메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 81-94

Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies

Author keywords

Cyber aggression; Hostile attribution bias; Moral disengagement; Outcome expectancies; Peer aggression

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CHILD; FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INTERNET; MALE; MORALITY; PEER GROUP; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; STATISTICS; STUDENT; VICTIM;

EID: 77952538363     PISSN: 0096140X     EISSN: 10982337     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ab.20336     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (390)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 0034341819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bully/victim problems and their association with psychological constructs in 8 to 12-year-old Greek schoolchildren
    • Andreou E. 2000. Bully/victim problems and their association with psychological constructs in 8 to 12-year-old Greek schoolchildren. Aggr Behav 26:49-56.
    • (2000) Aggr Behav , vol.26 , pp. 49-56
    • Andreou, E.1
  • 2
    • 4244206687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La relazione vittima-prepotente: stabilità del fenomeno e ricorso a meccanismi di disimpegno morale [Bully-victim relationship: stability of the phenomenon and use of moral disengagement]
    • Bacchini D, Amodeo AL, Ciardi A, Valerio P, Vitelli R. 1998. La relazione vittima-prepotente: stabilità del fenomeno e ricorso a meccanismi di disimpegno morale [Bully-victim relationship: stability of the phenomenon and use of moral disengagement]. Scienze dell'Interazione 5:9-46.
    • (1998) Scienze dell'Interazione , vol.5 , pp. 9-46
    • Bacchini, D.1    Amodeo, A.L.2    Ciardi, A.3    Valerio, P.4    Vitelli, R.5
  • 5
    • 0033247523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities
    • Bandura A. 1999. Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 3:193-209.
    • (1999) Pers Soc Psychol Rev , vol.3 , pp. 193-209
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 6
    • 0036623355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency
    • Bandura A. 2002. Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. J Moral Edu 31:101-119.
    • (2002) J Moral Edu , vol.31 , pp. 101-119
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 8
    • 0030501135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring cognitive distortion in antisocial youth: development and preliminary validation of the "How I Think" questionnaire
    • Barriga AQ, Gibbs JC. 1996. Measuring cognitive distortion in antisocial youth: development and preliminary validation of the "How I Think" questionnaire. Aggr Behav 22:333-343.
    • (1996) Aggr Behav , vol.22 , pp. 333-343
    • Barriga, A.Q.1    Gibbs, J.C.2
  • 10
    • 79957857654 scopus 로고
    • Bully and victim problems in elementary schools and students' beliefs about aggression
    • Bentley KM, Li A. 1995. Bully and victim problems in elementary schools and students' beliefs about aggression. Canadian J School Psychol 11:153-165.
    • (1995) Canadian J School Psychol , vol.11 , pp. 153-165
    • Bentley, K.M.1    Li, A.2
  • 11
    • 33847158817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on bullying at school: science forgotten?
    • Berger KS. 2007. Update on bullying at school: science forgotten? Dev Rev 27:90-126.
    • (2007) Dev Rev , vol.27 , pp. 90-126
    • Berger, K.S.1
  • 12
    • 77952467390 scopus 로고
    • Situational influences on aggression
    • Eisenberg N, Strayer J (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Berkowitz L. 1989. Situational influences on aggression. In: Eisenberg N, Strayer J (eds.). Empathy and Its Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 356-360.
    • (1989) Empathy and Its Development , pp. 356-360
    • Berkowitz, L.1
  • 13
    • 84981573601 scopus 로고
    • Bullying and victims: Their ego picture, ideal ego picture and normative ego picture
    • Björkqvist K, Ekman K, Lagerspetz KMJ. 1982. Bullying and victims: Their ego picture, ideal ego picture and normative ego picture. Scand J Psychol 23:307-313.
    • (1982) Scand J Psychol , vol.23 , pp. 307-313
    • Björkqvist, K.1    Ekman, K.2    Lagerspetz, K.M.J.3
  • 15
    • 26444469425 scopus 로고
    • Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature
    • Blasi A. 1980. Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychol Bull 88:1-45.
    • (1980) Psychol Bull , vol.88 , pp. 1-45
    • Blasi, A.1
  • 16
    • 0033441182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students
    • Bosworth K, Espelage DL, Simon TR. 1999. Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students. J Early Adolescence 19:341-362.
    • (1999) J Early Adolescence , vol.19 , pp. 341-362
    • Bosworth, K.1    Espelage, D.L.2    Simon, T.R.3
  • 17
    • 0036406743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullying and victimization among school-age children: Stability and links to proactive and reactive aggression
    • Camodeca M, Goossens FA, Terwogt MM, Schuengel C. 2002. Bullying and victimization among school-age children: Stability and links to proactive and reactive aggression. Soc Dev 11:332-345.
    • (2002) Soc Dev , vol.11 , pp. 332-345
    • Camodeca, M.1    Goossens, F.A.2    Terwogt, M.M.3    Schuengel, C.4
  • 18
    • 85012535780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise?
    • Campbell MA. 2005. Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Aust J Guid Couns 15:68-76.
    • (2005) Aust J Guid Couns , vol.15 , pp. 68-76
    • Campbell, M.A.1
  • 19
    • 0002150819 scopus 로고
    • La misura del disimpegno morale in età evolutiva [Measuring age differences in moral disengagement]
    • Caprara GV, Pastorelli C, Bandura A. 1995. La misura del disimpegno morale in età evolutiva [Measuring age differences in moral disengagement]. Età Evolutiva 51:18-29.
    • (1995) Età Evolutiva , vol.51 , pp. 18-29
    • Caprara, G.V.1    Pastorelli, C.2    Bandura, A.3
  • 20
    • 24044452321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • April. Presented at the Bi-annual Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa
    • Card NA. 2003, April. Victims of peer aggression: A meta-analytic review. Presented at the Bi-annual Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa.
    • (2003) Victims of peer aggression: A meta-analytic review
    • Card, N.A.1
  • 22
    • 0030254631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the relational aggression overt aggression and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment
    • Crick NR. 1996. The role of the relational aggression overt aggression and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment. Child Dev 67:2317-2327.
    • (1996) Child Dev , vol.67 , pp. 2317-2327
    • Crick, N.R.1
  • 23
    • 0542426444 scopus 로고
    • A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment
    • Crick NR, Dodge KA. 1994. A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychol Bull 115:74-101.
    • (1994) Psychol Bull , vol.115 , pp. 74-101
    • Crick, N.R.1    Dodge, K.A.2
  • 24
    • 0030171269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression
    • Crick NR, Dodge KA. 1996. Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Dev 67:993-1002.
    • (1996) Child Dev , vol.67 , pp. 993-1002
    • Crick, N.R.1    Dodge, K.A.2
  • 25
    • 0033447170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superiority in the eye of the beholder: a comment on Sutton, Smith and Swettenham
    • Crick NR, Dodge KA. 1999. Superiority in the eye of the beholder: a comment on Sutton, Smith and Swettenham. Soc Dev 8:128-131.
    • (1999) Soc Dev , vol.8 , pp. 128-131
    • Crick, N.R.1    Dodge, K.A.2
  • 26
    • 0029320154 scopus 로고
    • Relational aggression, gender and social-psychological adjustment
    • Crick NR, Grotpeter JK. 1995. Relational aggression, gender and social-psychological adjustment. Child Dev 66:610-722.
    • (1995) Child Dev , vol.66 , pp. 610-722
    • Crick, N.R.1    Grotpeter, J.K.2
  • 27
    • 0000589283 scopus 로고
    • Children's evaluation of aggressive, assertive, and submissive responses
    • Deluty RH. 1983. Children's evaluation of aggressive, assertive, and submissive responses. J Consult Clin Psychol 51:124-129.
    • (1983) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.51 , pp. 124-129
    • Deluty, R.H.1
  • 28
    • 0018993552 scopus 로고
    • Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior
    • Dodge KA. 1980. Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. Child Dev 51:162-170.
    • (1980) Child Dev , vol.51 , pp. 162-170
    • Dodge, K.A.1
  • 29
    • 0020144646 scopus 로고
    • Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys
    • Dodge KA, Frame CL. 1982. Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. Child Dev 53:620-635.
    • (1982) Child Dev , vol.53 , pp. 620-635
    • Dodge, K.A.1    Frame, C.L.2
  • 30
    • 0021383024 scopus 로고
    • The assessment of intention-cue detection skills in children: Implications for developmental psychopathology
    • Dodge KA, Murphy RR, Bachsbaum K. 1984. The assessment of intention-cue detection skills in children: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Child Dev 55:163-173.
    • (1984) Child Dev , vol.55 , pp. 163-173
    • Dodge, K.A.1    Murphy, R.R.2    Bachsbaum, K.3
  • 32
    • 0033169267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peer and sibling aggression: an investigation of intraand extra-familial bullying
    • Duncan RD. 1999. Peer and sibling aggression: an investigation of intraand extra-familial bullying. J Interpers Violence 14:871-886.
    • (1999) J Interpers Violence , vol.14 , pp. 871-886
    • Duncan, R.D.1
  • 33
    • 0039993933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkages between children's beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression and their behavior
    • Erdley CA, Asher S. 1998. Linkages between children's beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression and their behavior. Soc Dev 7:321-339.
    • (1998) Soc Dev , vol.7 , pp. 321-339
    • Erdley, C.A.1    Asher, S.2
  • 35
    • 0010766970 scopus 로고
    • Watergate lingo: A language of non-responsibility
    • Gambino R. 1973. Watergate lingo: A language of non-responsibility. Freedom Issue 22:7-9.
    • (1973) Freedom Issue , vol.22 , pp. 7-9
    • Gambino, R.1
  • 37
    • 33751086439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What's wrong?
    • Gini G. 2006. Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What's wrong? Aggressive Behav 32:528-539.
    • (2006) Aggressive Behav , vol.32 , pp. 528-539
    • Gini, G.1
  • 38
    • 2542467635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research
    • Griffin RS, Gross AM. 2004. Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research. Aggr Violent Behav 9:379-400.
    • (2004) Aggr Violent Behav , vol.9 , pp. 379-400
    • Griffin, R.S.1    Gross, A.M.2
  • 39
    • 0024353276 scopus 로고
    • Evaluative factors in social problem solving by aggressive boys
    • Guerra NG, Slaby RG. 1989. Evaluative factors in social problem solving by aggressive boys. J Abnorm Child Psych 17:277-289.
    • (1989) J Abnorm Child Psych , vol.17 , pp. 277-289
    • Guerra, N.G.1    Slaby, R.G.2
  • 40
    • 0036446863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Justifications for bullying among Japanese schoolchildren
    • Hara H. 2002. Justifications for bullying among Japanese schoolchildren. Asian J Soc Psychol 5:197-204.
    • (2002) Asian J Soc Psychol , vol.5 , pp. 197-204
    • Hara, H.1
  • 41
    • 0034023758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty years research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies
    • Hawker DSJ, Boulton MJ. 2000. Twenty years research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol Psyc 41:441-455.
    • (2000) J Child Psychol Psyc , vol.41 , pp. 441-455
    • Hawker, D.S.J.1    Boulton, M.J.2
  • 43
    • 40249096549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moral disengagement: A framework for understanding bullying among adolescents
    • Hymel S, Rocke-Henderson N, Bonanno RA. 2005. Moral disengagement: A framework for understanding bullying among adolescents. J Soc Sci 8:1-11.
    • (2005) J Soc Sci , vol.8 , pp. 1-11
    • Hymel, S.1    Rocke-Henderson, N.2    Bonanno, R.A.3
  • 44
    • 10144223568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatry, moral worry, and moral emotions
    • Kroll J, Egan E. 2004. Psychiatry, moral worry, and moral emotions. J Psychiatr Pract 10:352-360.
    • (2004) J Psychiatr Pract , vol.10 , pp. 352-360
    • Kroll, J.1    Egan, E.2
  • 45
    • 33645694326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-bullying in schools: A research of gender differences
    • Li Q. 2006. C-bullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychol Int 27:157-170.
    • (2006) School Psychol Int , vol.27 , pp. 157-170
    • Li, Q.1
  • 46
    • 67650336812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shame and guilt as behavior regulators: Relationships with bullying, victimization and prosocial behavior
    • Menesini E, Camodeca M. 2008. Shame and guilt as behavior regulators: Relationships with bullying, victimization and prosocial behavior. Brit J Dev Psychol 26:183-196.
    • (2008) Brit J Dev Psychol , vol.26 , pp. 183-196
    • Menesini, E.1    Camodeca, M.2
  • 48
    • 2442550984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moral emotions and bullying: A cross-national comparison of differences between bullies, victims and outsiders
    • Menesini E, Sanchez V, Fonzi A, Ortega R, Costabile A, Lo Feudo G. 2003. Moral emotions and bullying: A cross-national comparison of differences between bullies, victims and outsiders. Aggr Behav 29:515-530.
    • (2003) Aggr Behav , vol.29 , pp. 515-530
    • Menesini, E.1    Sanchez, V.2    Fonzi, A.3    Ortega, R.4    Costabile, A.5    Lo Feudo, G.6
  • 49
    • 77952480120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCH NCH 2002 Survey, 2004-07-15. Retrieved May 10, 2008, from
    • NCH. 2002. NCH 2002 Survey, 2004-07-15. Retrieved May 10, 2008, from http://www.nch.org.uk/itok/showquestion.asp?faq59&fldAuto5145.
    • (2002)
  • 50
    • 77952476626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCH. Putting U in the picture-Mobile phone bullying survey 2005. Retrieved March 30, 2008, from
    • NCH. 2005. Putting U in the picture-Mobile phone bullying survey 2005. Retrieved March 30, 2008, from http://www.nch.org.uk/uploads/documents/Mobile_bullying_%20report.pdf
    • (2005)
  • 51
    • 3543079179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment
    • Nansel TR, Overpeck MD, Saluja G, Ruan WJ. 2004. Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Arch Pediat Adol Med 158:730-736.
    • (2004) Arch Pediat Adol Med , vol.158 , pp. 730-736
    • Nansel, T.R.1    Overpeck, M.D.2    Saluja, G.3    Ruan, W.J.4
  • 54
    • 85069209919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sweden
    • Smith PK, Morita Y, Junger-Tas J, Olweus D, Catalano R F, Slee P T (eds.). London: Routledge
    • Olweus D. 1999. Sweden. In: Smith PK, Morita Y, Junger-Tas J, Olweus D, Catalano R F, Slee P T (eds.). TheNatureofSchool Bullying: A Cross-National Perspective. London: Routledge, pp 7-27.
    • (1999) TheNatureofSchool Bullying: A Cross-National Perspective , pp. 7-27
    • Olweus, D.1
  • 57
    • 0035580807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominance in early adolescent boys: Affiliative and aggressive dimensions and possible functions
    • Pellegrini AD, Bartini M. 2001. Dominance in early adolescent boys: Affiliative and aggressive dimensions and possible functions. Merrill-Palmer Quart 47:142-163.
    • (2001) Merrill-Palmer Quart , vol.47 , pp. 142-163
    • Pellegrini, A.D.1    Bartini, M.2
  • 58
    • 0036095377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition form primary school through secondary school
    • Pellegrini AD, Long JD. 2002. A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition form primary school through secondary school. Brit J Dev Psychol 20:259-280.
    • (2002) Brit J Dev Psychol , vol.20 , pp. 259-280
    • Pellegrini, A.D.1    Long, J.D.2
  • 59
    • 0022735308 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression
    • Perry DG, Perry LC, Rasmussen P. 1986. Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression. Child Dev 57:700-711.
    • (1986) Child Dev , vol.57 , pp. 700-711
    • Perry, D.G.1    Perry, L.C.2    Rasmussen, P.3
  • 61
    • 34547427430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the distinction between reactive and proactive aggression in children and adolescents
    • Polman H, de Castro BO, Koops W, van Boxtel HW, Merk WW. 2007. A meta-analysis of the distinction between reactive and proactive aggression in children and adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 35:522-535.
    • (2007) J Abnorm Child Psychol , vol.35 , pp. 522-535
    • Polman, H.1    de Castro, B.O.2    Koops, W.3    van Boxtel, H.W.4    Merk, W.W.5
  • 62
    • 0027102728 scopus 로고
    • Social information-processing in aggressive and depressed children
    • Quiggle N, Garber J, Panak W, Dodge KA. 1992. Social information-processing in aggressive and depressed children. Child Dev 63:1305-1320.
    • (1992) Child Dev , vol.63 , pp. 1305-1320
    • Quiggle, N.1    Garber, J.2    Panak, W.3    Dodge, K.A.4
  • 63
    • 34248379545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents
    • Raskauskas J, Stoltz AD. 2007. Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Dev Psychol 43:564-575.
    • (2007) Dev Psychol , vol.43 , pp. 564-575
    • Raskauskas, J.1    Stoltz, A.D.2
  • 64
    • 84981865253 scopus 로고
    • Types of bullying behavior and their correlates
    • Rivers I, Smith PK. 1994. Types of bullying behavior and their correlates. Aggressive Behav 20:359-368.
    • (1994) Aggressive Behav , vol.20 , pp. 359-368
    • Rivers, I.1    Smith, P.K.2
  • 65
    • 0013994747 scopus 로고
    • Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement
    • Rotter JB. 1966. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychol Monogr 80:1-28.
    • (1966) Psychol Monogr , vol.80 , pp. 1-28
    • Rotter, J.B.1
  • 66
    • 0036115592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims and bully-victims
    • Salmivalli C, Nieminen E. 2002. Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims and bully-victims. Aggr Behav 28:30-44.
    • (2002) Aggr Behav , vol.28 , pp. 30-44
    • Salmivalli, C.1    Nieminen, E.2
  • 68
    • 0000182593 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 1. Assessment
    • Slaby RG, Guerra NG. 1988. Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 1. Assessment. Developmental Psychol 24:580-588.
    • (1988) Developmental Psychol , vol.24 , pp. 580-588
    • Slaby, R.G.1    Guerra, N.G.2
  • 69
    • 40849083781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?
    • Slonje R, Smith PK. 2008. Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scand J Psychol 49:147-154.
    • (2008) Scand J Psychol , vol.49 , pp. 147-154
    • Slonje, R.1    Smith, P.K.2
  • 70
    • 0001914119 scopus 로고
    • The problem of school bullying
    • Smith PK, Sharp S (eds.). London: Routledge
    • Smith PK, Sharp S. 1994. The problem of school bullying. In: Smith PK, Sharp S (eds.). School Bullying: Insights and Perspectives. London: Routledge, pp 1-19.
    • (1994) School Bullying: Insights and Perspectives , pp. 1-19
    • Smith, P.K.1    Sharp, S.2
  • 74
    • 0034146405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proactive and reactive aggression in delinquent adolescents: Relations to aggression outcome expectancies
    • Smithmyer CM, Hubbard JA, Simons RF. 2000. Proactive and reactive aggression in delinquent adolescents: Relations to aggression outcome expectancies. J Clin Child Psychol 29:86-93.
    • (2000) J Clin Child Psychol , vol.29 , pp. 86-93
    • Smithmyer, C.M.1    Hubbard, J.A.2    Simons, R.F.3
  • 75
    • 0033410040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullying and "theory of mind": A critique of the "social skills deficit" view of antisocial behavior
    • Sutton J, Smith PK, Swettenham J. 1999. Bullying and "theory of mind": A critique of the "social skills deficit" view of antisocial behavior. Soc Dev 8:117-127.
    • (1999) Soc Dev , vol.8 , pp. 117-127
    • Sutton, J.1    Smith, P.K.2    Swettenham, J.3
  • 76
    • 0001155759 scopus 로고
    • Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency
    • Sykes M, Matza D. 1957. Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. Am Psychol Rev 22:664-670.
    • (1957) Am Psychol Rev , vol.22 , pp. 664-670
    • Sykes, M.1    Matza, D.2
  • 78
    • 0005230402 scopus 로고
    • Violence and aggression in schools
    • Tattum D, Lane DA (eds.). London: Treutham Books Limited
    • Tattum D. 1994. Violence and aggression in schools. In: Tattum D, Lane DA (eds.). Bullying in Schools. London: Treutham Books Limited.
    • (1994) Bullying in Schools
    • Tattum, D.1
  • 79
    • 20444392382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social-cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying
    • Toblin RL, Schwartz D, Gorman AH, Abou-ezzeddine T. 2005. Social-cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying. Appl Dev Psychol 26:329-346.
    • (2005) Appl Dev Psychol , vol.26 , pp. 329-346
    • Toblin, R.L.1    Schwartz, D.2    Gorman, A.H.3    Abou-ezzeddine, T.4
  • 80
    • 47949094968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reintegrative shaming theory, moral emotions and bullying
    • Ttofi MM, Farrington DP. 2008. Reintegrative shaming theory, moral emotions and bullying. Aggr Behav 34:352-368.
    • (2008) Aggr Behav , vol.34 , pp. 352-368
    • Ttofi, M.M.1    Farrington, D.P.2
  • 81
    • 0242471076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sticks and stones and social exclusion: Aggression among girls and boys
    • Smith PK, Hart CH (eds.). Oxford: Blackwell
    • Underwood MK. 2000. Sticks and stones and social exclusion: Aggression among girls and boys. In: Smith PK, Hart CH (eds.). Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development. Oxford: Blackwell, pp 533-548.
    • (2000) Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development , pp. 533-548
    • Underwood, M.K.1
  • 82
    • 36349004136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and predictors of Internet bullying
    • Williams KR, Guerra NG. 2007. Prevalence and predictors of Internet bullying. J Adolesc Health 41:S14-S21.
    • (2007) J Adolesc Health , vol.41
    • Williams, K.R.1    Guerra, N.G.2
  • 83
    • 0033652143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between direct and relational bullying and behavioral problems among primary school children
    • Wolke D, Woods S, Bloomfield L, Karstadt L. 2000. The association between direct and relational bullying and behavioral problems among primary school children. J Child Psychol Psychiat 8:989-1002.
    • (2000) J Child Psychol Psychiat , vol.8 , pp. 989-1002
    • Wolke, D.1    Woods, S.2    Bloomfield, L.3    Karstadt, L.4
  • 85
    • 1942517967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular internet users
    • Ybarra ML. 2004. Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular internet users. Cyberpsychol Behav 7:247-257.
    • (2004) Cyberpsychol Behav , vol.7 , pp. 247-257
    • Ybarra, M.L.1
  • 86
    • 4544311613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics
    • Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. 2004. Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. J Child Psychol Psychiat 45:1308-1316.
    • (2004) J Child Psychol Psychiat , vol.45 , pp. 1308-1316
    • Ybarra, M.L.1    Mitchell, K.J.2
  • 87
    • 0026874931 scopus 로고
    • Locus of control and perceptions of human aggression
    • Young TJ. 1992. Locus of control and perceptions of human aggression. Perceptual Motor Skills 74:1016-1018.
    • (1992) Perceptual Motor Skills , vol.74 , pp. 1016-1018
    • Young, T.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.