., and Bralower, T. J.: Trace element abundances in the Rock Canyon Anticline, Pueblo, Colorado, marine sedimentary section and their relationship to Caribbean plateau construction and ocean anoxic event 2, Paleoceanography, 20, 1 pp., 2005.
80. Suganuma, Y. and Ogg, J. G.: Campanian through Eocene magne-tostratigraphy of Sites 1257-1261, ODP Leg 207, Demerara Rise (western equatorial Atlantic), Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 207, 1-48, 2006.
81. Takahashi, K., Wada, E., and Sakamoto, M.: Relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the specific growth rate of green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Jpn. J. Limnol., 52, 105-112, 1991.
82. Toggweiler, J. R.: Variations in atmospheric CO2 driven by ventilation of the ocean's deepest water, Paleoceanography, 14, 571-588, 1999. (Pubitemid 30063456)
83. Tsikos, H., Jenkyns, H. C., Walsworth-Bell, B., Petrizzo, M. R., Forster, A., Kolonic, S., Erba, E., Premoli Silva, I., Baas, M., Wagner, T., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Carbon-isotope stratigraphy recorded by the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event: Correlation and implications based on three key localities, J. Geolog. Soc., 161, 711-719, 2004. (Pubitemid 38933578)
84. Turgeon, S. C. and Creaser, R. A.: Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode, Nature, 454, 323-326, 2008. (Pubitemid 352009990)
85. Valdes, P.: Built for stability, Nat. Geosci., 4, 414-416, 2011.
86. Van Bentum, E. C., Hetzel, A., Brumsack, H.-J., Forster, A., Reichart, G.-J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Reconstruction of water column anoxia in the equatorial Atlantic during the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event using biomarker and trace metal proxies, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 280, 489-498, 2009.
87. Van Kaam-Peters, H. M. E., Schouten, S., Köster, J., and Sin-ninghe Damsté, J. S.: Controls on the molecular and carbon iso-topic composition of organic matter deposited in a Kimmeridgian euxinic shelf sea: Evidence for preservation of carbohydrates through sulfurisation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 3259-3283, 1998. (Pubitemid 29285605)
88. Voigt, S., Gale, A. S., and Flögel, S.: Midlatitude shelf seas in the Cenomanian-Turonian greenhouse world: Temperature evolution and North Atlantic circulation, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4020, doi:10.1029/2004PA001015, 2004. (Pubitemid 40447415)
89. Voigt, S., Erbacher, J., Mutterlose, J., Weiss, W., Westerhold, T., Wiese, F., Wilmsen, M., and Wonik, T.: The Cenomanian-Turonian of the Wunstorf section-(north Germany): Global stratigraphic reference section and new orbital time scale for oceanic anoxic event 2., Newsl. Stratigr., 43, 65-89, 2008.
90. Walker, J. C. G., Hays, P. B., and Kasting, J. F.: A negative feed-backmechanism for the long-term stabilization of the Earth's surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 9776-9782, 1981.
91. Weiss, R. F.: Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203-215, 1974.
92. Wilson, P. A., Norris, R. D., and Cooper, M. J.: Testing the Cretaceous greenhouse hypothesis using glassy foraminiferal calcite from the core of the Turonian tropics on Demerara Rise, Geology, 30, 607-610, 2002.
93. Zeebe, R. E.: Where are you heading Earth?, Nat. Geosc., 4, 416-417, 2011.