Cannabis use and depression: a longitudinal study of a national cohort of Swedish conscripts

BMC Psychiatry

Volumn 12, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Manrique Garcia, Edison ^a   Zammit, Stanley ^b   Dalman, Christina ^a   Hemmingsson, Tomas ^a   Allebeck, Peter ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Depression; Schizoaffective disorder

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ADULT; AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; AGED; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SWEDEN; CANNABIS USE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; HAZARD RATIO; RISK;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COHORT STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK; SWEDEN;

EID: 84864941798     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1471244X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-112     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Kuepper R, van Os J, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Hofler M, Henquet C. Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms: 10 year follow-up cohort study. BMJ 2011, 342:d738. 10.1136/bmj.d738, 3047001, 21363868.
2. Alpert JE, Maddocks A, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Childhood psychopathology retrospectively assessed among adults with early onset major depression. J Affect Disord 1994, 31(3):165-171. 10.1016/0165-0327(94)90025-6, 7963068.
3. Brady K, Casto S, Lydiard RB, Malcolm R, Arana G. Substance abuse in an inpatient psychiatric sample. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991, 17(4):389-397. 10.3109/00952999109001598, 1746501.
4. Mueser KT, Yarnold PR, Bellack AS. Diagnostic and demographic correlates of substance abuse in schizophrenia and major affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992, 85(1):48-55. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb01441.x, 1546548.
5. Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression. Addiction 2003, 98(11):1493-1504. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00437.x, 14616175.
6. Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TR, Jones PB, Burke M, Lewis G. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 2007, 370(9584):319-328. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3, 17662880.
7. de Graaf R, Radovanovic M, van Laar M, Fairman B, Degenhardt L, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Bruffaerts R, de Girolamo G, Fayyad J, Gureje O, et al. Early cannabis use and estimated risk of later onset of depression spells: Epidemiologic evidence from the population-based World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Am J Epidemiol 2010, 172(2):149-159. 10.1093/aje/kwq096, 2915487, 20534820.
8. van Laar M, van Dorsselaer S, Monshouwer K, de Graaf R. Does cannabis use predict the first incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in the adult population?. Addiction 2007, 102(8):1251-1260. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01875.x, 17624975.
9. Belmaker RH, Agam G. Major depressive disorder. N Engl J Med 2008, 358(1):55-68. 10.1056/NEJMra073096, 18172175.
10. Ebmeier KP, Donaghey C, Steele JD. Recent developments and current controversies in depression. Lancet 2006, 367(9505):153-167. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67964-6, 16413879.
11. Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M, Coffey C, Patton G. The association between cannabis use and depression: a review of evidence. Marijuana and Madness 2012, 114-128. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Castle D, Murray RM, D'Souza DC, Second.
12. Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Bjork C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, Hultman CM. Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 2009, 373(9659):234-239. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60072-6, 19150704.
13. Owen MJ, Craddock N, Jablensky A. The genetic deconstruction of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2007, 33(4):905-911. 10.1093/schbul/sbm053, 2632314, 17551090.
14. Jager M, Haack S, Becker T, Frasch K. Schizoaffective disorder-an ongoing challenge for psychiatric nosology. Eur Psychiatry 2011, 26(3):159-165. 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.03.010, 20646917.
15. Baethge C, Hennen J, Khalsa HM, Salvatore P, Tohen M, Baldessarini RJ. Sequencing of substance use and affective morbidity in 166 first-episode bipolar I disorder patients. Bipolar Disord 2008, 10(6):738-741. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00575.x, 18837869.
16. Hill MN, Sun JC, Tse MT, Gorzalka BB. Altered responsiveness of serotonin receptor subtypes following long-term cannabinoid treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006, 9(3):277-286. 10.1017/S1461145705005651, 15967059.
17. Yucel M, Solowij N, Respondek C, Whittle S, Fornito A, Pantelis C, Lubman DI. Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65(6):694-701. 10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.694, 18519827.
18. Frodl T, Meisenzahl EM, Zill P, Baghai T, Rujescu D, Leinsinger G, Bottlender R, Schule C, Zwanzger P, Engel RR, et al. Reduced hippocampal volumes associated with the long variant of the serotonin transporter polymorphism in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61(2):177-183. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.2.177, 14757594.
19. Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Engstrom A, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 1987, 2(8574):1483-1486.
20. Zammit S, Allebeck P, Andreasson S, Lundberg I, Lewis G. Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study. BMJ 2002, 325(7374):1199. 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1199, 135490, 12446534.
21. Price C, Hemmingsson T, Lewis G, Zammit S, Allebeck P. Cannabis and suicide: longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry 2009, 195(6):492-497. 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065227, 19949196.
22. Hemmingsson T, Kriebel D, Melin B, Allebeck P, Lundberg I. How does IQ affect onset of smoking and cessation of smoking-linking the Swedish 1969 conscription cohort to the Swedish survey of living conditions. Psychosom Med 2008, 70(7):805-810. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817b955f, 18606723.
23. David AS, Zammit S, Lewis G, Dalman C, Allebeck P. Impairments in cognition across the spectrum of psychiatric disorders: evidence from a Swedish conscript cohort. Schizophr Bull 2008, 34(6):1035-1041. 10.1093/schbul/sbn028, 2632503, 18441331.
24. Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Degenhardt L, Lynskey M, Hall W. Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. BMJ 2002, 325(7374):1195-1198. 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1195, 135489, 12446533.
25. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction 1997, 92(3):279-296. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03198.x, 9219390.
26. Pedersen W. Does cannabis use lead to depression and suicidal behaviours? A population-based longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008, 118(5):395-403. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01259.x, 18798834.
27. Vinod KY, Hungund BL. Role of the endocannabinoid system in depression and suicide. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006, 27(10):539-545. 10.1016/j.tips.2006.08.006, 16919786.
28. Hall W, Degenhardt L. Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. Lancet 2009, 374(9698):1383-1391. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61037-0, 19837255.
29. Dalman C, Broms J, Cullberg J, Allebeck P. Young cases of schizophrenia identified in a national inpatient register-are the diagnoses valid?. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2002, 37(11):527-531. 10.1007/s00127-002-0582-3, 12395142.
30. Ekholm B, Ekholm A, Adolfsson R, Vares M, Osby U, Sedvall GC, Jonsson EG. Evaluation of diagnostic procedures in Swedish patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses. Nord J Psychiatry 2005, 59(6):457-464. 10.1080/08039480500360906, 16316898.
31. Chen K, Kandel DB. The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample. Am J Public Health 1995, 85(1):41-47. 10.2105/AJPH.85.1.41, 1615290, 7832260.
32. Benson G, Holmberg MB. Validity of questionnaires in population studies on drug use. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985, 71(1):9-18. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb05045.x, 3969843.
33. Otto U. Function of male youths during military service. A follow-up study of a youth clientele. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1980, 282:1-60.