A systematic review of case-mix adjustment models for stroke

Clinical Rehabilitation

Volumn 26, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 771-786

  Teale, Elizabeth A ^a,b   Forster, Anne ^a   Munyombwe, Theresa ^a   Young, John B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b BRADFORD ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

prognosis; risk adjustment; statistical models; Stroke

Indexed keywords

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STATISTICAL MODEL;

HUMANS; MODELS, STATISTICAL; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PROGNOSIS; RISK ADJUSTMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STROKE;

EID: 84864844725     PISSN: 02692155     EISSN: 14770873     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269215511433068     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Lilford RJ, Mohammed MA, Speigelhalter D, Thompson R. Use and misuse of process and outcome data in managing performance of acute medical care: avoiding institutional stigma. Lancet. 2004 ; 363: 1147-1154
2. Dr Foster Health. Dr Foster Report Card. http://www.drfosterhealth.co.uk/ quality-reports/ (accessed 29 April 2011).
3. Department of Health. The NHS Outcomes Framework 2011/12. http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod-consum-dh/groups/dh-digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/ documents/digitalasset/dh-123138.pdf (accessed 29 April 2011).
4. PROMIS: Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Instrument Systems. http://www.nihpromis.org/ (accessed 14 June 2011).
5. Counsell C, Dennis M. Systematic Review of prognostic models in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001 ; 12: 159-170 (Pubitemid 32973945)
6. Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Kollen BJ, Lankhorst GJ. Predicting disability in stroke-a critical review of the literature. Age Ageing. 1996 ; 25: 479-489 (Pubitemid 26418179)
7. Meijer R, Ihnenfeldt D, de Groot I, van Limbeek J, Vermeulen M, de Haan R. Prognostic factors for ambulation and activities of daily living in the subacute phase after stroke. A systematic review of the literature. Clin Rehabil. 2003 ; 17: 119-129 (Pubitemid 36284794)
8. Meijer R, van Limbeek J, Kriek B, Enfeldt D, Meulen MD, et al. Prognostic social factors in the subacute phase after a stroke for the discharge destination from the hospital stroke-unit. A systematic review of the literature. Disabil Rehabil. 2004 ; 26: 191-197 (Pubitemid 38325149)
9. Meijer R, Ihnenfeldt D, van Limbeek J, Vermeulen M, de Haan RJ. Prognostic factors in the subacute phase after stroke for the future residence after six months to one year. A systematic review of the literature. Clin Rehabil. 2003 ; 17: 512-520 (Pubitemid 37038295)
10. Hier HB, Edelstein G. Deriving clinical prediction rules fom stroke outcome research. Stroke. 1991 ; 22: 1431-1436
11. Jongbloed L. Prediction of function after stroke: a critical review. Stroke. 1986 ; 17: 765-776 (Pubitemid 16066554)
12. Segal M, Whyte J. Modeling case mix adjustment of stroke rehabilitation outcomes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997 ; 76: 154-161 (Pubitemid 27184534)
13. SalterKJutaiJZettlerLMosesMMcClureAFoleyNTeasellR. Evidence based review of stroke rehabilitation: Outcome measures in stroke rehabilitation. http://www.ebrsr.com/uploads/Module-21-outcomes.pdf. 2011 (accessed 8 November 2011).
14. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 ; ( 4 ):
15. Recommendations for the establishment of stroke systems of care. Stroke. 2005 ; 36: 690-703
16. Lindsay MP, Gubitz G, Bayley M, et al The Canadian best practice recommendations for stroke care (update 2010). Ottawa: Canadian Stroke Network ; 2010 :
17. ThomassenLThorénMLeysDRoineRAndersonT. On behalf of the 6th Karolinska Stroke Update, Stockholm Sweden. Organised acute stroke care. Karolinska Stroke Update Consensus Statement, 2006. www.strokeupdate.org/Cons- organised-2006.aspx (accessed 7 June 2011).
18. The Department of Health. The National Stroke Strategy. 2007. http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod-consum-dh/groups/dh-digitalassets/documents/ digitalasset/dh-081059.pdf (accessed 24 February 2010).
19. Altman D. Systematic reviews in health care: systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables. BMJ. 2001 ; 323: 224-248
20. Hayden JA., Côté P, Bombardier C. Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med. 2006 ; 144: 427-437 (Pubitemid 46768164)
21. Hemingway H, Riley RD, Altman D. Ten steps towards improving prognosis research. BMJ. 2010 ; 339: 410-414
22. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Stroke Review Group. Stroke search strategy. 2009. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clabout/ articles/STROKE/frame.html (accessed 10 June 2009).
23. Altman D, Royston P. What do we mean by validating a prognostic model?. Stat Med. 2000 ; 19: 453-473 (Pubitemid 30126878)
24. Altman D, Vergouwe Y, Moons K. Prognosis and prognostic research: validating a prognostic model. BMJ. 2009 ; 338: 1432-1435
25. Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996 ; 49: 1373-1379 (Pubitemid 27028925)
26. Harrell FE, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med. 1996 ; 15: 361-387 (Pubitemid 26072233)
27. Lai SM, Duncan PW, Keighley J. Prediction of functional outcome after stroke: comparison of the Orpington Prognostic Scale and the NIH Stroke Scale. Stroke. 1998 ; 29: 1838-1842 (Pubitemid 28399974)
28. Muir KW., Weir CJ, Murray GD., Povey C, Lees KR. Comparison of neurological scales and scoring systems for acute stroke prognosis. Stroke. 1996 ; 27: 1817-1820 (Pubitemid 26332512)
29. Anderson CS, Jamrozik KD, Broadhurst RJ, Stewart-Wynne EG. Predicting survival for 1 year among different subtypes of stroke: Results from the Perth community stroke study. Stroke. 1994 ; 25: 1935-1944 (Pubitemid 24291276)
30. Masiero S, Avesani R, Armani M, Verena P, Ermani M. Predictive factors for ambulation in stroke patients in the rehabilitation setting: a multivariate analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007 ; 109: 763-769 (Pubitemid 47391541)
31. Wang Y, Lim L, Heller R, Fisher J, Levi C. A prediction model of 1-year mortality for acute ischemic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 ; 84: 1006-1011 (Pubitemid 36835126)
32. Williams G, Jiang J. Development of an ischemic stroke survival score. Stroke. 2000 ; 31: 2414-2420
33. Lincoln N, Blackburn M, Ellis S. An investigation of factors affecting progress on a stroke unit. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989 ; 52: 493-496 (Pubitemid 19104508)
34. Wade DT, Skilbeck CE, Langton Hewer R. Predicting Barthel ADL score at 6 months after an acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983 ; 64: 24-28 (Pubitemid 13177594)
35. Young J, Bogle S, Forster A. Determinants of social outcome measured by the Frenchay Activities Index at one year after stroke onset. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001 ; 12: 114-120 (Pubitemid 32722246)
36. Prescott RJ, Garraway WM, Akhtar AJ. Predicting functional outcome following acute stroke using a standard clinical examination. Stroke. 1982 ; 13: 641-647 (Pubitemid 12011075)
37. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project 1981-86. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988 ; 51: 1373-1380
38. Counsell C, Dennis M, McDowall M, Warlow C. Predicting outcome after acute and subacute stroke: development and validation of new prognostic models. Stroke. 2002 ; 33: 1041-1047 (Pubitemid 34293589)
39. Wyatt J. Acquisition and use of clinical data for audit and research. J Eval Clin Pract. 1995 ; 1: 15-27
40. Allen CMC. Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: a prognostic score. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984 ; 47: 475-480 (Pubitemid 14145496)
41. Fullerton KJ, MacKenzie G, Stout RW. Prognostic indices in stroke. Q J Med. 1988 ; 66: 147-162
42. Gompertz P, Pound P, Ebrahim S. Predicting stroke outcome: Guy's prognostic score in practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994 ; 57: 932-935 (Pubitemid 24251056)
43. Kalra L, Crome P. The role of prognostic scores in targeting stroke rehabilitation in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993 ; 41: 396-400 (Pubitemid 23110736)
44. Weimar C, Roth M, Willig V, Kostopoulos P, Benemann J, Diener HC. Development and validation of a prognostic model to predict recovery following intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol. 2006 ; 253: 788-793 (Pubitemid 43980151)
45. Weimar C, Ziegler A, Konig IR, Diener HC. Predicting functional outcome and survival after acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol. 2002 ; 249: 888-895 (Pubitemid 34754227)
46. Weimar C, Konig IR, Kraywinkel K, Ziegler A, Diener HC. Age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score within 6 hours after onset are accurate predictors of outcome after cerebral ischemia: development and external validation of prognostic models. Stroke. 2004 ; 35: 158-162 (Pubitemid 38057612)
47. Frithz G, Werner I. Studies on cerebrovascular strokes II. Clinical findings and short-term prognosis in a stroke material. Acta Med Scand. 1976 ; 199: 133-140
48. Johnston KC, Connors A, Wagner D, Knaus W, Wang X, Clarke HE. A predictive risk model for outcomes of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2000 ; 31: 448-455 (Pubitemid 30078181)
49. Lyden PD, Lu M, Levine SR, Brott TG, Broderick J. A modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials: preliminary reliability and validity. Stroke. 2001 ; 32: 1310-1317
50. Tilling K, Sterne J, Rudd A, Glass T, Wityk R, Wolfe C. A new method for predicting recovery after stroke. Stroke. 2001 ; 32: 2867-2873 (Pubitemid 33134481)
51. Tirschwell DL, Longstreth WT, Becker KJ, et al. Shortening the NIH Stroke scale for use in the prehospital setting. Stroke. 2002 ; 33: 2801-2806 (Pubitemid 35462847)
52. Altman DG, Royston P. Statistics notes: the cost of dichotomising continuous variables. BMJ. 2006 ; 332: 1080 (Pubitemid 44365491)
53. Gladman JR, Harwood DM, Barer DH. Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: prospective evaluation of five multivariate models and comparison with simple methods. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992 ; 55: 347-351
54. Mallett S, Royston P, Dutton S, Waters R, Altman D. Reporting methods in studies developing prognostic models in cancer: a review. BMC Med. 2010 ; 8: 20
55. Royston P, Moons KGM, Altman D, Vergouwe Y. Prognosis and prognostic research: developing a prognostic model. BMJ. 2008 ; 338: 1373-1377
56. Intercollegiate Working Party. National Sentinel Stroke Clinical Audit 2010, Round 7, Public Report for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 2011, Royal College of Physicians. http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ national-sentinel-stroke-audit-2010-public-report-and-appendices-0.pdf (accessed 23 June 2011).
57. Stroke Foundation of New Zealand. National Acute Stroke Services Audit 2009. 2010, Wellington, New Zealand: Stroke Foundation of New Zealand. http://www.stroke.org.nz/resources/SFNZ-NASSA-2009.pdf (accessed 30 June 2011).
58. SCCA Steering Committee. Scottish Stroke Care Audit, 2011 National Report, Stroke Services in Scottish Hospitals. 2011; Edinburgh: ISD Scotland Publications. http://www.strokeaudit.scot.nhs.uk/Downloads/2011-Report/SSCA- report-2011-web-version-new.pdf (accessed 8 November 2011).
59. Laupacis A, Sekar N, Stiell IG. Clinical prediction rules: A review and suggested modifications of methodological standards. JAMA. 1997 ; 277: 488-494 (Pubitemid 27074334)
60. Mallett S, Royston P, Waters R, Dutton S, Altman D. Reporting performance of prognostic models in cancer: a review. BMC Med. 2010 ; 8: 21
61. Perel P, Edwards P, Wentz R, Roberts I. Systematic review of prognostic models in traumatic brain injury. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 ; 6: 38
62. Dennis M, Lewis S, Cranswick G, Forbes J. FOOD: A multicentre randomized trial evaluating feeding policies in patients admitted to hospital with a recent stroke. Health Technol Assessment. 2006 ; 10: 1-91 (Pubitemid 43322989)
63. Dennis MS, Cranswick G, Fraser A, et al. Performance of a statistical model to predict stroke outcome in the context of a large, simple, randomized, controlled trial of feeding. Stroke. 2003 ; 34: 127-133 (Pubitemid 36070813)
64. Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcomes after stroke: observational data from the FOOD trial. Stroke. 2003 ; 34: 1450-1456
65. Lewis SC, Sandercock PAG, Dennis MS. Predicting outcome in hyper-acute stroke: Validation of a prognostic model in the Third International Stroke Trial (IST3). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 ; 79: 397-400 (Pubitemid 351441493)
66. Reid JM, Gubitz GJ, Dai D, et al. External validation of a six simple variable model of stroke outcome and verification in hyper-acute stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 ; 78: 1390-1391 (Pubitemid 350221426)
67. Weir N, Dennis MS. Towards a national system for monitoring the quality of hospital-based stroke services. Stroke. 2001 ; 32: 1415-1421 (Pubitemid 32530433)
68. Weir N, Counsell C, McDowall M, Gunkel A, Dennis M. Reliability of the variables in a new set of models that predict outcome after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 ; 74: 447-451 (Pubitemid 36382921)
69. Tilling K, Sterne JA, Wolfe CD. Multilevel growth curve models with covariate effects: application to recovery after stroke. Stat Med. 2001 ; 20: 3474-3486
70. West R, Hill K, Hewison J, Knapp P, House A. Psychological disorders after stroke are an important influence on functional outcomes: a prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2010 ; 41: 1723-1727
71. Johnston KC, Connors AF, Wagner DP, Haley EC. Predicting outcome in ischemic stroke: external validation of predictive risk models. Stroke. 2003 ; 34: 200-202 (Pubitemid 36070822)
72. Johnston KC, Connors AF, Wagner DP, Haley EC. Risk adjustment effect on stroke clinical trials. Stroke. 2004 ;: 35
73. Meyer B, Hemmen TM, Jackson CM, Lyden PD. Modified National Insitute of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials: prospective reliability and validity. Stroke. 2002 ; 33: 1261-1266 (Pubitemid 34517045)
74. Konig IR, Ziegler A, Bluhmki E, et al. Predicting long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a simple index works in patients from controlled clinical trials. Stroke. 2008 ; 39: 1821-1826
75. Studenski S, Wallace D, Duncan P, Rymer M, Lai S. Predicting stroke recovery: three- and six-month rates of patient-centered functional outcomes based on the Orpington Prognostic Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 ; 49: 308-312 (Pubitemid 32240299)
76. Kalra L, Dale P, Crome P. Evaluation of a clinical score for prognostic stratification of elderly stroke patients. Age Ageing. 1994 ; 23: 492-498 (Pubitemid 24345499)
77. Predicting outcome after acute ischemic stroke: an external validation of prognostic models. Neurology. 2004 ; 62: 581-585