Older Teenagers' Explanations of Bullying

Child and Youth Care Forum

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 327-342

  Thornberg, Robert ^a   Rosenqvist, Robert ^a   Johansson, Per ^a  

^a LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Attribution; Bullying; Gender; Peer victimization; Teenagers' perspectives

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864312527     PISSN: 10531890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10566-012-9171-0     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Almedia, A., Correia, I., & Marinho, S. (2010). Moral disengagement, normative beliefs or peer group, and attitudes regarding roles in bullying. Journal of School Violence, 9, 23-36.
2. Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193-209.
3. Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 364-374.
4. Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., & Pastorelli, C. (2001). Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 125-135.
5. Bandyopadhyay, S., Cornell, D., & Konold, T. (2009). Internal and external validity of three school climate scales from the school climate survey. School Psychology Review, 38, 338-355.
6. Barchia, K., & Bussey, K. (2010). Individual and collective social cognitive influences on peer ag-gression: Exploring the contribution of aggression efficacy, moral disengagement, and collective efficacy. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 1-14.
7. Battistich, V. A. (2008). The child development project: Creating caring school communities. In L. P. Nucci & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Handbook of moral and character education (pp. 328-351). New York: Routledge.
8. Borntrager, C., Davis, J. L., Bernstein, A., & Gorman, H. (2009). A cross-national perspective on bullying. Child and Youth Care Forum, 38, 121-134.
9. Bosacki, S. L., Marini, Z. A., & Dane, A. V. (2006). Voices from the classroom: Pictorial and narrative representations of children's bullying experiences. Journal of Moral Education, 35, 231-245.
10. Buchanan, P., & Winzer, M. (2001). Bullying in schools: Children's voices. International Journal of Special Education, 16, 67-79.
11. Burns, S., Maycock, B., Cross, D., & Brown, G. (2008). The power of peers: Why some students bully others to conform? Qualitative Health Research, 18, 1704-1716.
12. Cadigan, R. J. (2002). Scrubs: An ethnographic study of peer culture and harassment among sixth graders in an urban middle school. Los Angeles: University of California.
13. Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. London: Sage.
14. Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101.
15. Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In N. Eisenberg, D. William, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 719-788). New Jersey: Wiley.
16. Duffy, A. L., & Nesdale, D. (2009). Peer groups, social identity, and children's bullying behavior. Social Development, 18, 122-139.
17. Eder, D., Evans, C. C., & Parker, S. (1995). School talk: Gender and adolescent culture. London: Routledge.
18. Eliot, M., Cornell, D., Gregory, A., & Fan, X. (2010). Supportive school climate and student willing-ness to seek help for bullying and threats of violence. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 533-553.
19. Erling, A., & Hwang, C. P. (2004). Swedish 10-year-old children's perceptions and experiences of bullying. Journal of School Violence, 3, 33-43.
20. Eslea, M., Menesini, E., Morita, Y., O'Moore, M., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Pereira, B., et al. (2003). Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 71-83.
21. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Social cognition: From brains to culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.
22. Frisén, A., Jonsson, A.-K., & Persson, C. (2007). Adolescents' perception of bullying: Who is the victim? Who is the bully? What can be done to stop bullying? Adolescence, 42, 749-761.
23. Frisén, A., Holmqvist, K., & Oscarsson, D. (2008). 13-year-olds' perception of bullying: Definitions, reasons for victimisation and experience of adults' response. Educational Studies, 34, 105-117.
24. Gifford-Smith, M., & Rabiner, D. L. (2004). Social information processing and children's social competence: A review of the literature. In J. Kupersmidt & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), Children's peer relations: From development to intervention to policy (pp. 61-79). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
25. Gini, G. (2006). Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What's wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 32, 528-539.
26. Gini, G. (2008). Italian elementary and middle school students' blaming the victim of bullying and perception of school moral atmosphere. The Elementary School Journal, 108, 335-354.
27. Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Hauser, M. (2011). Bullies have enhanced moral competence to judge relative to victims, but lack moral compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 603-608.
28. Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity. San Francisco: The Sociology Press.
29. Golombok, S., & Fivush, R. (1994). Gender development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Hamarus, P., & Kaikkonen, P. (2008). School bullying as a creator of pupil pressure. Educational Research, 50, 333-345.
31. Hara, H. (2002). Justifications for bullying among Japanese schoolchildren. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 197-204.
32. Hargreaves, D. H. (2007). Teaching as a research-based profession: Possibilities and prospects. In M. Hammersley (Ed.), Educational research and evidence-based practice (pp. 3-17). London: Sage.
33. Hazler, R. J., & Hoover, J. H. (1993). What do kids say about bullying? Education Digest, 58, 16-20.
34. Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Hoover, J. H., Oliver, R., & Hazler, R. J. (1992). Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in the midwestern USA. School Psychology International, 13, 5-16.
36. HSFR. (2009). Forskningsetiska principer inom humanisk-samhällsvetenskap forskning [code of conduct for humanities and social sciences research]. Retrieved from Swedish Research Council website: http://www. codex. vr. se/texts/HSFR. pdf.
37. Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., & Moilanen, K. L. (2010). Developmental precursors of moral disengagement and the role of moral disengagement in the development of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 197-209.
38. Hymel, S., Rocke-Henderson, N., & Bonanno, R. A. (2005). Moral disengagement: A framework for understanding bullying among adolescents. Journal of Social Sciences, 8, 1-11.
39. Jimerson, S. R., Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2010). International scholarship advances science and practice addressing bullying in schools. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 1-6). New York, NY: Routledge.
40. Kelle, U. (2007). The development of categories: Different approaches in grounded theory. In A. Bryant & K. Charmaz (Eds.), The Sage handbook of grounded theory (pp. 191-213). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
41. Kinney, D. A. (1993). From nerds to normals: The recovery of identity among adolescents from middle to high school. Sociology of Education, 66, 21-40.
42. Kless, S. J. (1992). The attainment of peer status: Gender and power relationships in the elementary school. Sociological Studies of Child Development, 5, 115-148.
43. Kuperminc, G. P., Leadbeater, B. J., Emmons, C., & Blatt, S. J. (1997). Perceived school climate and difficulties in the social adjustment of middle school students. Applied Developmental Science, 1, 76-88.
44. Lahelma, E. (2004). Tolerance and understanding? Students and teachers reflect on differences at school. Educational Research and Evaluation, 10, 3-19.
45. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1987). Gender segregation in childhood. In E. H. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 239-287). New York: Academic Press.
46. Menesini, E., Sanchez, V., Fonzi, A., Ortega, R., Costabile, A., & Feudo, G. L. (2003). Moral emotions and bullying: A cross-national comparison of differences between bullies, victims and outsiders. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 515-530.
47. Neal, J. W. (2007). Why social networks matter: A structural approach to the study of relational aggression in middle childhood and adolescence. Child and Youth Care Forum, 36, 195-211.
48. Obermann, M.-L. (2011). Moral disengagement in self-reported and peer-nominated school bully-ing. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 133-144.
49. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
50. Owens, L., Shute, R., & Slee, P. (2000). "Guess what I just heard!" Indirect aggression among teenage girls in Australia. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 67-83.
51. Paciello, M., Fida, R., Tramontano, C., Lupinetti, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2008). Stability and change in moral disengagement and its impact on aggression and violence in late adolescence. Child Development, 79, 1288-1309.
52. Pelton, J., Gound, M., Forehand, R., & Brody, G. (2004). The moral disengagement scale: Extension with an American minority sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 31-39.
53. Phillips, C. (2003). Who's who in the pecking order? British Journal of Criminology, 43, 710-728.
54. Phoenix, A., Frosh, S., & Pattman, R. (2003). Producing contradictory masculine subject positions: Narratives of threat, homophobia and bullying in 11-14 year old boys. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 179-195.
55. Pornari, C. D., & Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 81-94.
56. Rudduck, J. (2006). The past, the papers and the project. Educational Review, 58, 131-143.
57. Rudduck, J., & Fielding, M. (2006). Student voice and the perils of popularity. Educational Review, 58, 219-231.
58. Rudduck, J., & Flutter, J. (2004). How to improve your school?. London: Continuum.
59. Salmivalli, C., & Voeten, M. (2004). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour in bullying situations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 246-258.
60. Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Östermalm, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15.
61. Solomon, D., Watson, M. S., & Battistich, V. A. (2001). Teaching and schooling effects on moral/prosocial development. In V. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (4th ed., pp. 566-603). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
62. Swart, E., & Bredekamp, J. (2009). Non-physical bullying: Exploring the perspectives of grade 5 girls. South African Journal of Education, 29, 405-425.
63. Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2010). Sage handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
64. Teräsahjo, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2003). "She is not actually bullied": The discourse of harassment in student groups. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 134-154.
65. Terranova, A. M. (2009). Factors that influence children's responses to peer victimization. Child and Youth Care Forum, 38, 253-271.
66. Terranova, A. M., Harris, J., Kavetski, M., & Oates, R. (2011). Responding to peer victimization: A sense of control matters. Child and Youth Care Forum, 40, 419-434.
67. Thomson, G., & Gunter, H. (2008). Researching bullying with students: A lens on everyday life in an 'innovative school'. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 12, 185-200.
68. Thornberg, R. (2010a). A student in distress: Moral frames and bystander behavior in school. Elementary School Journal, 110, 585-608.
69. Thornberg, R. (2010b). Schoolchildren's social representations on bullying causes. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 311-327.
70. Thornberg, R. (2011). "She's weird!"-The social construction of bullying in school: A review of qualitative research. Children & Society, 25, 258-267.
71. Thornberg, R., & Knutsen, S. (2011). Teenagers' explanations of bullying. Child and Youth Care Forum, 40, 177-192.
72. Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play. Buckingham: Open University Press.
73. Tracey, T. J. G., Robbins, S. B., & Hofsess, C. D. (2005). Stability and change in interests: A longitudinal study of adolescents from grades 8 through 12. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 1-25.
74. Trach, J., Hymel, S., Waterhouse, T., & Neale, K. (2010). Bystander responses to school bullying: A cross-sectional investigation of grade and sex differences. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25, 114-130.
75. Varjas, K., Meyers, J., Bellmoff, L., Lopp, E., Birckbichler, L., & Marshall, M. (2008). Missing voices: Fourth through eight grade urban students' perceptions of bullying. Journal of School Violence, 7, 97-118.