Postseismic motion after the 2001 MW 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet observed by InSAR time series

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 117, Issue 8, 2012, Pages

  Wen, Yangmao ^a,b,c   Li, Zhenhong ^c   Xu, Caijun ^a,b   Ryder, Isabelle ^d   Brgmann, Roland ^e  

^a WUHAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COSEISMIC PROCESS; DISPLACEMENT; EARTHQUAKE EVENT; EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE; EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM; EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; ENVISAT-1; LOWER CRUST; MANTLE STRUCTURE; SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR; VISCOELASTICITY;

CHINA; XIZANG;

EID: 84865325099     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JB009043     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Antolik, M., R. E. Abercrombie, and G. Ekström (2004), The 14 November, 2001 Kokoxili (Kunlunshan), Tibet, earthquake: Rupture transfer through a large extensional step-over, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94(4), 1173-1194, doi:10.1785/012003180. (Pubitemid 39437299)
2. Atzori, S., et al. (2008), Postseismic displacement of the 1999 Athens earthquake retrieved by the Differential Interferometry by Synthetic Aperture Radar time series, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B09309, doi:10.1029/2007JB005504.
3. Barbot, S., Y. Hamiel, and Y. Fialko (2008), Space geodetic investigation of the coseismic and postseismic deformation due to the 2003 Mw 7.2 Altai earthquake: Implications for the local lithospheric rheology, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B03403, doi:10.1029/2007JB005063.
4. Beaumont, C., et al. (2001), Himalayan tectonics explained extrusion of low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation, Nature, 414, 738-742, doi:10.1038/414738a. (Pubitemid 34000768)
5. Berardino, P., et al. (2002), A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 2375-2383, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.803792.
6. Biggs, J., et al. (2007), Multi-interferogram method for measuring interseis-mic deformation: Denali Fault, Alaska, Geophys. J. Int., 170, 1165-1179, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03415.x. (Pubitemid 47299478)
7. Biggs, J., et al. (2009), The postseismic response to the 2002 M 7.9 Denali Fault earthquake: Constraints from InSAR 2003-2005, Geophys. J. Int., 176, 353-367, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03932.x.
8. Braitenberg, C., et al. (2003), Spatial variations of flexure parameters over the Tibet-Quinghai plateau, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 205(3-4), 211-224, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01042-7. (Pubitemid 36101449)
9. Bufe, C. G. (2004), Comparing the November 2002 Denali and November 2001 Kunlun earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94(3), 1159-1165, doi:10.1785/0120030185. (Pubitemid 39112788)
10. Bürgmann, R., and G. Dresen (2008), Rheology of the lower crust and upper mantle: Evidence from rock mechanism, geodesy and field observations, Annu. Rev. Earth. Planet. Sci., 36, 531-567, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36. 031207.124326. (Pubitemid 351883484)
11. Bürgmann, R., P. Rosen, and E. Fielding (2000), Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure Earth's surface topography and its deformation, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 169-209, doi:10.1146/annurev. earth.28.1.169.
12. Bürgmann, R., et al. (2002), Time-space variable afterslip on and deep below the Izmit earthquake rupture, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 126-137, doi:10.1785/0120000833. (Pubitemid 34476182)
13. Chen, C. W., and H. A. Zebker (2002), Phase unwrapping for large SAR interferograms: Statistical segmentation and generalized network models, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 1709-1719, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.802453. (Pubitemid 35170392)
14. Clark, M. K., and L. H. Royden (2000), Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow, Geology, 28, 703-706. (Pubitemid 32849555)
15. Cook, K. L., and L. H. Royden (2008), The role of crustal strength variations in shaping orogenic plateaus, with application to Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B08407, doi:10.1029/2007JB005457.
16. Division of Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction (1995), Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquake [in Chinese], Seismol. Press, Beijing.
17. Division of Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction (1999), Catalogue of Chinese Modern Earthquakes [in Chinese], Sci. and Technol. Press, Beijing.
18. Emardson, T. R., M. Simons, and F. H. Webb (2003), Neutral atmospheric delay in interferometric synthetic aperture radar applications: Statistical description and mitigation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B5), 2231, doi:10.1029/2002JB001781.
19. Farr, M., et al. (2007), The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2004, doi:10.1029/2005RG000183. (Pubitemid 47323999)
20. Fay, N. P., R. A. Bennett, and S. Hreinsdóttir (2008), Contemporary vertical velocity of central Basin and Range and uplift of the southern Sierra Nevada, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20309, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL034949.
21. Fialko, Y. (2004), Evidence of fluid-filled upper crust from observations of postseismic deformation due to the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B08401, doi:10.1029/2004JB002985. (Pubitemid 39428445)
22. Fitch, T. J. (1970), Earthquake mechanism in the Himalayan, Burmese and Adaman regions and continental tectonics in central Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 2699-2709, doi:10.1029/JB075i014p02699.
23. Freed, A. M., and R. Bürgmann (2004), Evidence of power-law flow in the Mojave desert mantle, Nature, 430, 548-551, doi:10.1038/nature02784. (Pubitemid 38998625)
24. Freed, A., et al. (2006a), Implications of deformation following the 2002 Denali, Alaska, earthquake for postseismic relaxation processes and lith-ospheric rheology, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B01401, doi:10.1029/2005JB003894. (Pubitemid 43329328)
25. Freed, A. R., et al. (2006b), Stress-dependent power-law flow in the upper mantle following the 2002 Denali, Alaska, earthquake, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 252, 481-489, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.10.011. (Pubitemid 44774526)
26. Funning, G. J., B. Parsons, and T. J. Wright (2007), Fault slip in the 1997 Manyi, Tibet earthquake from linear elastic modeling of InSAR displacements, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 988-1008, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006. 03318.x. (Pubitemid 46900046)
27. Gan, W., et al. (2007), Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B08416, doi:10.1029/2005JB004120. (Pubitemid 47578284)
28. Goldstein, R. M., and C. L. Werner (1998), Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4035-4038, doi:10.1029/1998GL900033. (Pubitemid 29094500)
29. Hammond, W. C., G. Blewitt, Z. Li, H.-P. Plag, and C. W. Kreemer (2012), Contemporary uplift of the Sierra Nevada, western United States from GPS and InSAR measurements, Geology, doi:10.1130/G32968.1, in press.
30. Hanssen, R. (2001), Radar Interferometry-Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Remote Sens. and Digital Image Processing, vol. 2, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands.
31. Harris, R. A. (1998), Introduction to special section: Stress triggers, stress shadows, and implications for seismic hazard, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (B10), 24,347-24,358, doi:10.1029/98JB01576.
32. Hearn, E. H. (2003), What can GPS data tell us about the dynamics of post-seismic deformation?, Geophys. J. Int., 155, 753-777, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 246X.2003.02030.x. (Pubitemid 38039114)
33. Hearn, E., R. Bürgmann, and R. Reillinger (2002), Dynamic of Izmit earthquake postseismic deformation and loading of the Duzce earthquake epicenter, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 172-193, doi:10.1785/0120000832. (Pubitemid 34476185)
34. Hearn, E. H., et al. (2009), Izmit earthquake postseismic deformation and dynamics of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B08405, doi:10.1029/2008JB006026.
35. Hilley, G. E., et al. (2005), Bayesian inference of plastosphere viscosities near the Kunlun Fault, northern Tibet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01302, doi:10.1029/2004GL021658. (Pubitemid 40472970)
36. Hilley, G. E., et al. (2009), Earthquake-cycle deformation and fault slip rates in northern Tibet, Geology, 37, 31-34, doi:10.1130/G25157A.1.
37. Jia, Y., H. Dai, and X. Su (1988), Tuosuo Lake earthquake fault in Qinghai province, in Research on Earthquake Faults in China, pp. 66-71, Xing-jiang Press, Xingjiang, China.
38. Johanson, I. A., et al. (2006), Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96(4B), S269-S282, doi:10.1785/0120050818.
39. Johnson, K. M., R. Bürgmann, and J. Freymuller (2009), Coupling afterslip and viscoelastic flow following the 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska earthquake, Geophys. J. Int., 176, 670-682, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04029. x.
40. Jónsson, S., et al. (2002), Fault slip distribution of the 1999 Mw 7.2 Hector Mine earthquake, California, estimated from satellite radar and GPS measurements, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92(4), 1377-1389, doi:10.1785/0120000922. (Pubitemid 34979448)
41. Jónsson, S., et al. (2003), Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transient, Nature, 424, 179-183, doi:10.1038/nature01776. (Pubitemid 36868973)
42. Karplus, M. S., et al. (2011), Injection of Tibetan crust beneath the south Qaidam Basin: Evidence from INDEPTH IV wide-angle seismic data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B07301, doi:10.1029/2010JB007911.
43. Kirby, E., et al. (2007), Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault, Tectonics, 26, TC2010, doi:10.1029/2006TC002033. (Pubitemid 47029395)
44. Klinger, Y. R., R. Michel, and G. King (2006), Evidence for a barrier model from Mw 7.8 Kokoxili (Tibet) earthquake slip-distribution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 242, 354-364, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.12.003. (Pubitemid 43216634)
45. Lasserre, C., et al. (2005), Coseismic deformation of the 2001 Mw = 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet, measured by synthetic aperture radar inter-ferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B12408, doi:10.1029/2004JB003500. (Pubitemid 43159842)
46. Li, H., et al. (2005), Slip rate on the Kunlun fault at Hongshui Gou, and recurrence time of great events comparable to the 14/11/2001, Mw 7.9 Kokoxili earthquake, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 285-299, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05. 041. (Pubitemid 41235840)
47. Li, Z., et al. (2006), Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction: GPS topography-dependent turbulence model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B02404, doi:10.1029/2005JB003711.
48. Li, Z., E. J. Fielding, and P. Cross (2009), Integration of InSAR time series analysis and water vapour correction for mapping postseismic deformation after the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 47(9), 3220-3230, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2019125.
49. Li, Z., W. C. Hammond, G. Blewitt, C. W. Kreemer, and H.-P. Plag (2010), InSAR and GPS time series analysis: Crustal deformation in the Yucca Mountain, Nevada region, Abstract G13B-07 presented at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 13-17 Dec.
50. Li, Z., J. R. Elliott, W. Feng, J. A. Jackson, B. E. Parsons, and R. J. Walters (2011), The 2010 MW 6.8 Yushu (Qinghai, China) earthquake: Constraints provided by InSAR and body wave seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B10302, doi:10.1029/2011JB008358.
51. Lin, A., and M. Nishikawa (2007), Coseismic lateral offsets of surface rupture zone produced by the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kunlun earthquake, Tibet from the IKONOS and QuickBird imagery, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28(11), 2431-2445, doi:10.1080/01431160600647233. (Pubitemid 46864400)
52. Lin, A., et al. (2006), Average slip rate and recurrence internal of large magnitude earthquakes on western segment of the strike-slip Kunlun Fault, northern Tibet, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96(5), 1597-1611, doi:10.1785/ 0120050051. (Pubitemid 44612990)
53. Lorenzo-Martín, F., F. Roth, and R. Wang (2006), Inversion for rheological parameters from post-seismic surface deformation associated with the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, Chile, Geophys. J. Int., 164, 75-87, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02803.x.
54. Lundgren, P., et al. (2009), Southern San Andreas-San Jacinto fault system slip rates estimated from earthquake cycle models constrained by GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B02403, doi:10.1029/2008JB005996.
55. Marone, C. J., C. H. Scholz, and R. Bilham (1991), On the mechanics of earthquake afterslip, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8441-8452, doi:10.1029/91JB00275.
56. Massonnet, D., and K. L. Feigl (1998), Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth's surface, Rev. Geophys., 36, 441-500, doi:10.1029/97RG03139. (Pubitemid 29083897)
57. Medvedev, S., and C. Beaumont (2001), Models for mid and lower crustal channel flows, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T12D-0937.
58. Mora, O., J. Mallorqui, and A. Broquetas (2003), Linear and nonlinear terrain deformation maps from a reduced set of interferometric SAR images, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41(10), 2243-2253, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2003.814657.
59. Okada, Y. (1985), Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half space, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82, 1018-1040.
60. Owens, T., and G. Zandt (1997), Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution, Nature, 387, 37-43, doi:10.1038/387037a0.
61. Parsons, B., et al. (2006), The 1994 Sefidabeh (eastern Iran) earthquakes revisited: New evidence from satellite radar interferometry and carbonate dating about the growth of an active fold above a blind thrust fault, Geophys. J. Int., 164, 202-217, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02655.x.
62. Peltzer, G., et al. (1998), Poroelastic rebound along the Landers 1992 earthquake surface rupture, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 30,131-30,145, doi:10.1029/98JB02302. (Pubitemid 128665318)
63. Peltzer, G., F. Crampe, and G. King (1999), Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from the Mw 7.6 Manyi (Tibet) earthquake, Science, 286, 272-276, doi:10.1126/science.286.5438.272. (Pubitemid 29484687)
64. Pollitz, F. (1992), Postseismic relaxation theory on a spherical Earth, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82, 422-453. (Pubitemid 23386946)
65. Pollitz, F., G. Peltzer, and R. Bürgmann (2000), Mobility of continental mantle: Evidence from postseismic geodetic observations following the 1992 Landers earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 8035-8054, doi:10.1029/1999JB900380.
66. Pollitz, F., C. Wicks, and W.Thatcher (2001), Mantle flow beneath a continental strike-slip fault: Postseismic deformation after the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake, Science, 293, 1814-1818, doi:10.1126/science.1061361. (Pubitemid 32845775)
67. Ren, J., and M. Wang (2005), GPS measured crustal deformation of the Ms 8.1 Kunlun earthquake on November 14th 2001 in Qinghai-Xizang plateau, Quat. Sci., 25, 34-44.
68. Rosen, P. A., et al. (2000), Synthetic aperture radar interferometry, Proc. IEEE, 88, 333-382, doi:10.1109/5.838084.
69. Rosen, P.A., S. Hensley, and G. Peltzer (2004), Updated Repeated Orbit Inter-ferometry package released, Eos Trans. AGU, 85(5), 47, doi:10.1029/2004EO050004.
70. Royden, L. (1996), Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens: Implications for strain partitioning in the crust, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17,679-17,705, doi:10.1029/96JB00951.
71. Ryder, I., et al. (2007), Post-seismic motion following the 1997 Manyi (Tibet) earthquake: InSAR observations and modeling, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 1009-1027, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03312.x. (Pubitemid 46894889)
72. Ryder, I., R. Bürgmann, and J. Sun (2010), Tandem afterslip on connected fault planes following the 2008 Nima-Gaize (Tibet) earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B03404, doi:10.1029/2009JB006423.
73. Ryder, I., R. Bürgmann, and F. Pollitz (2011), Low crustal relaxation beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Qaidam Basin following the 2001 Kokoxili earthquake, Geophys. J. Int., 187, 613-630, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X. 2011.05179.x.
74. Savage, J. C. (1990), Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere Earth models, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 4873-4879, doi:10.1029/JB095iB04p04873.
75. Shen, Z.-K., et al. (2003), Postseismic deformation modeling of the 2001 Kokoxili earthquake, western China, paper presented at EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France.
76. Stark, P. B., and R. L. Parker (1995), Bounded variable least squares: An algorithm and application, Comput. Stat., 10, 129-141.
77. Tapponnier, P., and P. Molnar (1977), Active faulting and tectonics in China, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2905-2930, doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02905.
78. Toda, S., et al. (2005), Forecasting the evolution of seismicity in southern California: Animations built on earthquake stress transfer, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B05S16, doi:10.1029/2004JB003415. (Pubitemid 41052362)
79. van der Woerd, J., et al. (2002a), Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault (Tibet), from Al26, Be10, and C14 dating of riser offsets, and climatic origin of the regional morphology, Geo-phys. J. Int., 148, 356-388, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01556.x. (Pubitemid 34246935)
80. van der Woerd, J., et al. (2002b), The 14 November 2001, Mw = 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in northern Tibet (Qinghai province, China), Seis-mol. Res. Lett., 73(2), 125-135, doi:10.1785/gssrl.73.2.125.
81. Velasco, A., C. Ammon, and S. Beck (2000), Broadband source modeling of the November 8 1997, Tibet (Mw = 7.5) earthquake and its tectonic implications, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28,065-28,080, doi:10.1029/2000JB900282. (Pubitemid 32184148)
82. Wang, H., M. Liu, J. Cao, X. Shen, and G. Zhang (2011), Slip rates and seismic moment deficits on major active faults in mainland China, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B02405, doi:10.1029/2010JB007821.
83. Wang, Q., et al. (2001), Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global Positioning System measurements, Science, 294, 574-577, doi:10.1126/science.1063647. (Pubitemid 32999550)
84. Wang, R., F. Lorenzo-Martín, and F. Roth (2006), PSGRN/PSCMP-A new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation, geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory, Comput. Geosci., 32, 527-541, doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2005.08.006. (Pubitemid 43380885)
85. Wen, X., G. Yi, and X. Xu (2007), Background and precursory seismicities along and surrounding the Kunlun fault before the Ms 8.1, 2001, Kokoxili earthquake, China, J. Asian Earth Sci., 30, 63-72, doi:10.1016/j. jseaes.2006.07.008. (Pubitemid 46488841)
86. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (1998), New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, Eos Trans. AGU, 79(47), 579, doi:10.1029/98EO00426.
87. Williams, S., Y. Bock, and P. Fang (1998), Integrated satellite interferom-etry: Tropospheric noise, GPS estimates and implications for interfero-metric synthetic aperture radar product, J. Geophys. Res., 103(B11), 27,051-27,067, doi:10.1029/98JB02794. (Pubitemid 128664658)
88. Wright, T. J., Z. Lu, and C. Wicks (2003), Source model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1974, doi:10.1029/2003GL018014.
89. Xu, X., et al. (2006), Reevaluation of surface parameters and faulting segmentation of the 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake (Mw 7.8), northern Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05316, doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
90. Yeats, R. S., K. Sieh, and C. R. Allen (1997), The Geology of Earthquakes, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
91. Yin, A., and T. Harrison (2000), Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 211-280, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211.
92. Zhang, C., J. Cao, and Y. Shi (2009), Studying the viscosity of lower crust of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau according to post-seismic deformation, Sci. China, Ser. D, 52(3), 411-419, doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0028-9.
93. Zhang, P.-Z., et al. (2004), Continuous deformation of the Tibet Plateau from global positioning system data, Geology, 32(9), 809-812, doi:10.1130/G20554.1. (Pubitemid 39316145)
94. Zhu, L., and D. V. Helmberger (1998), Moho offset across the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Science, 281, 1170-1172, doi:10.1126/science.281. 5380.1170. (Pubitemid 28406287)