An update on advanced glycation endproducts and atherosclerosis

BioFactors

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 266-274

  Del Turco, Serena ^a   Basta, Giuseppina ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Advanced glycation end products; Aging; Atherosclerosis; Diabetes

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT RECEPTOR; CALGRANULIN; CELL RECEPTOR; GLYOXAL; HYDROXYL RADICAL; METHYLGLYOXAL; SCLEROPROTEIN; SUPEROXIDE;

AGING; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL MIGRATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GENE EXPRESSION; GLYCATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; LIGAND BINDING; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CROSS LINKING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; RECEPTOR BINDING; REOXYGENATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS, ADVANCED; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RECEPTORS, IMMUNOLOGIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84865132307     PISSN: 09516433     EISSN: 18728081     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/biof.1018     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Brownlee, M. ( 2001) Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 414, 813-820.
2. Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R., and Neil, H. A. ( 2008) 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1577-1589.
3. Nathan, D. M., Cleary, P. A., Backlund, J. Y., Genuth, S. M., Lachin, J. M., Orchard, T. J., Raskin, P., and Zinman, B. ( 2005) Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 2643-2653.
4. Writing team for the Diabetes Control and Complications, T. E. o. D. I. a. Complications, and r. group ( 2003) Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. JAMA 290, 2159-2167.
5. Giacco, F. and Brownlee, M. ( 2010) Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ. Res. 107, 1058-1070.
6. Zhang, Q., Ames, J. M., Smith, R. D., Baynes, J. W., and Metz, T. O. ( 2009) A perspective on the Maillard reaction and the analysis of protein glycation by mass spectrometry: probing the pathogenesis of chronic disease. J. Proteome Res. 8, 754-769.
7. Daroux, M., Prevost, G., Maillard-Lefebvre, H., Gaxatte, C., D'Agati, V. D., Schmidt, A. M., and Boulanger, E. ( 2010) Advanced glycation end-products: implications for diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathies. Diabetes Metab. 36, 1-10.
8. Sakata, N., Imanaga, Y., Meng, J., Tachikawa, Y., Takebayashi, S., Nagai, R., Horiuchi, S., Itabe, H., and Takano, T. ( 1998) Immunohistochemical localization of different epitopes of advanced glycation end products in human atherosclerotic lesions, Atherosclerosis 141, 61-75.
9. Kislinger, T., Fu, C., Huber, B., Qu, W., Taguchi, A., Du Yan, S., Hofmann, M., Yan, S. F., Pischetsrieder, M., Stern, D., and Schmidt, A. M. ( 1999) N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine adducts of proteins are ligands for receptor for advanced glycation end products that activate cell signaling pathways and modulate gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31740-31749.
10. Basta, G., Lazzerini, G., Massaro, M., Simoncini, T., Tanganelli, P., Fu, C., Kislinger, T., Stern, D. M., Schmidt, A. M., and De Caterina, R. ( 2002) Advanced glycation end products activate endothelium through signal-transduction receptor RAGE: a mechanism for amplification of inflammatory responses. Circulation 105, 816-822.
11. Basta, G. ( 2008) Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and atherosclerosis: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. Atherosclerosis 196, 9-21.
12. Yan, S. F., Ramasamy, R., and Schmidt, A. M. ( 2009) The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and cardiovascular disease. Expert. Rev. Mol. Med. 11, e9.
13. Kaneko, M., Bucciarelli, L., Hwang, Y. C., Lee, L., Yan, S. F., Schmidt, A. M., and Ramasamy, R. ( 2005) Aldose reductase and AGE-RAGE pathways: key players in myocardial ischemic injury. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1043, 702-709.
14. Pennathur, S. and Heinecke, J. W. ( 2007) Mechanisms for oxidative stress in diabetic cardiovascular disease. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 9, 955-969.
15. Hallam, K. M., Li, Q., Ananthakrishnan, R., Kalea, A., Zou, Y. S., Vedantham, S., Schmidt, A. M., Yan, S. F., and Ramasamy, R. ( 2010) Aldose reductase and AGE-RAGE pathways: central roles in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction in aging rats. Aging Cell 9, 776-784.
16. Matsumoto, T., Tsurumoto, T., Baba, H., Osaki, M., Enomoto, H., Yonekura, A., Shindo, H., and Miyata, T. ( 2007) Measurement of advanced glycation endproducts in skin of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and dialysis-related spondyloarthropathy using non-invasive methods. Rheumatol. Int. 28, 157-160.
17. Anderson, M. M., Requena, J. R., Crowley, J. R., Thorpe, S. R., and Heinecke, J. W. ( 1999) The myeloperoxidase system of human phagocytes generates Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine on proteins: a mechanism for producing advanced glycation end products at sites of inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 103-113.
18. Chang, J. S., Wendt, T., Qu, W., Kong, L., Zou, Y. S., Schmidt, A. M., and Yan, S. F. ( 2008) Oxygen deprivation triggers upregulation of early growth response-1 by the receptor for advanced glycation end products. Circ. Res. 102, 905-913.
19. Goldberg, T., Cai, W., Peppa, M., Dardaine, V., Baliga, B. S., Uribarri, J., and Vlassara, H. ( 2004) Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 104, 1287-1291.
20. Koschinsky, T., He, C. J., Mitsuhashi, T., Bucala, R., Liu, C., Buenting, C., Heitmann, K., and Vlassara, H. ( 1997) Orally absorbed reactive glycation products (glycotoxins): an environmental risk factor in diabetic nephropathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6474-6479.
21. Makita, Z., Bucala, R., Rayfield, E. J., Friedman, E. A., Kaufman, A. M., Korbet, S. M., Barth, R. H., Winston, J. A., Fuh, H., Manogue, K. R., Cerami, A., Vlassara, H. ( 1994) Reactive glycosylation endproducts in diabetic uraemia and treatment of renal failure. Lancet 343, 1519-1522.
22. Peppa, M., Uribarri, J., and Vlassara, H. ( 2004) The role of advanced glycation end products in the development of atherosclerosis. Curr. Diab. Rep. 4, 31-36.
23. Goldin, A., Beckman, J. A., Schmidt, A. M., and Creager, M. A. ( 2006) Advanced glycation end products: sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury. Circulation 114, 597-605.
24. Ramasamy, R., Yan, S. F., and Schmidt, A. M. ( 2009) RAGE: therapeutic target and biomarker of the inflammatory response-the evidence mounts. J. Leukoc. Biol. 86, 505-512.
25. Scivittaro, V., Ganz, M. B., and Weiss, M. F. ( 2000) AGEs induce oxidative stress and activate protein kinase C-beta(II) in neonatal mesangial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 278, F676-F683.
26. Wautier, M. P., Chappey, O., Corda, S., Stern, D. M., Schmidt, A. M., and Wautier, J. L. ( 2001) Activation of NADPH oxidase by AGE links oxidant stress to altered gene expression via RAGE. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 280, E685-E694.
27. Basta, G., Lazzerini, G., Del Turco, S., Ratto, G. M., Schmidt, A. M., and De Caterina, R. ( 2005) At least 2 distinct pathways generating reactive oxygen species mediate vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 induction by advanced glycation end products. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25, 1401-1407.
28. Hofmann, M. A., Drury, S., Fu, C., Qu, W., Taguchi, A., Lu, Y., Avila, C., Kambham, N., Bierhaus, A., Nawroth, P., Neurath, M. F., Slattery, T., Beach, D., McClary, J., Nagashima, M., Morser, J., Stern, D., and Schmidt, A. M. ( 1999) RAGE mediates a novel proinflammatory axis: a central cell surface receptor for S100/calgranulin polypeptides. Cell 97, 889-901.
29. Schmidt, A. M., Hori, O., Chen, J. X., Li, J. F., Crandall, J., Zhang, J., Cao, R., Yan, S. D., Brett, J., and Stern, D. ( 1995) Advanced glycation endproducts interacting with their endothelial receptor induce expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in cultured human endothelial cells and in mice. A potential mechanism for the accelerated vasculopathy of diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 1395-1403.
30. Xu, B., Ji, Y., Yao, K., Cao, Y. X., and Ferro, A. ( 2005) Inhibition of human endothelial cell nitric oxide synthesis by advanced glycation end-products but not glucose: relevance to diabetes. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 109, 439-446.
31. Chang, P. C., Chen, T. H., Chang, C. J., Hou, C. C., Chan, P., and Lee, H. M. ( 2004) Advanced glycosylation end products induce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression via a p38 MAPK-dependent pathway. Kidney Int. 65, 1664-1675.
32. Bucciarelli, L. G., Kaneko, M., Ananthakrishnan, R., Harja, E., Lee, L. K., Hwang, Y. C., Lerner, S., Bakr, S., Li, Q., Lu, Y., Song, F., Qu, W., Gomez, T., Zou, Y. S., Yan, S. F., Schmidt, A. M., and Ramasamy, R. ( 2006) Receptor for advanced-glycation end products: key modulator of myocardial ischemic injury. Circulation 113, 1226-1234.
33. Hodgkinson, C. P., Laxton, R. C., Patel, K., and Ye, S. ( 2008) Advanced glycation end-product of low density lipoprotein activates the toll-like 4 receptor pathway implications for diabetic atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 2275-2281.
34. Hou, F. F., Miyata, T., Boyce, J., Yuan, Q., Chertow, G. M., Kay, J., Schmidt, A. M., and Owen, W. F. ( 2001) beta(2)-Microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products delays monocyte apoptosis. Kidney Int. 59, 990-1002.
35. Yan, S. F., Ramasamy, R., and Schmidt, A. M. ( 2008) Mechanisms of disease: advanced glycation end-products and their receptor in inflammation and diabetes complications. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 4, 285-293.
36. Isoda, K., Folco, E., Marwali, M. R., Ohsuzu, F., and Libby, P. ( 2008) Glycated LDL increases monocyte CC chemokine receptor 2 expression and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated chemotaxis. Atherosclerosis 198, 307-312.
37. Ichikawa, K., Yoshinari, M., Iwase, M., Wakisaka, M., Doi, Y., Iino, K., Yamamoto, M., and Fujishima, M. ( 1998) Advanced glycosylation end products induced tissue factor expression in human monocyte-like U937 cells and increased tissue factor expression in monocytes from diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 136, 281-287.
38. Higashi, T., Sano, H., Saishoji, T., Ikeda, K., Jinnouchi, Y., Kanzaki, T., Morisaki, N., Rauvala, H., Shichiri, M., and Horiuchi, S. ( 1997) The receptor for advanced glycation end products mediates the chemotaxis of rabbit smooth muscle cells. Diabetes 46, 463-472.
39. Seki, N., Hashimoto, N., Taira, M., Yagi, S., Yoshida, Y., Ishikawa, K., Suzuki, Y., Sano, H., Horiuchi, S., Yoshida, S., Sakurai, K., Yagui, K., Makino, H., and Saito, Y. ( 2007) Regulation of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase by advanced glycation end products: the role on atherosclerosis in diabetes. Metabolism 56, 1591-1598.
40. Wolf, Y. G., Rasmussen, L. M., and Ruoslahti, E. ( 1994) Antibodies against transforming growth factor-beta 1 suppress intimal hyperplasia in a rat model. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1172-1178.
41. Nam, M. H., Lee, H. S., Seomun, Y., Lee, Y., and Lee, K. W. ( 2011) Monocyte-endothelium-smooth muscle cell interaction in co-culture: proliferation and cytokine productions in response to advanced glycation end products. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1810, 907-912.
42. Park, L., Raman, K. G., Lee, K. J., Lu, Y., Ferran, L. J.Jr., Chow, W. S., Stern, D., and Schmidt, A. M. ( 1998) Suppression of accelerated diabetic atherosclerosis by the soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts. Nat. Med. 4, 1025-1031.
43. Bucciarelli, L. G., Wendt, T., Qu, W., Lu, Y., Lalla, E., Rong, L. L., Goova, M. T., Moser, B., Kislinger, T., Lee, D. C., Kashyap, Y., Stern, D. M., and Schmidt, A. M. ( 2002) RAGE blockade stabilizes established atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein E-null mice. Circulation 106, 2827-2835.
44. Wendt, T., Harja, E., Bucciarelli, L., Qu, W., Lu, Y., Rong, L. L., Jenkins, D. G., Stein, G., Schmidt, A. M., and Yan, S. F. ( 2006) RAGE modulates vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in a murine model of type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 185, 70-77.
45. Soro-Paavonen, A., Watson, A. M., Li, J., Paavonen, K., Koitka, A., Calkin, A. C., Barit, D., Coughlan, M. T., Drew, B. G., Lancaster, G. I., Thomas, M., Forbes, J. M., Nawroth, P. P., Bierhaus, A., Cooper, M. E., and Jandeleit-Dahm, K. A. ( 2008) Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) deficiency attenuates the development of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Diabetes 57, 2461-2469.
46. Burke, A. P., Kolodgie, F. D., Zieske, A., Fowler, D. R., Weber, D. K., Varghese, P. J., Farb, A., and Virmani, R. ( 2004) Morphologic findings of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in diabetics: a postmortem study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 1266-1271.
47. Cipollone, F., Iezzi, A., Fazia, M., Zucchelli, M., Pini, B., Cuccurullo, C., De Cesare, D., De Blasis, G., Muraro, R., Bei, R., Chiarelli, F., Schmidt, A. M., Cuccurullo, F., and Mezzetti, A. ( 2003) The receptor RAGE as a progression factor amplifying arachidonate-dependent inflammatory and proteolytic response in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of glycemic control. Circulation 108, 1070-1077.
48. Aso, Y., Inukai, T., Tayama, K., and Takemura, Y. ( 2000) Serum concentrations of advanced glycation endproducts are associated with the development of atherosclerosis as well as diabetic microangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 37, 87-92.
49. Semba, R. D., Najjar, S. S., Sun, K., Lakatta, E. G., and Ferrucci, L. ( 2009) Serum carboxymethyl-lysine, an advanced glycation end product, is associated with increased aortic pulse wave velocity in adults. Am. J. Hypertens. 22, 74-79.
50. Koyama, Y., Takeishi, Y., Arimoto, T., Niizeki, T., Shishido, T., Takahashi, H., Nozaki, N., Hirono, O., Tsunoda, Y., Nitobe, J., Watanabe, T., and Kubota, I. ( 2007) High serum level of pentosidine, an advanced glycation end product (AGE), is a risk factor of patients with heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 13, 199-206.
51. Kilhovd, B. K., Juutilainen, A., Lehto, S., Ronnemaa, T., Torjesen, P. A., Hanssen, K. F., and Laakso, M. ( 2007) Increased serum levels of advanced glycation endproducts predict total, cardiovascular and coronary mortality in women with type 2 diabetes: a population-based 18 year follow-up study. Diabetologia 50, 1409-1417.
52. Semba, R. D., Bandinelli, S., Sun, K., Guralnik, J. M., and Ferrucci, L. ( 2009) Plasma carboxymethyl-lysine, an advanced glycation end product, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 57, 1874-1880.
53. Ueda, S., Yamagishi, S. I., Matsui, T., Noda, Y., Ueda, S. I., Jinnouchi, Y., Sasaki, K. I., Takeuchi, M., and Imaizumi, T. ( 2011) Serum levels of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) are inversely associated with the number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in apparently healthy subjects. Cardiovasc. Ther. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00264.x.
54. Monnier, V. M., Sell, D. R., and Genuth, S. ( 2005) Glycation products as markers and predictors of the progression of diabetic complications. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1043, 567-581.
55. Bos, D. C., de Ranitz-Greven, W. L., and de Valk, H. W. ( 2011) Advanced glycation end products, measured as skin autofluorescence and diabetes complications: a systematic review. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 13, 773-779.
56. Yonekura, H., Yamamoto, Y., Sakurai, S., Petrova, R. G., Abedin, M. J., Li, H., Yasui, K., Takeuchi, M., Makita, Z., Takasawa, S., Okamoto, H., Watanabe, T., and Yamamoto, H. ( 2003) Novel splice variants of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products expressed in human vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, and their putative roles in diabetes-induced vascular injury. Biochem. J. 370, 1097-1109.
57. Katakami, N., Matsuhisa, M., Kaneto, H., Matsuoka, T. A., Sakamoto, K., Yasuda, T., Umayahara, Y., Kosugi, K., and Yamasaki, Y. ( 2009) Serum endogenous secretory RAGE level is an independent risk factor for the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 204, 288-292.
58. Falcone, C., Emanuele, E., D'Angelo, A., Buzzi, M. P., Belvito, C., Cuccia, M., and Geroldi, D. ( 2005) Plasma levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and coronary artery disease in nondiabetic men. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25, 1032-1037.
59. Koyama, H., Shoji, T., Yokoyama, H., Motoyama, K., Mori, K., Fukumoto, S., Emoto, M., Shoji, T., Tamei, H., Matsuki, H., Sakurai, S., Yamamoto, Y., Yonekura, H., Watanabe, T., Yamamoto, H., and Nishizawa, Y. ( 2005) Plasma level of endogenous secretory RAGE is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25, 2587-2593.
60. Basta, G., Sironi, A. M., Lazzerini, G., Del Turco, S., Buzzigoli, E., Casolaro, A., Natali, A., Ferrannini, E., and Gastaldelli, A. ( 2006) Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is inversely associated with glycemic control and S100A12 protein. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 4628-4634.
61. Humpert, P. M., Djuric, Z., Kopf, S., Rudofsky, G., Morcos, M., Nawroth, P. P., and Bierhaus, A. ( 2007) Soluble RAGE but not endogenous secretory RAGE is associated with albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 6, 9.
62. Nakamura, K., Yamagishi, S., Adachi, H., Kurita-Nakamura, Y., Matsui, T., Yoshida, T., Sato, A., and Imaizumi, T. ( 2007) Elevation of soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in diabetic subjects with coronary artery disease. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 23, 368-371.
63. Nin, J. W., Ferreira, I., Schalkwijk, C. G., Prins, M. H., Chaturvedi, N., Fuller, J. H., and Stehouwer, C. D. ( 2009) Levels of soluble receptor for AGE are cross-sectionally associated with cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes, and this association is partially mediated by endothelial and renal dysfunction and by low-grade inflammation: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia 52, 705-714.
64. Koyama, H., Yamamoto, H., and Nishizawa, Y. ( 2007) RAGE and soluble RAGE: potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. Mol. Med. 13, 625-635.
65. Lanati, N., Emanuele, E., Brondino, N., and Geroldi, D. ( 2010) Soluble RAGE-modulating drugs: state-of-the-art and future perspectives for targeting vascular inflammation. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 8, 86-92.
66. Negrean, M., Stirban, A., Stratmann, B., Gawlowski, T., Horstmann, T., Gotting, C., Kleesiek, K., Mueller-Roesel, M., Koschinsky, T., Uribarri, J., Vlassara, H., and Tschoepe, D. ( 2007) Effects of low- and high-advanced glycation endproduct meals on macro- and microvascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85, 1236-1243.
67. Thornalley, P. J. ( 2003) Use of aminoguanidine (Pimagedine) to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 419, 31-40.
68. Bolton, W. K., Cattran, D. C., Williams, M. E., Adler, S. G., Appel, G. B., Cartwright, K., Foiles, P. G., Freedman, B. I., Raskin, P., Ratner, R. E., Spinowitz, B. S., Whittier, F. C., and Wuerth, J. P. ( 2004) Randomized trial of an inhibitor of formation of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Nephrol. 24, 32-40.
69. Forbes, J. M., Yee, L. T., Thallas, V., Lassila, M., Candido, R., Jandeleit-Dahm, K. A., Thomas, M. C., Burns, W. C., Deemer, E. K., Thorpe, S. R., Cooper, M. E., and Allen, T. J. ( 2004) Advanced glycation end product interventions reduce diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Diabetes 53, 1813-1823.
70. Bakris, G. L., Bank, A. J., Kass, D. A., Neutel, J. M., Preston, R. A., and Oparil, S. ( 2004) Advanced glycation end-product cross-link breakers. A novel approach to cardiovascular pathologies related to the aging process. Am. J. Hypertens. 17, 23S-30S.
71. Sabbagh, M. N., Agro, A., Bell, J., Aisen, P. S., Schweizer, E., and Galasko, D. ( 2011) PF-04494700, an oral inhibitor of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 25, 206-212.
72. Peng, X., Ma, J., Chen, F., and Wang, M. ( 2011) Naturally occurring inhibitors against the formation of advanced glycation end-products. Food Funct. 2, 289-301.