Energy-efficient sensing with the low power, energy aware processing (LEAP) architecture

Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2012, Pages

  McIntire, Dustin ^a   Stathopoulos, Thanos ^a   Reddy, Sasank ^a   Schmidt, Thomas ^a   Kaiser, William J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Algorithms; Design; Experimentation; Management; Measurement; Performance; Reliability

Indexed keywords

BROADBAND COMMUNICATION; COMPUTATIONAL LOADS; COMPUTATIONAL RESOURCES; DESIGN APPROACHES; DISTRIBUTED NODES; EMBEDDED ARCHITECTURE; ENERGY AWARE; ENERGY EFFICIENT; EVENT DETECTION ALGORITHM; EXPERIMENTATION; FAULT-TOLERANT; HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE; HARDWARE COMPONENTS; LOW ENERGIES; LOW POWER; NETWORK BANDWIDTH; OPERATING ENVIRONMENT; PERFORMANCE; POWER MANAGEMENTS; SENSING PERFORMANCE; SENSOR SYSTEMS; SOFTWARE COMPONENT; SOFTWARE SYSTEMS; STORAGE MEDIA;

ALGORITHMS; DESIGN; ENERGY DISSIPATION; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY MANAGEMENT; LIGHT SOURCES; MANAGEMENT; MEASUREMENTS; NETWORK PROTOCOLS; RELIABILITY; SCHEDULING; SENSORS; SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE; TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS;

HARDWARE;

EID: 84864659427     PISSN: 15399087     EISSN: 15583465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1145/2220336.2220339     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. ACPI. 2005. Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Specification. http://www.acpi.info/.
2. AGRE, J., CLARE, L., POTTIE, G., AND ROMANOV, N. 1999. Development platform for self-organizing wireless sensor networks, Pro. SPIE, 3713, 1, 257-268.
3. AKYILDIZ, I. F., SU, W., SANKARASUBRAMANIAM, Y., AND CAYIRCI, E. 2002. Wireless sensor networks: A survey. Comput. Net. 38, 4, 393-422. (Pubitemid 34181630)
4. ANAND, M., NIGHTINGALE, E. B., AND FLINN, J. 2004. Ghosts in the machine: Interfaces for better power management. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services.
5. ARZBERGER, P., BONNER, J., FRIES, D. AND SANDERSON, A. 2004. Sensors for environmental observatories. In Proceedings of the Report of the NSF Sponsored Workshop. http://www.wtec.org/seo/final/2004.
6. ASADA, G., DONG, M., LIN, T. S., NEWBERG, F., POTTIE, G., KAISER, W. J., AND MARCY, H. O. 1998. Wireless integrated network sensors: Low power systems on a chip. In Proceedings of the European Solid State Circuits Conference.
7. ATMEL. 2007. megaAVR Family Microcontrollers. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/ products/devices.asp?family id=607#760.
8. BACAUD, L., LEMARCHAL, C., RENAUD, A. AND SAGASTIZBAL, C. 2001. Bundle methods in stochastic optimal power management: A disaggregated approach using preconditioners. Comput. Optim. Appl. 20, 3, 227-244. (Pubitemid 32902813)
9. BAJURA, M., SCHOTT, B., FLIDR, J., CZARNASKI, J., WORTH, C., THO, T., AND WANG, L. 2005. An Integrated, Modular, Power-Aware Microsensor Architecture and Application to Unattended Acoustic Vehicle Tracking. Proc. SPIE, 5796, 282-293. (Pubitemid 41452009)
10. BANERJEE, N., SORBER, J., CORNER, M., ROLLINS, S., AND GANESAN, D. 2005. Triage: A power-aware software architecture for tiered microservers. Tech. Rep. 05-22. University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA.
11. BANGA, G., DRUSCHEL, P., AND MOGUL, J. C. 1999. Resource containers: A new facility for resource management in server systems. In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, 45-58.
12. BATALIN, M., SUKHATME, G. S., YU, Y., RAHIMI, M. H., HANSEN, M., POTTIE, G., KAISER, W., AND ESTRIN, D. 2004. Call and response: Experiments in sampling the environment. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (Sensys).
13. BELLOSA, F. 2000. The benefits of event: Driven energy accounting in power-sensitive systems. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGOPS European Workshop: Beyond the PC: New challenges for the operating system.
14. BENINI, L., BOGLIOLO, A., AND DE MICHELI, G. 2000. A survey of design techniques for system-level dynamic power management. IEEE Trans. 8, 3, 299-316.
15. BENINI, L., CASTELLI, G., MACII, A., MACII, E., AND SCARSI, R. 2000. Battery-driven dynamic power management of portable systems. In Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on System Synthesis.
16. BENINI, L. AND MICHELI, G. D. 1998. Dynamic Power Management: Design Techniques and CAD Tools. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
17. BULT, K. ET AL. 1996. Low power systems for wireless microsensors. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED).
18. CARL, A. W. AND WILLIAM, E. W. 1994. Lottery scheduling: Flexible proportional-share resource management. In Proceedings of the 1st USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation.
19. CHANDRAKASAN, A. P. AND BRODERSEN, R. W. 1995. Low Power Digital CMOS Design. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
20. CROSSBOW. 2004.MICAZWirelessManagement SystemDatasheet. http://xbow.com.cn/wsn/pdf/MICAZ.pdf.
21. CROSSBOW. 2007. MICAz Mote. http://bullseye.xbow.com:81/Products/ productdetails.aspx?sid=164.
22. DEXIN, L., PAI, H. C., AND NADER, B. 2002. Mode selection and mode-dependency modeling for poweraware embedded systems. In Proceedings of the 2002 Asia South Pacific Conference on Design Automation/VLSI Design.
23. DOUGLIS, F., KRISHNAN, P., AND MARSH, B. 1994. Thwarting the power-hungry disk. In Proceedings of the USENIX Winter Technical Conference.
24. ESTRIN, D., POTTIE, G. J., AND SRIVASTAVA, M. 2001. Instrumenting the world with wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Aeonstics, Speech, and Signal Processing.
25. FLINN, J. AND SATYANARAYANAN, M. 1999a. Energy-aware adaptation for mobile applications. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.
26. FLINN, J. AND SATYANARAYANAN, M. 1999b. PowerScope: A tool for profiling the energy usage of mobile applications. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications.
27. FLINN, J. AND SATYANARAYANAN,M. 2004. Managing battery lifetime with energy-aware adaptation. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 22, 2, 137-179.
28. FREERTOS 2007. FreeRTOS Open Source Real-Time Operating System. http://www.freertos.org/.
29. GAST, M. S. 2002. 802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide. O'Reilly, Sebastopol, CA.
30. GAURAV, M., PETER, D., DEEPAK, G. AND PRASHANT, S. 2006. Ultra-low power data storage for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
31. GNU RADIO. 2007. The GNU Software Radio. http://www.gnu.org/software/ gnuradio/.
32. GONZALEZ, R. AND HOROWITZ, M. 1996. Energy dissipation in general purpose microprocessors. IEEE J. Solid-State Cir. 31, 9, 1277-1284.
33. GUY, R., GREENSTEIN, B., HICKS, J., KAPUR, R., RAMANATHAN, N., SCHOELLHAMMER, T., STATHOPOULOS, T., WEEKS, K., CHANG, K., GIROD, L. AND ESTRIN, D. 2006. Experiences with the Extensible Sensing System (ESS). Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
34. HAI, H., PADMANABHAN, P., AND KANG, G. S. 2003. Design and implementation of power-aware virtual memory. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.
35. HAMILTON, M. P., RUNDEL, P.W., ALLEN, M. A., KAISER, W., ESTRIN, D. E. AND GRAHAM, E. 2007. New approaches in embedded networked sensing for terrestrial ecological observatories. Environ. Eng. Sci. 24, 2, 192-204. (Pubitemid 46147644)
36. HEATH, T., PINHEIRO, E., HOM, J., KREMER, U. AND BIANCHINI, R. 2002. Application transformations for energy and performance-aware device management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques.
37. HELMBOLD, D. P., LONG, D. D. E., SCONYERS, T. L. AND SHERROD, B. 2000. Adaptive disk spin-down for mobile computers. Mob. Net. Appl. 5, 4, 285-297. (Pubitemid 32160131)
38. HENG, Z., CARLA, S. E., ALVIN, R. L. AND AMIN, V. 2002. ECOSystem: Managing energy as a first class operating system resource. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems.
39. HILL, J., SZEWCZYK, R., WOO, A., HOLLAR, S., CULLER, D. AND PISTER, K. 2000. System architecture directions for networked sensors. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, 93-104. (Pubitemid 32474159)
40. HUANG, H., PILLAI, P. AND KANG, G. S. 2003. Design and implementation of power-aware virtual memory. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference 2003 on USENIX Annual Technical Conference.
41. IAR 2007. IAR Kickstart Kit for LPC2106. http://www.iar.com/index.php? show=12898 ENG&&page anchor=http://www.iar.com/p12898/p12898 eng.php.
42. INTEL. 2007. Imote2. http://embedded.seattle.intel-research.net/wiki/ index.php?title=Intel Motc 2.
43. INTEL. 2002. Intel Stargate, http://platformx.sourceforge.net.
44. INTEL. Intel StrataFlash R-Embedded Memory. http://download.intel.com/ technology/itj/g41997/pdf/overview.pdf.
45. JACOB, S., NILANJAN, B., MARK, D. C., AND SAMI, R. 2005. Turducken: Hierarchical power management for mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services.
46. JIANG, X., DUTTA, P., CULLER, D., AND STOICA, I. 2007. Micro power meter for energy monitoring of wireless sensor networks at scale. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
47. JOHNSON, D. B. AND MALTZ, D. A. 1996. Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. Mob. Comput. 353.
48. JONES, P., SHOBANA, P., RYMARZ, D., MASCHMEYER, J., SCHUEHLER, D. V., LOCKWOOD, J. W., AND CYTRON, R. K. 2000. Liquid architecture. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Paralled and Distributed Processing.
49. JUNG, P., TEIXEIRA, T., BARTON-SWEENEY, A., AND SAVVIDES, A. 2007. Model-based design exploration of wireless sensor node lifetimes. In Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'07). 277-2922
50. KAMERMAN, A. AND ABEN, G. 2000. Net throughput with IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. In Proceedings of the Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.
51. LAMA, N., RALPH, K., ROBERT, A., JONATHAN, H., AND VINCENT, H. 2005. The Intel\® Mote platform: A Bluetooth-based sensor network for industrial monitoring. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
52. LEE, H. G. AND CHANG, N. 2003. Energy-aware memory allocation in heterogeneous non-volatile memory systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design.
53. LINUX 2007. The Linux Homepage. http://www.linux.org/.
54. LU, Y. AND MICHELI, G. D. 1999. Adaptive hard disk power management on personal computers. In Proceedings of the IEEE Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, 50-53.
55. LYMBEROPOULOS, D. AND SAVVIDES, A. 2005. XYZ: A motion-enabled, power aware sensor node platform for distributed sensor network applications. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
56. LYMBEROPOULOS, D., PRIYANTHA, N. B. AND ZHAO, F. 2007 mPlatform: A reconfigurable architecture and efficient data sharing mechanism for modular sensor nodes. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
57. MAHESRI, A. AND VARDHAN, V. 2004. Power consumption breakdown on a modern laptop. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. In Power-Aware Computer Systems, vol. 3471, 165-180.
58. MARTIN, L., LEWIS, G., AND DEBORAH, E. 2006. Disruption tolerant shell. In Proceedings of the 2006 SIGCOMM Workshop on Challenged Networks.
59. MICRIUM. 2002. MicroC/OS-II: The real-time kernel. http://micrium.com/ page/products/rtus.os-ii.
60. MICRON. 2005. 256Mb Mobile SDRAM: MT48H16M16LFBF-75. http://www.micron. com/products/partdetail?part=MT48H16M16LFBF-75.
61. MICRON. 2007. CMOS Demo Kits: MT9D131C12STCD. http://www.micron.com/ products/partdetail?part=MT9D131C12STCD.
62. MICROSOFT. 2006. Power Policy Configuration and Deployment in Windows Vista. http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/pnppwr/powermgmt/PMpolicy-Vista. mspx, Microsoft Corporation.
63. OZANNE, C. M. P., ANHUF, D., BOULTER, S. L., KELLER, M., KITCHING, R. L., KORNER, C., MEINZER, F. C., MITCHELL, A. W., NAKASHIZUKA, T., DIAS, P. L. S., STORK, N. E., WRIGHT, S. J., AND YOSHIMURA, M. 2003. Biodiversity meets the atmosphere: A global view of forest canopies. Sci. 301, 5630, 183-186. (Pubitemid 36858463)
64. PACIFIC SILICON SENSOR. 2007. Silicon Photo Diodes. http://www.pacific- sensor.com/pages/pro-sp.html.
65. PAPATHANASIOU, A. E. AND SCOTT, M. L. 2003. Energy efficiency through burstiness. Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Workshop, 44-53.
66. PCMCIA. 2007. PC Card Primer. http://www.pcmcia.org/pccard.htm.
67. PERING, T., AGARWAL, Y., GUPTA, R., AND WANT, R. 2006. CoolSpots: Reducing the power consumption of wireless mobile devices with multiple radio interfaces. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services.
68. POLASTRE, J., SZEWCZYK, R., AND CULLER, D. E. 2005. Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research, In Proceedings of the Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 364-369. (Pubitemid 43841255)
69. POTTIE, G. J. AND KAISER, W. J. 2005. Principles of Embedded Networked Systems Design. Cambridge University Press.
70. QINRU, Q., QING, W., AND MASSOUD, P. 2000. Dynamic power management of complex systems using generalized stochastic Petri nets. In Proceedings of the 37th Conference on Design Automation.
71. RAGHUNATHAN, V., PERING, T., WANT, R., NGUYEN, A., AND JENSEN, P. 2004. Experience with a low power wireless mobile computing platform. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design.
72. RAMANATHAN, D. AND GUPTA, R. 2000. System level online power management algorithms. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe.
73. RAMANATHAN, D., IRANI, S., AND GUPTA, R. 2002. An analysis of system level power management algorithms and their effects on latency. In Proceedings of IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integra. Circuits Syst. 21, 3, 291-305. (Pubitemid 34404496)
74. ROBIN, K. AND KRISHNAN, P. 2000. Application-driven power management for mobile communication. Wirel. Netw. 6, 4, 263-277. (Pubitemid 32018661)
75. RUSSEL, C. 2002. Power Management in Windows XP. http://www.microsoft. com/windowsxp/using/setup/learnmore/russel-02march25.mspx.
76. SANDY, I., SANDEEP, S., AND RAJESH, G. 2003. Online strategies for dynamic power management in systems with multiple power-saving states. Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 2, 3, 325-346.
77. SCHOTT, B., BAJURA, M., CZARNASKI, J., FLIDR, J., THO, T., AND WANG, L. 2005. A modular power-aware microsensor with >1000X dynamic power range. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
78. SHIH, E., BAHL, P., AND SINCLAIR, M. J. 2002. Wake on wireless: An event driven energy saving strategy for battery operated devices. In Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.
79. SHNAYDER, V., HEMPSTEAD, M., CHEN, B.-R.,ALLEN, G.W., AND WELSH, M. 2004. Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys04), 188-200. (Pubitemid 41563359)
80. SONY. 2007. SNC-RZ30N Network Camera. http://bssc.sel.sony.com/ BroadcastandBusiness/DisplayModel?id=67347.
81. SORBER, J., BANERJEE, N., CORNER, M. D., AND ROLLINS, S. 2005. Turducken: Hierarchical power management for mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services.
82. STATHOPOULOS, T., GIROD, L., HEIDEMANN, J., AND ESTRIN, D. 2005. Mote herding for tiered wireless sensor networks. Tech. Rep. 58. Center for Embedded Network Sensing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
83. STATHOPOULOS, T., LUKAC, M., MCINTIRE, D., HEIDEMANN, J., ESTRIN, D., AND KAISER, W. J. 2007. End-to-end routing for dual-radio sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.
84. SWAMINATHAN, V., CHAKRABARTY, K., AND IYENGAR, S. S. 2001. Dynamic I/O power management for hard real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Hardware/Software Codesign.
85. SZEWCZYK, R., MAINWARING, A., POLASTRE, J., ANDERSON, J., AND CULLER, D. 2004. An analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring application. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys).
86. TAN, T. K., RAGHUNATHAN, A., AND JHA, N. K. 2005. Energy macromodeling of embedded operating systems. Trans. Embedded Comput. Syst. 4, 1, 231-254.
87. TELOS. 2007. TelosB Mote. http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product-pdf-files/ Wireless-pdf/TelosB-Datasheet.pdf.
88. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. 2007. MSP430 Ultra-Low Power Microcontrollers. http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/microcontroller/16-bit msp430/overview.page.
89. TINYOS. 2007. TinyOS Community Forum. http://www.tinyos.net/.
90. UNSAL, O. S. AND KOREN, I. 2003. System-level power-aware design techniques in real-time systems. Proceed. IEEE 91, 7, 1055-1069. (Pubitemid 40890840)
91. VICTOR, S., MARK, H., BOR-RONG, C., GEOFF WERNER, A., AND MATT, W. 2004. Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
92. WAITZ,M. 2003. Accounting and control of power consumption in energy-aware operating systems. Diploma thesis. Department of Computer Science, University of Erlangen-Nümberg.
93. WEISSEL, A., BEUTEL, B. AND BELLOSA, F. 2002. Cooperative I/OA novel I/O semantics for energy-aware applications. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDT'02). 117-129.
94. ZYUBAN, V., BROOKS, D., SRINIVASAN, V., GSCHWIND, M., BOSE, P., STRENSKI, P. N., AND EMMA, P. G. 2004. Integrated analysis of power and performance for pipelined microprocessors. IEEE Trans. Comput. 53, 8, 1004-1016.