Connecting developmental trajectories: Biases in face processing from infancy to adulthood

Developmental Psychobiology

Volumn 54, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 643-663

  Scherf, K Suzanne ^a   Scott, Lisa S ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Developmental tasks; Early experience; Face recognition; Gender effect; Infancy; Own age effect; Own race effect; Plasticity; Species effect; Vision

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; FACE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RECOGNITION; SEX DIFFERENCE; VISION;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FACE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SEX FACTORS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84864300066     PISSN: 00121630     EISSN: 10982302     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/dev.21013     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2005). An own-age bias in face recognition for children and older adults. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 1043-1047.
2. Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2006). Evidence for an own-age bias in face recognition. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 237-253.
3. Anzures, G., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Slater, A. M., & Lee, K. (2010). Categorization, categorical perception, and asymmetry in infants' representation of face race. Developmental Science, 13, 553-564.
4. Armony, J. L., & Sergerie, K. (2007). Own-sex effects in emotional memory for faces. Neuroscience Letters, 426(1), 1-5.
5. Bäckman, L. (1991). Recognition memory across the adult life span: The role of prior knowledge. Memory and Cognition, 19, 63-71.
6. Bar-Haim, Y., Ziv, T., Lamy, D., & Hodes, R. M. (2006). Nature and nuture in own-race face processing. Psychological Science, 17, 159-163.
7. Barrera, M. E., & Maurer, D. (1981). Recognition of mother's photographed face by the three-month-old infant. Child Development, 52(2), 714-716.
8. Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). The cross-category effect. Psychological Science, 18(8), 706.
9. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic.
10. Brown, B. B. (2004). Adolescents' relationships with peers. In: R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology ( 2nd ed., pp. 363-394). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
11. Brown, B. B., Eicher, S. A., & Petrie, S. (1986). The importance of peer group ("crowd") affiliation in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 9, 73-96.
12. Brown, B. B., & Klute, C. (2006). Friendships, cliques, and crowds. In: G. R. Adams & M. D. Bersonsky (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 330-348). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
13. Bushnell, I. W. R., Sai, F., & Mullin, J. T. (1989). Neonatal recognition of the mother's face. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 3-15.
14. Carey, S., & Diamond, R. (1977). From piecemeal to configurational representation of faces. Science, 195, 312-314.
15. Carey, S., Diamond, R., & Woods, B. (1980). Development of face recognition: A maturational component. Developmental Psychology, 16, 257-269.
16. Carmel, D., & Bentin, S. (2002). Domain specificity versus expertise: Factors influencing distinct processing of faces. Cognition, 83(1), 1-29.
17. Cashon, C. H., Ha, O. R., Allen, C. L. & Barna, A. C. Processing of upright faces differs by sitting ability in 5.5- and 6.5-month-old infants. Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development (Denver, Colorado), April, 2009.
18. Chance, J. E., Turner, A. L., & Goldstein, A. G. (1982). Development of differential recognition for own- and other-race faces. The Journal of Psychology, 112, 29-37.
19. Chung, M. S. (1997). Face recognition: Effects of age of subjects and age of stimulus faces. Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 167-176.
20. Collins, W. A., Welsh, D. P., & Furman, W. (2009). Adolescent romantic relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 631-652.
21. Crookes, K., & Mckone, E. (2009). Early maturity of face recognition: No childhood development of holistic processing, novel face encoding, or face-space. Cognition, 111(2), 219-247.
22. Cross, J. F., Cross, J., & Daly, J. (1971). Sex, race, age, and beauty as factors in recognition of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 10, 393-396.
23. de Haan, M., & Nelson, C. A. (1999). Brain activity differentiates face and object processing by 6-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1114-1121.
24. de Heering, A., de Liedekerke, C., Deboni, M., & Rossion, B. (2010). The role of experience during childhood in shaping the other-race effect. Developmental Science, 13, 181-187.
25. DeSteno, D., Dasgupta, N., Bartlett, M. Y., & Cajdric, A. (2004). Prejudice from thin air: The effect of emotion on automatic intergroup attitudes. Psychological Science, 15, 319-324.
26. Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1977). Developmental changes in the representation of faces 1. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23(1), 1-22.
27. Diamond, R., Carey, S., & Black, K. J. (1983). Genetic influences on the development of spatial skills during adolescence. Cognition, 13, 167-185.
28. Dufour, V., Pascalis, O., & Petit, O. (2006). Face processing limitation to own species in primates: A comparative study in brown capuchins, tonkean macaques and humans. Behavioural Processes, 73(1), 107-113.
29. Ebner, N. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2009). Younger and older emotional faces: Are there age groups differences in expression identification and memory? Emotion, 9, 329-339.
30. Ellis, H. D., Shepard, J., & Bruce, A. (1973). The effects of age and sex on adolescents' recognition of faces. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 123, 173-174.
31. Fagan, J. F. (1976). Infants' recognition of invariant features of faces. Child Development, 47, 627-638.
32. Farroni, T., Johnson, M. H., Menon, E., Zulian, L., Faraguna, D., & Csibra, G. (2005). Newborns' preference for face-relevant stimuli: Effects of contrast polarity. Proceedings of the National Academic of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 17245-17250.
33. Feinman, S., & Entwisle, D. R. (1976). Children's ability to recognize other children's faces. Child Development, 47, 506-510.
34. Ferguson, K. T., Kulkofsky, S., Cashon, C., & Casasola, M. (2009). The development of specialized processing of own-race faces in infancy. Infancy, 14, 263-284.
35. Field, T. M., Cohen, D., Garcia, R., & Greenberg, R. (1984). Mother-stranger face discrimination by the newborn. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 19-25.
36. Flin, R. H. (1980). Age effects in children's memory for unfamiliar faces. Developmental Psychology, 16(4), 373-374.
37. Flin, R. H. (1985). Development of face recognition: An encoding switch? British Journal of Psychology, 76(Pt 1), 123-134.
38. Fulton, A., & Bartlett, J. C. (1991). Young and old faces in young and old heads: The factor of age in face recognition. Psychology and Aging, 6, 623-630.
39. Germine, L. T., Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2011). Where cognitive development and aging meet: Face learning ability peaks after age 30. Cognition, 118, 201-210.
40. Golarai, G., Ghahremani, D. G., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Reiss, A., Eberhardt, J. L., Gabrieli, J. D., & Grill-Spector. (2007). Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 512-522.
41. Golarai, G., Liberman, A., Yoon, J. M. D., & Grill-Spector, K. (2010). Differential development of the ventral visual cortex extends through adolescence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 80.
42. Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1971). Visual recognition memory for complex configurations. Perception and Psychophysics, 9, 237-241.
43. Goodman, G. S., Sayfan, L., Lee, J. S., Sandhei, M., Walle-Olsen, S., Magnussen, S.,. Arredondo, P. (2007). The development of memory for own- and other-race faces. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 98, 233-242.
44. Hancock, K. J., & Rhodes, G. (2008). Contact, configural coding and the other-race effect in face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 99, 45-56.
45. Harrison, V., & Hole, G. J. (2009). Evidence for a contact-based explanation of the own-age bias in face recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16, 264-269.
46. Havighurst, R. J. (1972). Developmental tasks and education. New York: McKay.
47. Hayden, A., Bhatt, R. S., Zieber, N., & Kangas, A. (2009). Race-based perceptual asymmetries underlying face processing in infancy. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16, 270-275.
48. Hehman, E., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Where the division lies: Common in group identity moderates the cross-race facial-recognition effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 445-448.
49. Heron-Delaney, M., Anzures, G., Herbert, J. S., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Tanaka, J. W.,. Pascalis, O. (2011). Perceptual training prevents the emergence of the other race effect during infancy. PLoS ONE, 6, 1-5.
50. Hills, P. J., & Lewis, M. B. (2011). The own-age face recognition bias in children and adults. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 17-23.
51. Hugenberg, K., Young, S. G., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2010). The categorization-individuation model: An integrative account of the other-race recognition deficit. Psychological Review, 117, 1168-1187.
52. Kelly, D., Liu, S., Lee, K., Quinn, P., Pascalis, O., Slater, A., & Ge, L. (2009). Development of the other-race effect during infancy: Evidence towards universality? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104, 105-114.
53. Kelly, D., Quinn, P., Slater, A., Lee, K., Ge, L., & Pascalis, O. (2007). The other-race effect develops during infancy evidence of perceptual narrowing. Psychological Science, 18, 1084-1089.
54. Kelly, D. J., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Gibson, A., & Smith, M. (2005). Three-month-olds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces. Developmental Science, 8, F31-F36.
55. Kuefner, D., Macchi Cassia, V., Picozzi, M., & Bricolo, E. (2008). Do all kids look alike? Evidence for an other-age effect in adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 811-817.
56. Lavelli, M., & Fogel, A. (2002). Developmental changes in mother-infant face-to-face communication: Birth to 3 months. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 288.
57. Lawrence, K., Bernstein, D., Pearson, R., Mandy, W., Campbell, R., & Skuse, D. (2008). Changing abilities in the recognition of unfamiliar face photographic through childhood and adolescence. Performance on a test of non-verbal immediate memory (Warrington RMF) from 6 to 16 years. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2, 27-45.
58. Lebrecht, S., Pierce, L. J., Tarr, M. J., & Tanaka, J. W. (2009). Perceptual other-race training reduces implicit racial bias. PLoS ONE, 4, e4215. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004215
59. Levin, D. T. (1996). Classifying faces by race: The structure of face categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1364-1382.
60. Levin, D. T. (2000). Race as a visual feature: Using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and the cross-race recognition deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 559-574.
61. Lewin, C., & Herlitz, A. (2002). Sex differences in face recognition-Women's faces make the difference. Brain and Cognition, 50(1), 121-128.
62. Lewis, M. D. (2000). The promise of dynamic systems approaches for an integrated account of human development. Child Development, 71, 36-43.
63. Libertus, K., & Needham, A. (2011). Reaching Experiences increases face preference in 3-month-old infants. Developmental Science, 14, 1355-1364.
64. Liu, S., Quinn, P. C., Wheeler, A., Xiao, N., Ge, L., & Lee, K. (2010). Similarity and difference in the processing of same- and other-race faces as revealed by eye-tracking in 4- to 9-month-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 180-189.
65. Macchi Cassia, V. (2011). Age biases in face processing: The effects of experience across development. British Journal of Psychology, 102(4), 816-829.
66. Macchi Cassia, V., Kuefner, D., Picozzi, M., & Vescovo, E. (2009a). Early experience predicts later plasticity for face processing. Psychological Science, 20, 853-858.
67. Macchi Cassia, V., Picozzi, M., Kuefner, D., & Casati, M. (2009b). Why mix-ups don't happen in the nursery: Evidence for an experience-based interpretation of the other age effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1099-1107.
68. Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. New York: Freeman.
69. Mason, S. E. (1986). Age and gender as factors in facial recognition and identification. Experimental Aging Research, 12, 151-154.
70. Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., Neemann, J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., & Garmezy, N. (1995). The structure and coherence of competence from childhood through adolescence. Child Development, 66, 1635-1659.
71. McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 424-453.
72. McGugin, R. W., Tanaka, J. W., Lebrecht, S., Tarr, M. J., & Gauthier, I. (2011). Race-specific perceptual discrimination improvement following short individuation training with faces. Cognitive Science, 35(2), 330-347.
73. McKelvie, S. J. (1987). Sex differences, lateral reversal, and pose as factors in recognition memory for photographs of faces. Journal of General Psychology, 114, 13-37.
74. Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Butz, D. A. (2005). Memory for own- and other-race faces: A dual-process approach. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 545-567.
75. Mondloch, C. J., Dobson, K. S., Parsons, J., & Mauer, D. (2004). Why 8-year-olds cannot tell the difference between Steve Martin and Paul Newman: Factors contributing to the slow development of sensitivity to the spacing of facial features. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89, 159-181.
76. Mondloch, C. J., Elms, N., Maurer, D., Rhodes, G., Hayward, W. G., Tanaka, J. W., & Zhou, G. (2010). Processes underlying the cross-race effect: An investigation of holistic, featural, and relational processing of own-race versus other-race faces. Perception, 39, 1065-1085.
77. Moulson, M. C., Westerlund, A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). The effects of early experience on face recognition: An event-related potential study of institutionalized children in Romania. Child Development, 80(4), 1039-1056.
78. O'Donnell, C., & Bruce, V. (2001). Familiarisation with faces selectively enhances sensitivity to changes made to faces. Perception, 30, 755-764.
79. O'Hearn, K., Schroer, E., Minshew, N., & Luna, B. (2010). Lack of developmental improvement on a face memory task during adolescence in autism. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3955-3960.
80. Parker, S. W., Nelson, C. A., & Group, T. B. E. I. P. C. (2005). The impact of early institutional rearing on the ability to discriminate facial expressions of emotion: An event-related potential study. Child Development, 76(1), 54-72.
81. Pascalis, O., & Bachevalier, J. (1998). Face recognition in primates: A cross-species study. Behavioural Processes, 43(1), 87-96.
82. Pascalis, O., de Haan, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2002). Is face processing species-specific during the first year of life? Science (New York, N.Y.), 296(5571), 1321-1323.
83. Pascalis, O., de Schonen, S., Morton, J., Deruelle, C., & Fabre-Grenet, M. (1995). Mother's face recognition by neonates: A replication and an extension. Infant Behavior and Development, 18, 79-85.
84. Pascalis, O., Scott, L. S., Kelly, D. J., Shannon, R. W., Nicholson, E., Coleman, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2005). Plasticity of face processing in infancy. Proceedings of the National Academic of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 5297-5300.
85. Perfect, T. J., & Harris, L. J. (2003). Adult age differences in unconscious transference: Source confusion or identity blending? Memory and Cognition, 31, 570-580.
86. Perfect, T. J., & Moon, H. (2005). The own-age effect in face recognition. In: J. Duncan, P. McLeod, & L. Phillips (Eds.), Measuring the mind (pp. 317-340). Oxford: Oxford University of Press.
87. Pezdek, K., Blandon-Gitlin, I., & Moore, C. (2003). Children's face recognition memory: More evidence for the cross-race effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 760-763.
88. Quinn, P. C., Conforto, A., Lee, K., O'Toole, A. J., Pascalis, O., & Slater, A. M. (2010). Infant preference for individual women's faces extends to girl prototype faces. Infant Behaviour and Development, 33(3), 357-360.
89. Quinn, P. C., Uttley, L., Lee, K., Gibson, A., Smith, A., Slater, A. M., & Pascalis, O. (2008). Infant preference for female faces occurs for same- but not other-race faces. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2, 15-26.
90. Quinn, P. C., Yahr, J., Kuhn, A., Slater, A. M., & Pascalis, O. (2002). Representation of the gender of human faces by infants: A preference for female. Perception, 31(9), 1109-1122.
91. Ramsey, J. L., Langlois, J. H., & Marti, N. C. (2005). Infant categorization of faces: Ladies first. Developmental Review, 25(2), 212-246.
92. Rehnman, J., & Herlitz, A. (2006). Higher face recognition ability in girls: Magnified by own-sex and own-ethnicity bias. Memory, 14(3), 289-296.
93. Rehnman, J., & Herlitz, A. (2007). Women remember more faces than men do. Acta Psychology (Amsterdam), 124, 344-355.
94. Rennels, J. L., & Davis, R. E. (2008). Facial experience during the first year. Infant Behavioral Development, 4, 665-678.
95. Rhodes, G., Brake, S., Taylor, K., & Tan, S. (1989). Expertise and configural coding in face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 313-331.
96. Robbins, R. A., Nishimura, M., Mondloch, C. J., Lewis, T. L., & Maurer, D. (2010). Deficits in sensitivity to spacing after early visual deprivation in humans: A comparison of human faces, monkey faces, and houses. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(8), 775-781.
97. Rodin, M. J. (1987). Who is memorable to whom: A study of cognitive disregard. Social Cognition, 5, 122-165.
98. Roisman, G. I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75, 123-133.
99. Sangrigoli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004a). Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1219-1227.
100. Sangrigoli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004b). Effect of visual experience on face processing: A developmental study of inversion and non-native effects. Developmental Science, 7, 74-87.
101. Sangrigoli, S., Pallier, C., Argenti, A. M., Ventureyra, V. A. G., & de Schonen, S. (2005). Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood. American Psychological Society, 16, 440-444.
102. Scherf, K. S., Behrmann, M., Dahl, R. E. (in press). Facing changes & changing faces in adolescence: A new model for investigating adolescent-specific interactions between pubertal, brain and behavioral development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.
103. Scherf, K. S., Behrmann, M., Humphreys, K., & Luna, B. (2007). Visual category-selectivity for faces, places, and objects emerges along different developmental trajectories. Developmental Science, 10(4), F15-F30.
104. Scherf, K. S., Luna, B., Avidan, G., & Behrmann, M. (2011). 'What' precedes 'which': Developmental neural tuning in face- and place-related cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 21(9), 1963-1980.
105. Scott, L. S., & Monesson, A. (2010). Experience-dependent neural specialization during infancy. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1857-1861.
106. Scott, L. S., & Monesson, A. (2009). The origin of biases in face perception. Psychological Science, 20, 676-680.
107. Scott, L. S., Pascalis, O., & Nelson, C. A. (2007). A domain general theory of perceptual development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 197-201.
108. Shaw, J. I., & Skolnick, P. (1994). Sex differences, weapon focus, and eyewitness reliability. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(4), 413-420.
109. Shaw, J. I., & Skolnick, P. (1999). Weapon focus and gender differences in eyewitness accuracy: Arousal versus salience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2328-2341.
110. Shutts, K., & Kinzler, K. D. (2007). An ambiguous-race illusion in children's face memory. Psychological Science, 18, 763-767.
111. Simpson, E. A., Varga, K., Frick, J. E., & Fragaszy, D. (2011). Infants experience perceptual narrowing for nonprimate faces. Infancy, 16, 318-328.
112. Smith, L. B. (2005). Self-organizing processes in learning to learn words: Development is not induction. In: C. A. Nelson (Ed.), New perspectives on learning and development: Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 1-32). New York: Academic Press.
113. Smith, L. B., & Thelen, E. (2003). Development as a dynamic system. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 343-348.
114. Sporer, S. L. (2001). Recognizing faces of other ethnic groups: An integration of theories. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 7, 170-210.
115. Sugita, Y. (2008). Face perception in monkeys reared with no exposure to faces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(1), 394.
116. Tanaka, J. W., Kiefer, M., & Bukach, C. M. (2004). A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: Evidence from a cross-cultural study. Cognition, 93, B1-B9.
117. Tanaka, J. W., & Pierce, L. (2009). The neural plasticity of other-race face recognition. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 122-131.
118. Temple, C. M., & Cornish, P. J. (1993). Recognition memory for words and faces in school children: A female advantage for words. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11, 421-426.
119. Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: Bradford/MIT Press.
120. Turati, C., Macchi Cassia, V., Simion, F., & Leo, I. (2006). Newborns' face recognition: Role of inner and outer facial features. Child Development, 77(2), 297-311.
121. Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 43A, 161-204.
122. Van Geert, P. (1994). Dynamic systems of development: Change between complexity and chaos. New York: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf.
123. Vogel, M., Monesson, A., Scott, L. S. (in press). The Influence of race on face-related emotion processing in infants. Developmental Science.
124. Walton, G. E., Bower, N. J. A., & Bower, T. G. R. (1992). Recognition of familiar faces by newborns. Infant Behavior and Development, 15, 265-269.
125. Ward, C. D. (1998). The role of multisensory information in infants' recognition of their fathers. Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
126. Wiese, H., Schweinberger, S., & Hansen, K. (2008). The age of the beholder: ERP evidence of an own-age bias in face memory. Neuropsychologia, 46(12), 2973-2985.
127. Wright, D. B., & Sladden, B. (2003). An own gender bias and the importance of hair in face recognition. Acta Psychologica, 114(1), 101-114.
128. Wright, D. B., & Stroud, J. S. (2002). Age differences in lineup identification accuracy: People are better with their own age. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 641-654.