Infant categorization of faces: Ladies first

Developmental Review

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 212-246

  Ramsey, Jennifer L ^a   Langlois, Judith H ^a   Marti, Nathan C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Categorization; Experience; Face perception; Facial prototype; Infant development; Sex differences; Social development; Variability; Visual preferences

Indexed keywords

EID: 18744407584     PISSN: 02732297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2005.01.001     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. H. Abdi D. Valentin B. Edelman & A.J. O'Toole More about the difference between men and women: Evidence from linear neural networks and the principal-component approach Perception 24 1995 539-562
2. H. Abdi D. Valentin & A.J. O'Toole A generalized autoassociator model for face processing and sex categorization: From principal components to multivariate analysis In D.S. Levine & W.R. Elsberry (Eds.) Optimality in biological and artificial networks? The International Neural Networks Society series 1997 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Mahwah, NJ pp. 317-337
3. T.R. Alley & K.A. Hildebrandt Determinants and consequences of facial aesthetics. Resources for ecological psychology In T.R. Alley (Ed.) Social and applied aspects of perceiving faces 1988 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Hillsdale, NJ, USA pp. 101-140
4. A.M. Anderson The father-infant relationship: Becoming connected Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses 1 1996 83-92
5. L.E. Bahrick & R. Lickliter Intersensory redundancy guides attentional selectivity and perceptual learning in infancy Developmental Psychology 36 2000 190-201
6. L.E. Bahrick & R. Lickliter Intersensory redundancy guides early perceptual and cognitive development Advances in Child Development and Behavior 30 2002 153-187
7. W.T. Bailey A longitudinal study of fathers' involvement with young children: Infancy to age 5 years Journal of Genetic Psychology 155 1994 331-339
8. M.T. Balaban & S.R. Waxman Do words facilitate object categorization in 9-month-old infants? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 64 1997 3-26
9. M.S. Banks & P. Salapatek Infant pattern vision: A new approach based on the contrast sensitivity function Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 31 1981 1-45
10. M.E. Barrera & D. Maurer Discrimination of strangers by the three-month-old Child Development 52 1981 558-563
11. M.E. Barrera & D. Maurer The perception of facial expressions by the three-month-old Child Development 52 1981 23-206
12. P.J. Bauer G.A. Dow & L.A. Hertsgaard Effects of prototypicality on categorization in 1- to 2-year-olds: Getting down to basic Cognitive Development 10 1995 43-68
13. N. Beail Fathers and infant caretaking Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 3 1985 54-63
14. G. Behl-Chadha Basic-level and superordinate-like categorical representations in early infancy Cognition 60 1996 105-141
15. J. Braungart-Rieker M.M. Garwood B.P. Powers & P.C. Notaro Infant affect and affect regulation during the still-face paradigm with mothers and fathers: The role of infant characteristics and parental sensitivity Developmental Psychology 34 1998 1428-1437
16. V. Bruce A.M. Burton E. Hanna P. Healey O. Mason & A. Coombes Sex discrimination: How do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception 22 1993 131-152
17. A. Buchner F. Faul & E. Erdfelder GPower: A priori, post hoc, and compromise power analyses for the Macintosh (Version 2.1.2) [Computer program] 1997 University of Trier Trier, Germany
18. T.A. Busey & J.L. Tunnicliff Accounts of blending, distinctiveness, and typicality in the false recognition of faces Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 25 1999 1210-1235
19. I.W.R. Bushnell F. Sai & J.T. Mullin Neonatal recognition of the mother's face British Journal of Developmental Psychology 7 1989 3-15
20. R. Cabeza V. Bruce T. Kato & M. Oda The prototype effect in face recognition: Extension and limits Memory & Cognition 27 1999 139-151
21. A.J. Caron R.F. Caron & D.J. MacLean Infant discrimination of naturalistic emotional expressions: The role of face and voice Child Development 59 1988 64-616
22. L.B. Cohen & M.S. Strauss Concept acquisition in the human infant Child Development 50 1979 419-424
23. E.H. Cornell Infants' discrimination of photographs of faces following redundant presentations Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 18 1974 98-106
24. M.L. Courage & R.J. Adams Visual acuity assessment from birth to three years using the acuity card procedure: Cross-sectional and longitudinal samples Optometry and Vision Science 67 1990 713-718
25. M.L. Culkin Compensation and more: Economics and professionalism in early care and education Child and Youth Care Forum 28 1999 43-58
26. J.L. Dannemiller & B.R. Stephens A critical test of infant pattern preference models Child Development 59 1988 210-216
27. C. Darwin The descent of man, and the selection in relation to sex 1871/ 1981 Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ
28. M. de Haan M.H. Johnson D. Maurer & D.I. Perrett Recognition of individual faces and average face prototypes by 1- and 3-month-old infants Cognitive Development 16 2001 659-678
29. M. de Haan & C.A. Nelson Brain activity differentiates face and object processing in 6-month-old infants Developmental Psychology 35 1999 1113-1121
30. J. Dirks & E. Gibson Infants' perception of similarity between live people and their photographs Child Development 48 1977 124-130
31. B. Edelman D. Valentin & H. Abdi Sex classification of face areas: How well can a linear neural network predict human performance? Journal of Biological Systems 6 1998 241-264
32. P.D. Eimas Categorization in early infancy and the continuity of development Cognition 50 1994 83-93
33. P.D. Eimas & P.C. Quinn Studies on the formation of perceptually based basic-level categories in young infants Child Development 65 1994 903-917
34. A.E. Ellis & C.A. Nelson Category prototypicality judgments in adults and children: Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates Developmental Neuropsychology 15 1999 193-211
35. Enlow, D. H. (1990). Faces, Facial growth (3rd ed., pp. 1-24). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company
36. J.F. Fagan Infants' recognition memory for faces Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 14 1972 453-476
37. J.F. Fagan Infant recognition memory: The effects of length of familiarization and type of discrimination task Child Development 45 1974 351-356
38. J.F. Fagan Infants' recognition of invariant features of faces Child Development 47 1976 627-638
39. J.F. Fagan & L.T. Singer The role of simple feature differences in infants' recognition of faces Infant Behavior and Development 2 1979 39-45
40. B.I. Fagot & M.D. Leinbach Gender-role development in young children: From discrimination to labeling Developmental Review 13 1993 205-224
41. L.G. Farkas Anthropometry of the head and face in medicine 1981 Elsevier New York
42. L.G. Farkas & I.R. Munro Anthropometric facial proportions in medicine 1987 Thomas Springfield, IL
43. A. Feingold Sex differences in variability in intellectual abilities: A new look at an old controversy Review of Educational Research 62 1992 61-84
44. T.M. Field D. Cohen R. Garcia & R. Greenberg Mother-stranger face discrimination by the newborn Infant Behavior and Development 7 1984 19-25
45. E.E. Forbes J.F. Cohn N.B. Allen & P.M. Lewinsohn Infant affect during parent - infant interaction at 3 and 6 months: Differences between mothers and fathers and influence of parent history of depression Infancy 5 2004 61-84
46. R.M. French D. Mareschal M. Mermillod & P.C. Quinn The role of bottom-up processing in perceptual categorization by 3- to 4-month-old infants: Simulations and data Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133 2004 382-397
47. R.M. Golinkoff & G.J. Ames A comparison of fathers' and mothers' speech with their young children Child Development 50 1979 28-32
48. A. Gopnik & A. Meltzoff The development of categorization in the second year and its relation to other cognitive and linguistic developments Child Development 58 1987 1523-1531
49. C. Greco H. Hayne & C. Rovee-Collier Roles of function, reminding, and variability in categorization by 3-month-old infants Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16 1990 617-633
50. S.M.J. Hains & D.W. Muir Effects of stimulus contingency in infant - adult interactions Infant Behavior and Development 19 1996 49-61
51. S.M.J. Hains & D.W. Muir Infant sensitivity to adult eye direction Child Development 67 1996 1940-1951
52. M.M. Haith T. Bergman & M.J. Moore Eye contact and face scanning in early infancy Science 198 1977 853-855
53. J. Halberstadt & G. Rhodes The attractiveness of nonface averages: Implications for an evolutionary explanation of the attractiveness of average faces Psychological Science 11 2000 285-289
54. M.J. Harrison & J. Magill-Evans Mother and father interactions over the first year with term and preterm infants Research in Nursing and Health 19 1996 451-459
55. H. Hayne C. Rovee-Collier & E.E. Perris Categorization and memory retrieval by three-month-olds Child Development 58 1987 750-767
56. D. Homa & R. Vosburgh Category breadth and the abstraction of prototypical information Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 2 1976 322-330
57. Z. Hossain & J.L. Roopnarine African-American fathers' involvement with infants: Relationship to their functioning style, support, education, and income Infant Behavior and Development 17 1994 175-184
58. D.K. Hume & R. Montgomerie Facial attractiveness signals different aspects of quality in women and men Evolution and Human Behavior 22 2001 93-112
59. N.K. Humphrey Natural aesthetics In B. Mikellides (Ed.) Architecture for people 1980 Studis Vista London pp. 59-73
60. M.A. Hunter & A.W. Ames A multifactor model of infant preferences for novel and familiar stimuli Advances in Infancy Research 5 1988 69-95
61. A. Jain J. Belsky & K. Crnic Beyond fathering behaviors: Types of dads Journal of Family Psychology 10 1996 431-442
62. K.E. Johnston K. Bittinger A. Smith & K.L. Madole Developmental changes in infants' and toddlers' attention to gender categories Merrill Palmer Quarterly 47 2001 563-584
63. R.A. Johnston M. Kanazawa T. Kato & M. Oda Exploring the structure of multidimensional face-space: The effects of age and gender Visual Cognition 4 1997 39-57
64. V.S. Johnston R. Hagel M. Franklin B. Fink & K. Grammer Male facial attractiveness: Evidence for hormone-mediated adaptive design Evolution and Human Behavior 22 2001 251-267
65. P.A. Katz J.A. Kofkin Race, gender, and young children In S.S. Luthar J.A. Burack D. Cicchetti & J.R. Weisz (Eds.) Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder 1997 Cambridge University Press New York, NY pp. 51-74
66. R. Kestenbaum & C.A. Nelson The recognition and categorization of upright and inverted emotional expressions by 7-month-old infants Infant Behavior and Development 13 1990 497-511
67. K.A. Kleiner Specific vs non-specific face recognition device In B. de Boysson-Bardies & S. de Schonen (Eds.) Developmental neurocognition: Speech and face processing in the first year of life. NATO ASI series D: Behavioural and social sciences Vol. 69 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Netherlands pp. 103-108
68. S. Kramer L.A. Zebrowitz J.P.S. Giovanni & B. Sherak Infant preferences for attractiveness and babyfaceness In B.G. Bardy R.J. Bootsma & Y. Guiard (Eds.) Studies in perception and action III 1995 Erlbaum Associates Hillsdale, NJ pp. 389-392
69. E.J. Landerholm & G. Scriven A comparison of mother and father interaction with their six-month-old male and female infants Early Child Development and Care 7 1981 317-328
70. Langlois, J.H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A.J., Larson, A., Ramsey, J.L., & Hoss, R.A. (1997). [Infant looking times to novel, familiar, and averaged male faces]. Unpublished raw data
71. J.H. Langlois J.M. Ritter L.A. Roggmn & L.S. Vaughn Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces Developmental Psychology 27 1991 79-84
72. J.H. Langlois L.A. &Roggman Attractive faces are only average Psychological Science 1 1990 115-121
73. J.H. Langlois L.A. Roggman R.J. Casey J.M. Ritter L.A. Rieser-Danner & V.Y. Jenkins Infant preferences for attractive faces: Rudiments of a stereotype Developmental Psychology 23 1987 363-369
74. J.H. Langlois L.A. Roggman & L. Musselman What is average and what is not average about attractive faces Psychological Science 5 1994 214-220
75. J.H. Langlois L.A. Roggman & L.A. Rieser-Danner Infants' differential social responses to attractive and unattractive faces Developmental Psychology 26 1990 153-159
76. R.E. Lasky R.E. Klein & S. Martinez Age and sex discrimination in five- and six-month-old infants Journal of Psychology 88 1974 317-324
77. C. Leaper K.J. Anderson & P. Sanders Moderators of gender effects on parents' talk to their children: A meta-analysis Developmental Psychology 34 1998 3-27
78. R. LeGrand C.J. Mondloch D. Maurer & H.P. Brent Early visual experience and face processing Nature 410 2001 890
79. M.D. Leinbach & B.I. Fagot Categorical habituation to male and female faces: Gender schematic processing in infancy Infant Behavior and Development 16 1993 317-332
80. D.A. Leopold A.J. O'Toole T. Vetter & V. Blanz Prototype-referenced shape encoding revealed by high-level aftereffects Nature Neuroscience 4 2001 89-94
81. C. Lewin & A. Herlitz Sex differences in face recognition - women's faces make the difference Brain and Cognition 50 2002 121-128
82. P.M. Ludemann & C.A. Nelson Categorical representation of facial expressions by 7-month-old infants Developmental Psychology 24 1988 451-492
83. B.C. Malt An on-line investigation of prototype and exemplar strategies in classification Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15 1989 539-555
84. J.M. Mandler How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives Psychological Review 99 1992 587-604
85. J.M. Mandler & L. McDonough Advancing downward to the basic level Journal of Cognition and Development 1 2000 379-403
86. C.L. Martin C.H. Wood & J.K. Little The development of gender stereotype components Child Development 61 1990 1891-1904
87. D. Maurer & P. Salapatek Developmental changes in the scanning of faces by young infants Child Development 47 1976 523-527
88. D.L. Medin & M.M. Schaffer Context theory of classification learning Psychological Review 85 1978 207-238
89. C.B. Mervis & J.R. Pani Acquisition of basic object categories Cognitive Psychology 12 1980 496-522
90. Mervis, C. B., & Rosch, E. (1981). Categorization of natural objects. In M.R. Rosenzweig & L.W. Porter (Eds.). Annual Review of Psychology. (Vol. 32, pp. 89-115). Palo Alto, CA
91. J. Morton & M.H. Johnson CONSPEC and CONLERN: A two-process theory of infant face recognition Psychological Review 98 1991 164-181
92. C.A. Nelson The recognition of facial expressions in infancy: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence In B. de Boysson-Bardies S. de Schonen P. Jusczyk P. McNeilage & J. Morton (Eds.) Developmental Neurocognition: Speech and Face Processing in the First Year of Life 1993 The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht pp.187-198
93. C.A. Nelson The development and neural bases of face recognition Infant and Child Development 10 2001 3-18
94. C.A. Nelson & P.F. Collins Neural and behavioral correlates of visual recognition memory in 4- and 8-month-old infants Brain and Cognition 19 1992 15-121
95. C.A. Nelson & K.G. Dolgin The generalized discrimination of facial expressions by seven-month-old infants Child Development 56 1985 58-61
96. Newell, L. C., & Strauss, M. S. (2002, April). Infants' ability to discriminate gender using internal facial features. Poster session presented at the biennial meeting of the International Conference on Infant Studies, Toronto, Ontario
97. Newell, L. C., Strauss, M. S., & Best, C. A. (2003, April). Gender categorization during infancy: The effects of typicality and hair. Poster session presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, FL
98. A. Ninio & N. Rinott Fathers', involvement in the care of their infants and their attributions of cognitive competence to infants Child Development 59 1988 652-663
99. J.K. Nugent M. Yogman B.M. Lester & J. Hoffman The father's impact on infant development in the first critical year of life In E.J. Anthony & C. Chiland (Eds.) The child in his family Vol. 8 1988 Wiley New York, NY, USA pp. 117-142
100. A.J. O'Toole K.A. Deffenbacher D. Valentin & H. Abdi Structural aspects of face recognition and the other-race effect Memory & Cognition 22 1994 208-224
101. A.J. O'Toole K.A. Deffenbacher D. Valentin K. McKee D. Huff &H. Abdi The perception of face gender: The role of stimulus structure in recognition and classification Memory & Cognition 26 1998 146-160
102. L.M. Oakes D.J. Coppage & A. Dingel By land or by sea: The role of perceptual similarity in infants' categorization of animals Developmental Psychology 33 1997 396-407
103. L.M. Oakes & T.L. Spalding The role of exemplar distribution in infants' differentiation of categories Infant Behavior and Development 20 1997 457-475
104. J.C. Oliver-Rodriguez Z. Guan & V.S. Johnston Gender differences in late positive components evoked by human faces Psychophysiology 36 1999 176-185
105. O. Pascalis M. de Haan & C.A. Nelson Is face processing species-specific during the first year of life? Science 296 2002 1321-1323
106. O. Pascalis M. de Haan C.A. Nelson & S. de Schonen Long-term recognition memory for faces assessed by visual paired comparison in 3- and 6-month-old infants Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24 1998 226-249
107. O. Pascalis S. de Schonen J. Morton C. Deruelle & M. Fabre-Grenet Mother's face recognition by neonates: A replication and an extension Infant Behavior and Development 18 1995 79-85
108. M.L. Patterson & J.F. Werker Infants' ability to match dynamic phonetic and gender information in the face and voice Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 81 2002 93-115
109. D.I. Perrett K.J. Lee I. Penton-Voak D. Rowland S. Yoshikawa D.M. Burt et al. Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness Nature 394 1998 884-887
110. R.D. Phillips S.H. Wagner C.A. Fells & M. Lynch Do infants recognize emotion in facial expressions?: Categorical and "metaphorical" evidence Infant Behavior and Development 13 1990 71-84
111. S. Pipp M.A. Easterbrook & S.R. Brown Attachment status and complexity of infants' self- and other-knowledge when tested with mother and father Social Development 2 1993 1-14
112. R.A.M.P. Piters & M.J.W. Stokmans Genre categorization and its effect on preference for fiction books Empirical Studies of the Arts 18 2000 159-166
113. D. Poulin-Dubois L.A. Serbin & A. Derbyshire Toddlers' intermodal and verbal knowledge about gender Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 44 1998 338-354
114. D. Poulin-Dubois L.A. Serbin B. Kenyon & A. Derbyshire Infants' intermodal knowledge about gender Developmental Psychology 30 1994 436-442
115. P.C. Quinn Beyond prototypes: Asymmetries in infant categorization and what they teach us about the mechanisms guiding knowledge acquisition In R. Kail & H. Reese (Eds.) Advances in child development and behavior Vol. 29 2002 Academic Press San Diego pp.161-193
116. P.C. Quinn The categorical representation of visual pattern information by young infants Cognition 27 1987 145-179
117. P.C. Quinn Development of subordinate-level categorization in 3- to 7-month-old infants Child Development 75 2004 886-899
118. P.C. Quinn P.D. Eimas On categorization in early infancy In J. Oates & S. Sheldon (Eds.) Cognitive development in infancy 1987 Lawrence Earlbaum Associates Hove, England pp. 131-161
119. P.C. Quinn P.D. Eimas Perceptual organization and categorization in young infants In C. Rovee-Collier & L.P. Lipsitt (Eds.) Advances in infancy research Vol. 10 1996 Ablex Publishing Corporation Norwood, NJ pp. 1-36
120. P.C. Quinn P.D. Eimas & S.L. Rosenkrantz Evidence for representations of perceptually similar natural categories by 3-month-old and 4-month-old infants Perception 22 1993 463-475
121. P.C. Quinn J. Yahr A. Kuhn A.M. Slater & O. Pascalis Representation of the gender of human faces by infants: A preference for female Perception 31 2002 1109-1121
122. N. Radin Primary caregiving fathers of long duration In P. Bronstein & C.P. Cowan (Eds.) Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the family 1988 Wiley New York, NY 127-143
123. J.L. Ramsey Infant attention to male faces Doctoral dissertation: The University of Texas at Austin 2003
124. J.L. Ramsey J.H. Langlois R.A. Hoss A.J. Rubenstein & A.M. Griffin Origins of a stereotype: Categorization of facial attractiveness by 6-month-old infants Developmental Science 7 2004 201-211
125. E.R. Ranck Gender issues in preparing a professional workforce: New views of women's work in early care and education Child and Youth Care Forum 28 1999 59-67
126. S.W. Raudenbush & A.S. Bryk Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods 2nd ed. 2002 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA
127. J.S. Reznick Research on infant categorization Seminars in Perinatology 13 1989 458-466
128. G. Rhodes C. Hickford & L. Jeffery Sex-typicality and attractiveness: Are supermale and superfemale faces super-attractive British Journal of Psychology 91 2000 125-140
129. G. Rhodes A. Sumich & G. Byatt Are average facial configurations attractive only because of their symmetry? Psychological Science 10 1999 52-58
130. G. Rhodes & T. Tremewan Averageness, exaggeration, and facial attractiveness Psychological Science 7 1996 105-110
131. K. Roberts & F.D. Horowitz Basic level categorization in seven- and nine-month-old infants Journal of Child Language 13 1986 191-208
132. J.L. Roopnarine J. Brown P. Snell-White & N.B. Riegraf Father involvement in child care and household work in common-law dual-earner and single-earner Jamaican families Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 16 1995 35-52
133. E. Rosch Principles of categorization In E. Rosch & B.B. Lloyd (Eds.) Cognition and categorization 1978 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ pp. 27-47
134. E. Rosch C. Simpson & R.S. Miller Structural bases of typicality effects Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2 1976 491-502
135. A.J. Rubenstein L. Kalakanis & J.H. Langlois Infant preferences for attractive faces: A cognitive explanation Developmental Psychology 35 1999 848-855
136. G. Russell & M. Radojevic The changing role of fathers? Current understandings and future directions for research and practice Infant Mental Health Journal 13 1992 296-311
137. J.G. Rustia & D. Abbott Father involvement in infant care: Two longitudinal studies International Journal of Nursing Studies 30 1993 467-476
138. J.R. Saffran E.K. Johnson R.N. Aslin & E.L. Newport Statistical learning of tone sequences by human infants and adults Cognition 70 1999 27-52
139. A. Salvador F. Suay S. Martinez-Sanchis V.M. Simon & P.F. Brain Correlating testosterone and fighting in male participants in judo contests Physiology and Behavior 68 1999 205-209
140. C.A. Samuels G. Butterworth T. Roberts L. Graupner & G. Hole Facial aesthetics: Babies prefer attractiveness to symmetry Perception 23 1994 823-831
141. C.A. Samuels & R. Ewy Aesthetic perception of faces during infancy British Journal of Developmental Psychology 3 1985 221-228
142. S. Sangrigoli & S. de Schonen Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 2004 1219-1227
143. L.A. Serbin D. Poulin-Dubois K.A. Colburne M.G. Sen & J.A. Eichstedt Gender stereotyping in infancy: Visual preferences for and knowledge of gender-stereotyped toys in the second year International Journal of Behavioral Development 25 2001 7-15
144. J.W. Sherman Development and mental representation of stereotypes Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 1996 1126-1141
145. T. Sherman Categorization skills in infants Child Development 56 1985 1561-1573
146. J. Shepherd Social factors in face recognition In G. Davies H. Ellis & J. Shepherd (Eds.) Perceiving and remembering faces 1981 Academic Press London pp. 55-79
147. P.J. Shields & C. Rovee-Collier Long-term memory for context-specific category information at 6 months Child Development 63 1992 245-259
148. I. Silverman D. Kastuk J. Choi & K. Phillips Testosterone levels and spatial ability in men Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 1999 813-822
149. A. Slater G. Bremner S.P. Johnson P. Sherwood R. Hayes & E. Brown Newborn infants' preference for attractive faces: The role of internal and external facial features Infancy 1 2000 265-274
150. A. Slater P.C. Quinn R. Hayes & E. Brown The role of facial orientation in newborn infants' preference for attractive faces Developmental Science 3 2000 181-185
151. A. Slater C.V.D. Schulenberg E. Brown M. Badenoch G. Butterworth & S. Parsons Newborn infants prefer attractive faces Infant Behavior and Development 21 1998 345-354
152. J.D. Smith Exemplar theory's predicted typicality gradient can be tested and disconfirmed Psychological Science 13 2002 437-442
153. M.S. Strauss Abstraction of prototypical information by adults and 10-month-old infants Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 5 1979 618-632
154. D. Symons The evolution of human sexuality 1979 Oxford University Press New York
155. D. Symons An evolutionary approach: Can Darwin's view of life shed light on human sexuality? In J.H. Geer & W.T. O'Donohue (Eds.) Theories of human sexuality 1987 Plenum Press New York pp. 91-125
156. R. Thornhill & S.W. Gangestad Human facial beauty: Averageness, symmetry, and parasite resistance Human Nature 4 1993 237-269
157. R. Thornhill & S.W. Gangestad Facial attractiveness Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 1999 452-460
158. T. Valentine & V. Bruce The effects of distinctiveness in recognising and classifying faces Perception 15 1986 525-535
159. J.R. Vokey & J.D. Read Typicality, familiarity and the recognition of male and female faces Canadian Journal of Psychology 42 1988 489-495
160. J.R. Vokey & J.D. Read Familiarity, memorability, and the effect of typicality on the recognition of faces Memory & Cognition 20 1992 291-302
161. A.S. Walker-Andrews Intermodal perception of expressive behaviors: Relation of eye and voice Developmental Psychology 22 1986 373-377
162. A.S. Walker-Andrews L.E. Bahrick S.S. Raglioni & I. Diaz Infants' bimodal perception of gender Ecological Psychology 3 1991 55-75
163. G.E. Walton & T.G.R. Bower Newborns form "prototypes" in less than 1 minute Psychological Science 4 1993 203-205
164. G.E. Walton N.J.A. Bower & T.G.R. Bower Recognition of familiar faces by newborns Infant Behavior and Development 15 1992 265-269
165. C.D. Ward The role of multisensory information in infants' recognition of their fathers 1998 Doctoral dissertation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
166. M.K. Weinberg & E.Z. Tronick Infant affective reactions to the resumption of maternal interaction after the still-face Child Development 67 1996 905-914
167. M. Weinraub L.P. Clemens A. Sockloff T. Ethridge E. Gracely & B. Myers The development of sex role stereotypes in the third year: Relationships to gender labeling, gender identity, sex-typed toy preference, and family characteristics Child Development 55 1984 1493-1503
168. T.W. Whitfield & P.E. Slatter The effects of categorization and prototypicality on aesthetic choice in a furniture selection task British Journal of Psychology 70 1979 65-75
169. D.E. Wille The 1990s: Gender differences in parenting roles Sex Roles 33 11-12 1995 803-817
170. M.K. Yamaguchi Discriminating the sex of faces by 6- and 8-month-old infants Perceptual and Motor Skills 91 2000 653-664
171. M.W. Yogman Games fathers and mothers play with their infants Infant Mental Health Journal 2 1981 241-248
172. M.W. Yogman J. Cooley & D. Kindlon Fathers, infants, and toddlers: A developing relationship In P. Bronstein & C.P. Cowan (Eds.) Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the family 1988 Wiley New York, NY, USA pp. 53-65.
173. B. Younger Infant categorization: Memory for category-level and specific item information Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 50 1990 131-155
174. B. Younger Developmental change in infant categorization: The perception of correlations among facial features Child Development 63 1992 1526-1535
175. B.A. Younger Understanding category members as the same sort of thing: Explicit categorization in ten-month infants Child Development 64 1993 309-320
176. B.A. Younger & D.D. Fearing Parsing items into separate categories: Developmental change in infant categorization Child Development 70 1999 291-303
177. B.A. Younger & D.D. Fearing A global-to-basic trend in early categorization: Evidence from a dual-category habituation task Infancy 1 2000 47-58
178. B. Younger & S. Gotlieb Development of categorization skills: Changes in the nature or structure of infant form categories Developmental Psychology 24 1988 611-619
179. L.A. Zebrowitz Reading faces: Window to the soul 1997 Westview Press Boulder, CO, USA