Porous biodegradable metals for hard tissue scaffolds: A review

International Journal of Biomaterials

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Yusop, A H ^a   Bakir, A A ^a   Shaharom, N A ^a   Abdul Kadir, M R ^a   Hermawan, H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864948284     PISSN: 16878787     EISSN: 16878795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/641430     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Brahatheeswaran D., Yasuhiko Y., Toru M., Sakthi K. D., Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: a review International Journal of Polymer Science 2011 2011 19
2. Chang C. H., Lin F. H., Kuo T. F., Liu H. C., Cartilage tissue engineering Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 2005 17 1 11
3. Risbud M. V., Sittinger M., Tissue engineering: advances in in vitro cartilage generation Trends in Biotechnology 2002 20 8 351 356 (Pubitemid 34804424)
4. Gravel M., Gross T., Vago R., Tabrizian M., Responses of mesenchymal stem cell to chitosan-coralline composites microstructured using coralline as gas forming agent Biomaterials 2006 27 9 1899 1906 (Pubitemid 41759484)
5. Hutmacher D. W., Sittinger M., Risbud M. V., Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems Trends in Biotechnology 2004 22 7 354 362 (Pubitemid 38887544)
6. Hutmacher D. W., Schantz T., Zein I., Ng K. W., Teoh S. H., Tan K. C., Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2001 55 203 216 (Pubitemid 32198503)
7. Bonadio J., Smiley E., Patil P., Goldstein S., Localized, direct plasmid gene delivery in vivo: prolonged therapy results in reproducible tissue regeneration Nature Medicine 1999 5 7 753 759 (Pubitemid 29318608)
8. Cheung H. Y., Lau K. T., Lu T. P., Hui D., A critical review on polymer-based bio-engineered materials for scaffold development Composites Part B 2007 38 3 291 300 (Pubitemid 46149453)
9. Chen G., Ushida T., Tateishi T., Scaffold design for tissue engineering Macromolecular Bioscience 2002 2 67 77 (Pubitemid 44790987)
10. Ji Y., Ghosh K., Shu X. Z., Li B., Sokolov J. C., Prestwich G. D., Clark R. A. F., Rafailovich M. H., Electrospun three-dimensional hyaluronic acid nanofibrous scaffolds Biomaterials 2006 27 20 3782 3792
11. Piskin E., Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition 1995 6 75 870
12. Ashammakhi N., Rokkanen P., Absorbable polyglycolide devices in trauma and bone surgery Biomaterials 1997 18 1 3 9 (Pubitemid 27029708)
13. Shalaby S. W., Swarbrick J., Boylan J. C., Bioabsorbable polymers Encyclopedia of Pharmceutical Technology 1988 1 465 476
14. Holland S. J., Tighe B. J., Biodegradable polymers Advances in Pharmaceutical Science 1992 6 London, UK Academic Press 101 164
15. Hayashi T., Biodegradable polymers for biomedical uses Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford) 1994 19 4 663 702 (Pubitemid 124003804)
16. Kohn J., Langer R., Ratner B. D., Hoffman A. S., Schoen F. J., Lemon J. E., Bioresorbable and bioerodible materials An Introduction To Materials in Medicine 1997 San Diego, Calif, USA Academic Press 65 73
17. Temenoff J. S., Mikos A. G., Injectable biodegradable materials for orthopedic tissue engineering Biomaterials 2000 21 23 2405 2412
18. Athanasiou K. A., Niederauer G. G., Agrawal C. M., Sterilization, toxicity, biocompatibility and clinical applications of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymers Biomaterials 1996 17 2 93 102 (Pubitemid 26031365)
19. Hench L. L., Polak J. M., Third-generation biomedical materials Science 2002 295 5557 1014 1017
20. Prestwich G. D., Matthew H., Hybrid, composite, and complex biomaterials Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002 961 106 108 (Pubitemid 34721748)
21. Liu X., Ma P. X., Polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2004 32 3 477 486
22. Ishaug S. L., Crane G. M., Miller M. J., Yasko A. W., Yaszemski M. J., Mikos A. G., Bone formation by three-dimensional stromal osteoblast culture in biodegradable polymer scaffolds Journal of Biomedial Materials Research 1997 36 17 28 (Pubitemid 27270994)
23. Ishaug-Riley S. L., Crane G. M., Gurlek A., Miller M. J., Yasko A. W., Yaszemski M. J., Mikos A. G., Ectopic bone formation by marrow stromal osteoblast transplantation using poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams implanted into the rat mesentery Journal of Biomedial Materials Research 1997 36 1 8 (Pubitemid 27270992)
24. Vacanti C. A., Vacanti J. P., Bone and cartilage reconstruction with tissue engineering approaches Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 1994 27 1 263 276 (Pubitemid 24090181)
25. Zhang R. Y., Ma P. X., Poly(alpha-hydroxyl acids) hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering. I. Preparation and morphology Journal of Biomedial Materials Research 1999 44 446 455 (Pubitemid 29031128)
26. Ma P. X., Zhang R. Y., Xiao G. Z., Franceschi R., Engineering new bone tissue in vitro on highly porous poly(alpha-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds Journal of Biomedial Materials Research 2001 54 284 293
27. Yarlagadda P. K. D. V., Chandrasekharan M., Shyan J. Y. M., Recent advances and current developments in tissue scaffolding Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering 2005 15 3 159 177 (Pubitemid 40879642)
28. Hermawan H., Mantovani D., Degradable metallic biomaterials: the concept, current developments and future directions Minerva Biotecnologica 2009 21 4 207 216
29. Di Mario C., Griffiths H., Goktekin O., Peeters N., Verbist J., Bosiers M., Deloose K., Heublein B., Rohde R., Kasese V., Ilsley C., Erbel R., Drug-eluting bioabsorbable magnesium stent Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2004 17 6 391 395 (Pubitemid 39552594)
30. Peeters P., Bosiers M., Verbist J., Deloose K., Heublein B., Preliminary results after application of absorbable metal stents in patients with critical limb ischemia Journal of Endovascular Therapy 2005 12 1 1 5 (Pubitemid 40229382)
31. Witte F., Kaese V., Haferkamp H., Switzer E., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Wirth C. J., Windhagen H., In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response Biomaterials 2005 26 17 3557 3563 (Pubitemid 40038150)
32. Waksman R., Pakala R., Kuchulakanti P. K., Baffour R., Hellinga D., Seabron R., Tio F. O., Wittchow E., Hartwig S., Harder C., Rohde R., Heublein B., Andreae A., Waldmann K. H., Haverich A., Safety and efficacy of bioabsorbable magnesium alloy stents in porcine coronary arteries Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 2006 68 4 607 617 (Pubitemid 44546055)
33. Hnzi A. C., Sologubenko A. S., Uggowitzer P. J., Design strategy for microalloyed ultra-ductile magnesium alloys for medical applications Materials Science Forum 2009 618-619 75 82
34. Zhang E., Yang L., Microstructure, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion properties of MgZnMnCa alloy for biomedical application Materials Science and Engineering A 2008 497 1-2 111 118
35. Li Z., Gu X., Lou S., Zheng Y., The development of binary MgCa alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone Biomaterials 2008 29 10 1329 1344
36. Peuster M., Wohlsein P., Brgmann M., Ehlerding M., Seidler K., Fink C., Brauer H., Fischer A., Hausdorf G., A novel approach to temporary stenting: degradable cardiovascular stents produced from corrodible metalresults 618 months after implantation into New Zealand white rabbits Heart 2001 86 5 563 569 (Pubitemid 32999872)
37. Peuster M., Hesse C., Schloo T., Fink C., Beerbaum P., von Schnakenburg C., Long-term biocompatibility of a corrodible peripheral iron stent in the porcine descending aorta Biomaterials 2006 27 28 4955 4962 (Pubitemid 43866928)
38. Hermawan H., Alamdari H., Mantovani D., Dubé D., Iron-manganese: new class of metallic degradable biomaterials prepared by powder metallurgy Powder Metallurgy 2008 51 1 38 45
39. Schinhammer M., Hnzi A. C., Lffler J. F., Uggowitzer P. J., Design strategy for biodegradable Fe-based alloys for medical applications Acta Biomaterialia 2010 6 5 1705 1713
40. Farack J., Wolf-Brandstetter C., Glorius S., Nies B., Standke G., Quadbeck P., Worch H., Scharnweber D., The effect of perfusion culture on proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on biocorrodible bone replacement material Materials Science and Engineering B 2011 176 1767 1772
41. Witte F., Kaese V., Haferkamp H., Switzer E., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Wirth C. J., Windhagen H., In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response Biomaterials 2005 26 17 3557 3563 (Pubitemid 40038150)
42. Ginde R. M., Gupta R. K., In vitro chemical degradation of poly(glycolic acid) pellets and fibers Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1987 33 7 2411 2429
43. Gong Y., Zhou Q., Gao C., Shen J., In vitro and in vivo degradability and cytocompatibility of poly(l-lactic acid) scaffold fabricated by a gelatin particle leaching method Acta Biomaterialia 2007 3 4 531 540 (Pubitemid 46865781)
44. Reed A. M., Gilding D. K., Biodegradable polymers for use in surgerypoly(glycolic)/poly(Iactic acid) homo and copolymers: 2. In vitro degradation Polymer 1981 22 4 494 498 (Pubitemid 11499831)
45. Yoon J. J., Park T. G., Degradation behaviors of biodegradable macroporous scaffolds prepared by gas foaming of effervescent salts Journal of Biomedial Materials Research. 2001 55 401 408 (Pubitemid 32240177)
46. Yoshioka T., Kamada F., Kawazoe N., Tateishi T., Chen G., Structural changes and biodegradation of PLLA, PCL, and PLGA sponges during in vitro incubation Polymer Engineering and Science 2010 50 10 1895 1903
47. Shum A. W. T., Mak A. F. T., Morphological and biomechanical characterization of poly(glycolic acid) scaffolds after in vitro degradation Polymer Degradation and Stability 2003 81 1 141 149
48. Wu L., Ding J., In vitro degradation of three-dimensional porous poly(D,L-lactide-co- glycolide) scaffolds for tissue engineering Biomaterials 2004 25 27 5821 5830 (Pubitemid 38681166)
49. Xu L., Xiong Z. C., Yang D., Zhang L. F., Chang J., Xiong C. D., Preparation and in vitro degradation of novel bioactive polylactide/wollastonite scaffolds Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2009 114 6 3396 3406
50. Tan L., Gong M., Zheng F., Zhang B., Yang K., Study on compression behavior of porous magnesium used as bone tissue engineering scaffolds Biomedical Materials 2009 4 1
51. Nguyen T. L., Staiger M. P., Dia G. J., Woodfield s T. B. F., A novel manufacturing route for fabrication of topologically-ordered porous magnesium scaffolds Advanced Engineering Materials 2011 13 872 881
52. Saris N. E. L., Mervaala E., Karppanen H., Khawaja J. A., Lewenstam A., Magnesium: an update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects Clinica Chimica Acta 2000 294 1-2 1 26 (Pubitemid 30155803)
53. Vormann J., Magnesium: nutrition and metabolism Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2003 24 13 27 37 (Pubitemid 36092142)
54. Okuma T., Magnesium and bone strength Nutrition 2001 17 7-8 679 680 (Pubitemid 32633811)
55. Hartwig A., Role of magnesium in genomic stability Mutation Research 2001 475 113 134
56. Wolf F. I., Cittadini A., Chemistry and biochemistry of magnesium Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2003 24 13 3 9 (Pubitemid 36092140)
57. Merk, Water, electrolyte mineral and acid/base metabolism Section 2. Endocrine Metabolic Disorders. Merk Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy 2012 chapter 12. http://www.newtreatments.org/loadlocal.php?hid=998
58. Witte F., Crostack H. A., Nellesen J., Beckmann F., Characterization of degradable magnesium alloys as orthopaedic implant material by synchrotron-radiation-based microtomography. 2012, http://www-hasylab.desy.de/ science/annualreports/2001report/part1/contrib/47/5461.pdf
59. Xu L., Yu G., Zhang E., Pan F., Yang K., In vivo corrosion behavior of MgMnZn alloy for bone implant application Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchPart A 2007 83 3 703 711 (Pubitemid 350086297)
60. Witte F., Ulrich H., Rudert M., Willbold E., Biodegradable magnesium scaffolds: part I: appropriate inflammatory response Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchPart A 2007 81 3 748 756 (Pubitemid 46786907)
61. Gu X. N., Zhou W. R., Zheng Y. F., Liu Y., Li Y. X., Degradation and cytotoxicity of lotus-type porous pure magnesium as potential tissue engineering scaffold material Materials Letters 2010 64 17 1871 1874
62. Zreiqat H., Howlett C. R., Zannettino A., Evans P., Schulze-Tanzil G., Knabe C., Shakibaei M., Mechanisms of magnesium-stimulated adhesion of osteoblastic cells to commonly used orthopaedic implants Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2002 62 2 175 184 (Pubitemid 34988494)
63. Yamasaki Y., Yoshida Y., Okazaki M., Shimazu A., Uchida T., Kubo T., Akagawa Y., Hamada Y., Takahashi J., Matsuura N., Synthesis of functionally graded MgCO 3 apatite accelerating osteoblast adhesion Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2002 62 1 99 105 (Pubitemid 34831398)
64. Yamasaki Y., Yoshida Y., Okazaki M., Shimazu A., Kubo T., Akagawa Y., Uchida T., Action of FGMgCO 3 Ap-collagen composite in promoting bone formation Biomaterials 2003 24 27 4913 4920 (Pubitemid 37237621)
65. Staiger M. P., Pietak A. M., Huadmai J., Dias G., Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review Biomaterials 2006 27 9 1728 1734 (Pubitemid 41760433)
66. Gu X. N., Zheng Y. F., A review on magnesium alloys as biodegradable materials Frontiers of Materials Science in China 2010 4 2 111 115
67. Gu X., Zheng Y., Cheng Y., Zhong S., Xi T., In vitro corrosion and biocompatibility of binary magnesium alloys Biomaterials 2009 30 4 484 498
68. Wang H., Estrin Y., Zberov Z., Bio-corrosion of a magnesium alloy with different processing histories Materials Letters 2008 62 16 2476 2479
69. Li Z., Gu X., Lou S., Zheng Y., The development of binary MgCa alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone Biomaterials 2008 29 10 1329 1344
70. Black J., Hastings G., Handbook of Biomaterial Properties 1998 London, UK Chapman Hall
71. ASTM, Standard specification for wrought 18chromium-14nickel-2. 5molybdenum stainless steel bar and wire for surgical implants (UNS S31673) 2003 F138 West Conshohocken, Pa, USA ASTM International
72. ASM, ASM Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys Special Purpose Materials, Vol. 2 2005 Materials Park, Ohio, USA ASM International
73. ASTM, Standard specification for magnesium-alloy sand castings 2001 B80 West Conshohocken, Pa, USA ASTM International
74. Witte F., Hort N., Vogt C., Cohen S., Kainer K. U., Willumeit R., Feyerabend F., Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 2008 12 5-6 63 72
75. Shaw B. A., ASM Handbook Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing and Protection 2003 Materials Park, Ohio, USA ASM International Edited by D. Stephen
76. Lambotte A. L., Utilisation du magnesium comme materiel perdu dans losteosynthese Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société de Chirurgie de Paris 1932 28 1325 1359
77. Troitskii V. V., Tsitrin D. N., The resorbing metallic alloy Osteosinthezitas material for fastening broken bone Khirurgiia 1944 8 41 45
78. McBride E. D., Absorbable metal for bone surgery The Journal of the American Medical Association 1938 111 2464 2467
79. Verbrugge J., Le Materiel Metallique Resorbable En Chirurgie Osseuse La Presse Médicale 1934 23 460 465
80. Stroganov G. B., Savitsky E., Mikhailovich T., Nina M., Terekhova V., Fedorovna V., Magnesium-base alloys for use in bone surgery. US Patent no. 3, 687, 135, 1972
81. Kannan M. B., Raman R. K. S., In vitro degradation and mechanical integrity of calcium-containing magnesium alloys in modified-simulated body fluid Biomaterials 2008 29 15 2306 2314
82. Xu L., Zhang E., Yin D., Zeng S., Yang K., In vitro corrosion behaviour of Mg alloys in a phosphate buffered solution for bone implant application Journal of Materials Science 2008 19 3 1017 1025 (Pubitemid 351328130)
83. Gu X. N., Zheng W., Cheng Y., Zheng Y. F., A study on alkaline heat treated MgCa alloy for the control of the biocorrosion rate Acta Biomaterialia 2009 5 7 2790 2799
84. Witte F., Fischer J., Nellesen J., Vogt C., Vogt J., Donath T., Beckmann F., In vivo corrosion and corrosion protection of magnesium alloy LAE442 Acta Biomaterialia 2010 6 5 1792 1799
85. Kannan M. B., Orr L., In vitro mechanical integrity of hydroxyapatite coated magnesium alloy Biomedical Materials 2011 6
86. Jo J. H., Kang B.G., Shin K.S., Kim H.E., Hahn B.D., Park D.S., Ko Y.H., Hydroxyapatite coating on magnesium with MgF 2 interlayer for enhanced corrosion resistance and biocompatibility Journal of Materials Science 2011 22 11 2437 2447
87. Xu L., Zhang E., Yang K., Phosphating treatment and corrosion properties of MgMnZn alloy for biomedical application Journal of Materials Science 2009 20 4 859 867
88. Gu X. N., Zheng Y. F., Lan Q. X., Cheng Y., Zhang Z. X., Xi T. F., Zhang D. Y., Surface modification of an Mg1Ca alloy to slow down its biocorrosion by chitosan Biomedical Materials 2009 4 4
89. Kuboki Y., Takita H., Kobayashi D., Tsuruga E., Inoue M., Murata M., BMP-induced osteogenesis on the surface of hydroxyapatite with geometrically feasible and nonfeasible structures: topology of osteogenesis Journal of Biomedial Materials Research 1998 39 190 199 (Pubitemid 28060350)
90. Svehla M., Morberg P., Zicat B., Bruce W., Sonnabend D., Walsh W. R., Morphometric and mechanical evaluation of titanium implant integration: comparison of five surface structures Journal of Biomedial Materials Research 2000 15 22 (Pubitemid 30331977)
91. Wen C. E., Yamada Y., Shimojima K., Chino Y., Hosokawa H., Mabuchi M., Compressibility of porous magnesium foam: dependency on porosity and pore size Materials Letters 2004 58 3-4 357 360
92. Zhuang H., Han Y., Feng A., Preparation, mechanical properties and in vitro biodegradation of porous magnesium scaffolds Materials Science and Engineering C 2008 28 8 1462 1466
93. Wen C. E., Mabuchi M., Yamada Y., Shimojima K., Chino Y., Asahina T., Processing of biocompatible porous Ti and Mg Scripta Materialia 2001 45 10 1147 1153 (Pubitemid 32998153)
94. Yamada Y., Shimojima K., Sakaguchi Y., Mabuchi M., Nakamura M., Asahina T., Mukai T., Kanahashi H., Higashi K., Processing of cellular magnesium materials Advanced Engineering Materials 2000 2 4 184 187
95. DeGarmo P. E., Materials and Processes in Manufacturing 1979 5th New York, NY, USA Collin Macmillan
96. Gibson L., Ashby M., Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties 1988 Sydney, Australia Pergamon Press
97. Gibson L., Ashby M., Solids: Structure and Properties 1988 Sydney, Australia Pergamon Press
98. Gibson L. J., The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone Journal of Biomechanics 1985 18 5 317 328 (Pubitemid 15055231)
99. Simon J. L., Roy T. D., Parsons J. R., Rekow E. D., Thompson V. P., Kemnitzer J., Ricci J. L., Engineered cellular response to scaffold architecture in a rabbit trephine defect Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchPart A 2003 66 2 275 282 (Pubitemid 37517227)
100. Deshpande V. S., Ashby M. F., Fleck N. A., Foam topology: bending versus stretching dominated architectures Acta Materialia 2001 49 6 1035 1040 (Pubitemid 32284694)
101. Lefebvre L. P., Banhart J., Dunand D. C., Porous metals and metallic foams: current status and recent developments Advanced Engineering Materials 2008 10 9 775 787
102. Adachi T., Osako Y., Tanaka M., Hojo M., Hollister S. J., Framework for optimal design of porous scaffold microstructure by computational simulation of bone regeneration Biomaterials 2006 27 21 3964 3972
103. Lin C. Y., Hsiao C. C., Chen P. Q., Hollister S. J., Interbody fusion cage design using integrated global layout and local microstructure topology optimization Spine 2004 29 16 1747 1754 (Pubitemid 39079916)
104. Hollister S. J., Scaffold design and manufacturing: from concept to clinic Advanced Materials 2009 21 32-33 3330 3342
105. Staiger M. P., Kolbeinsson I., Kirkland N. T., Nguyen T., Dias G., Woodfield T. B. F., Synthesis of topologically-ordered open-cell porous magnesium Materials Letters 2010 64 23 2572 2574
106. Kirkland N. T., Kolbeinsson I., Woodfield T., Dias G. J., Staiger M. P., Synthesis and properties of topologically ordered porous magnesium Materials Science and Engineering B 2011 176 20 1666 1672
107. Witte F., Reifenrath J., Mller P. P., Crostack H. A., Nellesen J., Bach F. W., Bormann D., Rudert M., Cartilage repair on magnesium scaffolds used as a subchondral bone replacement Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 2006 37 6 504 508 (Pubitemid 44012814)
108. Tunold R., Holtan H., Berge M. B. H., Lasson A., Steen-Hansen R., The corrosion of magnesium in aqueous solution containing chloride ions Corrosion Science 1977 17 4 353 365
109. wiatowska J., Volovitch P., Ogle K., The anodic dissolution of Mg in NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 electrolytes by atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry Corrosion Science 2010 52 7 2372 2378
110. Mller W. D., Nascimento M. L., Zeddies M., Crsico M., Gassa L. M., de Mele M. A. F. L., Magnesium and its alloys as degradable biomaterials. Corrosion studies using potentiodynamic and EIS electrochemical techniques Materials Research 2007 10 1 5 10 (Pubitemid 46830253)
111. Wei J., Jia J., Wu F., Wei S., Zhou H., Zhang H., Shin J. W., Liu C., Hierarchically microporous/macroporous scaffold of magnesium-calcium phosphate for bone tissue regeneration Biomaterials 2010 31 6 1260 1269
112. Banhart J., Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams Progress in Materials Science 2001 46 6 559 632 (Pubitemid 32876889)
113. Ryan G., Pandit A., Apatsidis D. P., Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthopaedic applications Biomaterials 2006 27 13 2651 2670 (Pubitemid 43122070)
114. Fontecave M., Pierre J. L., Iron: metabolism, toxicity and therapy Biochimie 1993 75 9 767 773 (Pubitemid 23337715)
115. Mueller P. P., May T., Perz A., Hauser H., Peuster M., Control of smooth muscle cell proliferation by ferrous iron Biomaterials 2006 27 10 2193 2200 (Pubitemid 41774531)
116. Song G., Control of biodegradation of biocompatable magnesium alloys Corrosion Science 2007 49 4 1696 1701 (Pubitemid 46365679)
117. Sangiorgi G., Melzi G., Agostoni P., Cola C., Clementi F., Romitelli P., Virmani R., Colombo A., Engineering aspects of stents design and their translation into clinical practice Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita 2007 43 1 89 100
118. Hermawan H., Dubé D., Mantovani D., Degradable metallic biomaterials: design and development of FeMn alloys for stents Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchPart A 2010 93 1 1 11
119. Quadbeck P., Hauser R., Kummel K., Standke G., Stephani G., Nies B., Robler S., Wegener B., Iron based cellular metals for degradable synthetic bone replacement Proceedings of the Powder Metallurgy World Congress (PM '10) 2010 Florence, Italy
120. Kovik J., The tensile behaviour of porous metals made by GASAR process Acta Materialia 1998 46 15 5413 5422
121. Hyun S. K., Ikeda T., Nakajima H., Fabrication of lotus-type porous iron and its mechanical properties Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 2004 5 1-2 201 205
122. Murakami T., Ohara K., Narushima T., Ouchi C., Development of a new method for manufacturing iron foam using gases generated by reduction of iron oxide Materials Transactions 2007 48 11 2937 2944
123. Jee C. S. Y., zgven N., Guo Z. X., Evans J. R. G., Preparation of high porosity metal foams Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 2000 31 6 1345 1352 (Pubitemid 32169357)
124. Liu Z., Fan T., Zhang W., Zhang D., The synthesis of hierarchical porous iron oxide with wood templates Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2005 85 1-2 85 88 (Pubitemid 41377772)