On-road emission factors of PM pollutants for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) based on urban street driving conditions

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 61, Issue , 2012, Pages 378-386

  Kam, Winnie ^a   Liacos, James W ^a   Schauer, James J ^b   Delfino, Ralph J ^c   Sioutas, Constantinos ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Emission factors; Los Angeles; Metals; On road emissions; Organic species; Particulate matter; Surface streets; Trace elements

Indexed keywords

EMISSION FACTORS; LOS ANGELES; ON-ROAD EMISSIONS; ORGANIC SPECIES; PARTICULATE MATTER; SURFACE STREETS;

DYNAMOMETERS; FLEET OPERATIONS; METALS; PARAFFINS; ROADS AND STREETS; TRACE ELEMENTS;

AIR POLLUTION;

ALUMINUM; BARIUM; CALCIUM; COPPER; IRON; MAGNESIUM; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; METAL; MOTORWAY; PAH; TRACE ELEMENT; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

AIR POLLUTANT; AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; CAR DRIVING; DYNAMOMETER; LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MOTOR VEHICLE; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; URBAN AREA;

CALIFORNIA; LOS ANGELES [CALIFORNIA]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84865051271     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: 18732844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.072     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Arhami M., Sillanpaa M., et al. Size-segregated inorganic and organic components of PM in the communities of the Los Angeles Harbor. Aerosol Science and Technology 2009, 43(2):145-160.
2. Ban-Weiss G.A., McLaughlin J.P., et al. Long-term changes in emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42(2):220-232.
3. Belyaev S.P., Levin L.M. Techniques for collection of representative aerosol samples. Journal of Aerosol Science 1974, 5:325-338.
4. Birch M.E., Cary R.A. Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Science and Technology 1996, 25(3):221-241.
5. Brown S.G., Herckes P., et al. Characterization of organic aerosol in Big Bend National Park, Texas. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36(38):5807-5818.
6. Bukowiecki N., Dommen J., et al. A mobile pollutant measurement laboratory-measuring gas phase and aerosol ambient concentrations with high spatial and temporal resolution. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36(36-37):5569-5579.
7. Cass G.R. Organic molecular tracers for particulate air pollution sources. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry 1998, 17(6):356-366.
8. Fine P.M., Chakrabarti B., et al. Diurnal variations of individual organic compound constituents of ultrafine and accumulation mode particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin. Environmental Science & Technology 2004, 38(5):1296-1304.
9. Fruin S.A., Winer A.M., et al. Black carbon concentrations in California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures. Atmospheric Environment 2004, 38(25):4123-4133.
10. Fujita E.M., Zielinska B., et al. Variations in speciated emissions from spark-ignition and compression-ignition motor vehicles in California's south coast air basin. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2007, 57(6):705-720.
11. Geller V.D., Sardar S.B., et al. Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and size distributions in a tunnel environment. Environmental Science & Technology 2005, 39(22):8653-8663.
12. Grieshop A.P., Lipsky E.M., et al. Fine particle emission factors from vehicles in a highway tunnel: effects of fleet composition and season. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:S287-S298.
13. Harrison R.M., Tilling R., et al. A study of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the roadside environment. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37(17):2391-2402.
14. Hu S., Polidori A., et al. Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2008, 8(21):6439-6451.
15. Kam W., Liacos J.W., et al. Size-segregated composition of particulate matter (PM) in major roadways and surface streets. Atmospheric Environment 2012, 55:90-97. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.028.
16. Kim B.M., Cassmassi J., et al. Positive organic carbon artifacts on filter medium during PM2.5 sampling in the South Coast Air Basin. Aerosol Science and Technology 2001, 34(1):35-41.
17. Kirchstetter T.W., Harley R.A., et al. On-road measurement of fine particle and nitrogen oxide emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles. Atmospheric Environment 1999, 33(18):2955-2968.
18. Krudysz M.A., Froines J.R., et al. Intra-community spatial variation of size-fractionated PM mass, OC, EC, and trace elements in the Long Beach, CA area. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42(21):5374-5389.
19. Kuhn T., Biswas S., et al. Diurnal and seasonal characteristics of particle volatility and chemical composition in the vicinity of a light-duty vehicle freeway. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(37):7154-7166.
20. Li N., Sioutas C., et al. Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environmental Health Perspectives 2003, 111(4):455-460.
21. Lin C.C., Chen S.J., et al. Characteristics of metals in nano/ultrafine/fine/coarse particles collected beside a heavily trafficked road. Environmental Science & Technology 2005, 39(21):8113-8122.
22. Lough G.C., Schauer J.J., et al. Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways. Environmental Science & Technology 2005, 39(3):826-836.
23. Miguel A.H., Kirchstetter T.W., et al. On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 1998, 32(4):450-455.
24. Misra C., Singh M., et al. Development and evaluation of a personal cascade impactor sampler (PCIS). Journal of Aerosol Science 2002, 33(7):1027-1047.
25. Moore K.F., Ning Z., et al. Daily variation in the properties of urban ultrafine aerosol - part I: physical characterization and volatility. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(38):8633-8646.
26. Morgan T.E., Davis D.A., et al. Glutamatergic neurons in rodent models respond to nanoscale particulate urban air pollutants in vivo and in vitro. Environmental Health Perspectives 2011, 119(7):1003-1009.
27. Naumova Y.Y., Offenberg J.H., et al. Gas/particle distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coupled outdoor/indoor atmospheres. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37(5):703-719.
28. Ning Z., Chan T.L. On-road remote sensing of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicle emissions measurement and emission factors estimation. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(39):9099-9110.
29. Ning Z., Geller M.D., et al. Daily variation in chemical characteristics of urban ultrafine aerosols and inference of their sources. Environmental Science & Technology 2007, 41(17):6000-6006.
30. Ning Z., Polidori A., et al. Emission factors of PM species based on freeway measurements and comparison with tunnel and dynamometer studies. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42(13):3099-3114.
31. Ning Z., Sioutas C. Atmospheric processes influencing aerosols generated by combustion and the inference of their impact on public exposure: a review. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2010, 10(1):43-58.
32. Pakbin P., Ning Z., et al. Seasonal and spatial coarse particle elemental concentrations in the Los Angeles area. Aerosol Science and Technology 2011, 45(8):949. U156.
33. Phuleria H.C., Geller M.D., et al. Size-resolved emissions of organic tracers from light-and heavy-duty vehicles measured in a California roadway tunnel. Environmental Science & Technology 2006, 40(13):4109-4118.
34. Phuleria H.C., Sheesley R.J., et al. Roadside measurements of size-segregated particulate organic compounds near gasoline and diesel-dominated freeways in Los Angeles, CA. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(22):4653-4671.
35. Prichard H.M., Fisher P.C. Identification of platinum and palladium particles emitted from vehicles and dispersed into the surface environment. Environmental Science & Technology 2012, 46(6):3149-3154.
36. Rogge W.F., Hildemann L.M., et al. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environmental Science & Technology 1993, 27(4):636-651.
37. Rogge W.F., Hildemann L.M., et al. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 3. Road dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust - roads as sources and sinks. Environmental Science & Technology 1993, 27(9):1892-1904.
38. Sardar S.B., Fine P.M., et al. Seasonal and spatial variability of the size-resolved chemical composition of particulate matter (PM10) in the Los Angeles Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2005, 110(D7).
39. Schauer J.J. Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 2003, 13(6):443-453.
40. Schauer J.J., Kleeman M.J., et al. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C-1 through C-30 organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks. Environmental Science & Technology 1999, 33(10):1578-1587.
41. Schauer J.J., Kleeman M.J., et al. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C-1-C-32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 2002, 36(6):1169-1180.
42. Schauer J.J., Lough G.C., et al. Characterization of Metals Emitted from Motor Vehicles 2006, Health Effects Institute, Report Number 133.
43. Schauer J.J., Rogge W.F., et al. Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmospheric Environment 1996, 30(22):3837-3855.
44. Simoneit B.R.T. Organic-matter of the troposphere. 5. Application of molecular marker analysis to biogenic emissions into the troposphere for source reconciliations. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 1989, 8(3):251-275.
45. Sternbeck J., Sjodin A., et al. Metal emissions from road traffic and the influence of resuspension - results from two tunnel studies. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36(30):4735-4744.
46. Turpin B.J., Saxena P., et al. Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34(18):2983-3013.
47. Verma V., Shafer M.M., et al. Contribution of transition metals in the reactive oxygen species activity of PM emissions from retrofitted heavy-duty vehicles. Atmospheric Environment 2010, 44(39):5165-5173.
48. Yanowitz J., Graboski M.S., et al. Chassis dynamometer study of emissions from 21 in-use heavy duty diesel vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 1999, 33(2):209-216.
49. x, and CO from on-road vehicles in Finland. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39(35):6696-6706.
50. Zhang Y.X., Schauer J.J., et al. Source apportionment of in vitro reactive oxygen species bioassay activity from atmospheric particulate matter. Environmental Science & Technology 2008, 42(19):7502-7509.
51. Zhu Y.F., Hinds W.C., et al. Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2002, 52(9):1032-1042.
52. Zielinska B., Sagebiel J., et al. Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2004, 54(9):1138-1150.