The contribution of wildlife to sustainable natural resource utilization in Namibia: A review

Sustainability

Volumn 2, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 3479-3499

  van Schalkwyk, Diana L Schalkwyk ^a   McMillin, Kenneth ^b   Witthuhn, R Corli ^a   Hoffman, Louw C ^a  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Economic benefits; Farming; Game meat; Harvesting; Meat; Namibia; Sustainability; Sustainable natural resource based production; Wildlife

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864716045     PISSN: 20711050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/su2113479     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. IECN (Integrated Environmental Consultants Namibia). Biodiversity and Development: Contributions to Sustainable Development: Biodiversity Management in Namibia-A Decade of Interventions; National Biodiversity Programme, Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia, 2006.
2. Barnard, M. Namibia's biodiversity-Interesting variety amidst dry environment 2003. Available online: http://www.islamonline.net (accessed on 23 May 2010).
3. Government of the Republic of Namibia. The Constitution of Namibia; Out of Africa Publishers: Windhoek, Namibia, 1990.
4. Strategic Options for Value Addition in Namibia. Workshop Presentation. Meat Board of Namibia: Otjiwarongo, Namibia, 2006.
5. Namibian Livestock and Meat Statistics; Meat Board of Namibia: Windhoek, Namibia, 2010.
6. Namibian Livestock Sector-Strategic Plan 2007-2011; PWC (PriceWaterhouseCoopers): Windhoek, Namibia, 2007.
7. Namibian Livestock and Meat Statistics; Meat Board of Namibia: Windhoek, Namibia, 2009.
8. Brown, C. Land Use, Wildlife & Tourism: Big Picture Overview in Namibia; Presented for Deli-Ostrich (Belgium) Delegation; Namibia Nature Foundation: Windhoek, Namibia, 2008.
9. CBS (Central Bureau of Statistics). Republic of Namibia National Accounts: 1995-2003; National Planning Commission: Windhoek, Namibia, 2004.
10. Barnes, J.; Nhuleipo, O.; Baker, A.C.; Muteyauli, P.I.; Shigweda, V. Wildlife Resource Accounts for Namibia, 2004; Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia 2009
11. Government of the Republic of Namibia. Namibia Vision 2030; Policy document for long-term national development summary document; NAMPRINT: Windhoek, Namibia, 2004
12. Jones, B. Wildlife Management and Related Benefits on Communal Land in Namibia. Presented at the Annual General Meeting of the Game Producers' Association of Namibia; Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia, 1994.
13. Van Schalkwyk, D.L.; Hoffman, L.C. Guidelines for the Harvesting of Game for Meat Export; AgriPublishers: Windhoek, Namibia, 2010.
14. Bond, I.; Child, B.; Harpe, D.D.; Jones, B.; Barnes, J.; Anderson, H. Private land contribution to conservation in southern Africa. In Parks in Transition: Biodiversity, Rural Development and the Bottom Line; Child, B., Ed.; Earthscan: London, UK, 2004.
15. Barnett, R.; Patterson, C. Sport Hunting in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region: An Overview; TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa: Johannesburg, South Africa, 2006.
16. Laubscher, J.; Jooste, A.; Mbai, S.; Idsardi, E. Market Study for Goat Products and Venison; Report to Meat Board of Namibia: Windhoek, Namibia, 2007.
17. Mendelsohn, J. Farming Systems in Namibia; RAISON (Research and Information Services of Namibia): Windhoek, Namibia, 2006.
18. Krugmann, H. Fundamental Issues and the Threats to Sustainable Development in Namibia; Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia, 2001.
19. Brown, C. Areas in Namibia under Wildlife Management; Namibia Nature Foundation: Windhoek, Namibia, 2009.
20. Bojo, J. The economics of wildlife: Case studies from Ghana, Kenya, Namibia and Zimbabwe. In Environmental Policy and Planning, Africa Region; Mohan, P.C., Ed.; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 1996; AFTES Working Paper No. 19.
21. Threatened species. Available online: http://www.animalinfo.org (accessed on 7 August 2010).
22. Kamwi, J.A.; Magwedere, K. Export of Namibian Game Meat/Carcasses for Commercial Purposes; Letter Addressed to Game Meat Products Task Team, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry: Windhoek, Namibia, 2007.
23. Directorate of Veterinary Services. FMD Disease Free Zones and Fences; Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry: Windhoek, Namibia, 2009.
24. Erb, K.P. Consumptive Wildlife Utilization as a Land-Use Form in Namibia; MBA Thesis; University of Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2004.
25. World Travel and Tourism Council. Report on: Namibia-The Impact of Travel and Tourism on Jobs and the Economy 2006. Available online: http://www.wtc.travel (accessed on 21 February 2009).
26. Namibia Tourism Satellite Accounts; NTB (Namibia Tourism Board): Windhoek, Namibia, 2008; pp. 13-15.
27. Uahengo, T. Live Game Sales & Trophy Hunting in Namibia; Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia, 2010.
28. Humavindu, M.N.; Barnes, J.I. Trophy hunting in the Namibian economy: An assessment. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 2003, 33, 65-70.
29. Mostert, R.; Hoffman, L.C. Effect of gender on the meat quality characteristics and chemical composition of kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), an African antelope species. Food Chem. 2007, 104, 565-570.
30. Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 4 of 1975; Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia, 1975.
31. Samuelsson, E.; Stage, J. The size and distribution of the economic impacts of Namibia hunting tourism. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 2007, 37, 41-52.
32. Agriforum. Trophy Hunting; AgriPublishers: Windhoek, Namibia, 2007; p. 4.
33. Namibia's Communal Conservancies: A Review of Progress 2008; NACSO: Windhoek, Namibia 2009.
34. Barnes, J.; Jones, B. Game ranching in Namibia. In Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation: From Parks and Game Ranches to Transfrontier Conservation Areas; Suich, H., Child, B., Eds.; Earthscan: London, UK, 2009; pp. 113-126.
35. Lindsey, P.A. An Analysis of Game Meat Production in Namibia: Linkages with Food Security; Draft Report; TRAFFIC: South Africa, 2010, (in press).
36. Joubert, D. Bush Encroachment-Prevention Is Better Than Cure; Workshop Report; Conservation Association of Namibia: Windhoek, Namibia, 2006.
37. Schumann, M. Predator Conflict Resolution in Namibian Conservancies; M. Tech. Dissertation; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University: Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 2006.
38. Marker, L.; Dickman, A.J.; Mills, M.G.L.; Macdonald, D.W. Aspects of the management of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) trapped on Namibian farmlands. Biol. Conserv. 2003, 114, 401-412.
39. Montag, J. Compensation and predator conservation: Limitation of compensation. Carniv. Damage Prev. News 2003, 6, 2-6.
40. Marker, L.; Mills, M.G.L.; Macdonald, D.W. Factors influencing perceptions and tolerance towards cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian farmlands. Conserv. Biol. 2003, 17, 1491-1499.
41. Barnes, J.I.; De Jager, J.L.V. Economic and financial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and the implications for policy. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 1996, 26, 37-46.
42. Saltz, D.; Ward, D.; Kapofi, I.; Karamata, J. Population estimation and harvesting potential for game in arid Namibia. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 2004, 34, 153-161.
43. Du Toit, J.T. Feeding-height stratification among African browsing ruminants. Afr. J. Ecol. 1990, 28, 55-62.
44. Hopcraft, D. Empowering of landowners: From failed preservation to conservation that works. In Sustainable Utilization-Conservation in Practice; Ebedes, H., Reilly, W., van Hoven, W., Penzhorn, B., Eds.; Wildlife Decision Support Services: Pretoria, South Africa, 2002; pp. 34-37.
45. Hopcraft, D.; Arman, P. Preliminary Records on Comparative Productivity of Wild and Domestic Animals, Appendix II; National Report on the Human Environment in Kenya: Nairobi, Kenya,
46. Dasmann, R.F. African Game Ranching; Pergamon and Macmillan: Oxford, UK, 1964.
47. Berry, M.P.S. A comparison of different wildlife production enterprises in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 1986, 16, 124-128.
48. Skinner, J.D.; Davies, R.A.G.; Conroy, A.M.; Dott, H.M. Productivity of springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and Merino sheep (Ovis aries) during a Karoo drought. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 1986, 46, 149-164.
49. Davies, R.J. Optimizing stocking mix and financial resources for game production. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 1994, 24, 101-104.
50. Van der Merwe, P.; Saayman, M.; Krugell, W. Factors that determine the price of game. Koedoe 2004, 47, 105-113.
51. Hoffman, L.C. The yield and carcass chemical composition of impala (Apeyceros melampus), a southern African antelope species. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2000, 80, 752-756.
52. Hoffman, L.C.; Kritzinger, B.; Ferreira, A.V. The effects of region and gender on the fatty acid, amino acid, mineral, myoglobin and collagen contents of impala (Apeyceros melampus) meat. Meat Sci. 2005, 69, 551-558.
53. Higginbottom, K.; King, N. The Live Trade in Free-Ranging Wildlife within South Africa and the Implications for Australia; Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Barton, Australia, 2006; RIRDC Publication No. 06/046.
54. Du Toit, J.G. Role of the Private Sector in the Wildlife Industry; Wildlife Ranching SA/Du Toit Wilddienste: Tswane, South Africa, 2007.
55. Conroy, A. The philosophy of game ranching in South Africa. In Sustainable Utilization-Conservation in Practice; Ebedes, H., Reilly, W., van Hoven, W., Penzhorn, B., Eds; Wildlife Decision Support Services: Pretoria, South Africa, 2002; pp. 20-22.
56. Ledger, H.P.; Sachs, R.; Smith, N.S. Wildlife and food production. World Rev. Anim. Prod. 1967, 3, 13-36.
57. Skinner, J.D. Selected species of ungulates for game farming in southern Africa. Acta Zool. Fenn. 1984, 172, 219-200.
58. Brown, C. Potential for Venison-National Wildlife Population Estimates per District. Presented at the Game Meat Working Group; Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia, 2007.
59. Caughley, G.; Sinclair, A.R.E. Wildlife Ecology and Management; Blackwell Science: Cambridge, UK, 1994.
60. Recommended International Code of Hygienic Practice for Game (CAC/RCP 29-1983, Rev.1, 1993); Codex Alimentarius: Rome, Italy, 2003.
61. Namakela, U.; Müseler, D. Review of Environmental and Veterinary Regulations Governing the Harvesting, Processing and Export of Namibian Game Meat; Report prepared for the Game Meat Working Group, Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia, 2007.
62. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2004.
63. Meat Safety Act No. 40 of 2000; Government of the Republic of South Africa: Pretoria, South Africa, 2000.
64. Hoffman, L.C. Can South African Produce Game Meat according to European Union Standards? The Springbok and Impala Story. In Proceedings of the 11th International Meat Symposium on Consistency of Quality, Centurion, South Africa, 29-30 January 2003.
65. Olivier, E.; van Zyl, A. Commercial Game Industry Affected by New Meat Hygiene Regulations; South African Game and Hunt: Pretoria, South Africa, 2002.
66. Carruthers, J. "Wilding the farm or farming the wild"? The evolution of scientific game ranching in South Africa from the 1960s to the present. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 2008, 63, 160-181.
67. Jansen van Rensburg, D.M. Venison as Health Food. In Proceedings of the 5th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa, 20-23 March 2001; South African Game: Pretoria, South Africa, 2001.
68. Cattaneo, P.; Pellegrini, C. Tecnologia di produzione della bresaola equina. Ingegneria Chimica e Alimentare 1995, 11, 9-15.
69. Crafford, K.; Hoffman, L.C.; Muller, M.; Schutte, de W. Consumer Expectations, Perceptions and Purchasing of South African Game Meat: Current Consumption and Marketing Trends. In Proceedings of the Consistency of Quality: 11th International Meat Symposium, Centurion, South Africa, 29-30 January 2003; ARC, ANPI: Irene, South Africa, 2003; pp. 167-187.
70. Hoffman, L.C. The effect of different culling methodologies on the physical meat quality attributes of various game species. In Sustainable Utilization-Conservation in Practice; Ebedes, H., Reilly, W., van Hoven, W., Penzhorn, B., Eds; Wildlife Decision Support Services: Pretoria, South Africa, 2001; pp. 78-86.
71. Radder, L.; le Roux, R. Factors affecting food choice in relation to venison: A South African example. Meat Sci. 2005, 71, 583-589.
72. Hoffman, L.C.; Crafford, K.; Muller, N.; Schutte, de W. Perceptions and consumption of game meat by a group of tourists visiting South Africa. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 2003, 33, 125-130.
73. Hoffman, L.C.; Bigalke, R.C. Utilising Wild Ungulates from Southern Africa for Meat Production: Potential Research Requirements for the New Millennium. In Proceedings of the 37th Congress of the Wildlife Management Association of South Africa, George, South Africa, 20-21 September 1999; Southern African Wildlife Management Association (SAWMA): Pretoria, South Africa, 1999; pp. 17-18.
74. Madge, D.G. Organic Agriculture; Agmedia: East Melbourne, Australia, 1995.
75. Lampkin, N.H.; Padel, S. The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective; CAB International: Wallington, UK, 1994; pp. 243-263.
76. Hoffman, L.C.; Wiklund, E. Game and venison-Meat for the modern consumer. Meat Sci. 2006, 74, 197-208.
77. De Montzey, S. Traceability and certification in the French pig meat production chain 2001. In Proceedings of 2nd International Virtual Conference on Pork Quality, Concordia, Brazil, 5 Novembr-6 December 2001; Available online: http://www.conferencia.uncnet.br/pork (accessed on 10 May 2010).
78. Schönfeldt, H.C. Nutritional Content of Venison. In Symposium: Venison Industry-Research Requirements and Possibilities; Agricultural Research Council: Pretoria, South Africa, 1993.
79. Crawford, M.A.; Gale, M.M.; Woodford, M.H.; Casped, N.M. Comparative studies on fatty acid composition of wild and domestic meats. Int. J. Biochem. 1970, 1, 295-305.
80. Hoffman, L.C. The yield and nutritional value of meat from African ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites and reptiles. Meat Sci. 2008, 80, 94-100.
81. Wood, J.D.; Richardson, R.I.; Nute, G.R.; Fisher, A.V.; Campo, M.M.; Kasapidou, E.; Sheard, P.R.; Enser, M. Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: A review. Meat Sci. 2003, 66, 21-32.
82. Aidoo, K.E.; Haworth, R.J.P. Nutritional and chemical composition of farmed venison. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 1995, 8, 441-446.
83. Smit, K. Meat Quality Characteristics of Blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) and Red Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama) Meat; MSc Thesis; Department of Consumer Science, University of Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2004.
84. Radder, L. Restaurants and venison marketing: A South African experience. Food Serv. Technol. 2002, 2, 109-114.
85. Marketing of Namibian Game Meat; Ministry of Environment and Tourism: Windhoek, Namibia,
86. Sattar, A.; Diz, M., Franklin, D.L. Competitiveness of the Food Processing Cluster in Namibia; Small and Medium Enterprise Competitiveness Enhancement Program, U.S. Agency for International Development: Washington, DC, USA, 2003.