Cardiovascular risk in double diabetes mellitus-when two worlds collide

Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 476-485

  Cleland, Stephen J ^a  

^a GLASGOW ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIVER TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; METFORMIN; PIOGLITAZONE; PLACEBO; ROSIGLITAZONE;

BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPOINSULINEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ADIPOSITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPIDS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84864286004     PISSN: 17595029     EISSN: 17595037     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.47     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. [No authors listed] The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 977-986 (1993).
2. Soedamah-Muthu, S. S. et al. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in type 1 diabetic patients in Europe: The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care 27, 530-537 (2004).
3. Laing, S. P. et al. The British Diabetic Association Cohort Study, I: All-cause mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 16, 459-465 (1999).
4. Soedamah-Muthu, S. S. et al. All-cause mortality rates in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared with a non-diabetic population from the UK general practice research database, 1992-1999. Diabetologia 49, 660-666 (2006).
5. Laing, S. P. et al. Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23,000 patients with insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetologia 46, 760-765 (2003).
6. Pambianco, G. et al. The 30-year natural history of type 1 diabetes complications: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study experience. Diabetes 55, 1463-1469 (2006).
7. Nathan, D. M. et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 2643-2653 (2005).
8. Conway, B. et al. Temporal patterns in overweight and obesity in type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med. 27, 398-404 (2010).
9. Ogden, C., Yanovski, S., Carroll, M. & Flegal, K. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 132, 2087-2102 (2007).
10. Purnell, J. Q. et al. Effect of excessive weight gain with intensive therapy of type 1 diabetes on lipid levels and blood pressure: Results from the DCCT. JAMA 280, 140-146 (1998).
11. Kirk, E. P. & Klein, S. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich) 11, 761-765 (2009).
12. Ginsberg, H. N. & MacCallum, P. R. The obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes pandemic: Part 1. Increased cardiovascular disease risk and the importance of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in persons with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Cardiometab. Syndr. 4, 113-119 (2009).
13. Després, J. P., Cartier, A., Coté, M & Arsenault, B. J. The concept of cardiometabolic risk: Bridging the fields of diabetology and cardiology. Ann. Med. 40, 514-523 (2008).
14. Chapman, M. J. & Sposito, A. C. Hypertension and dyslipidaemia in obesity and insulin resistance: Pathophysiology, impact on atherosclerotic disease and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol. Ther. 117, 354-373 (2008).
15. Diamant, M. & Tushuizen, M. E. The metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction: Common highway to type 2 diabetes and CVD. Curr. Diab. Rep. 6, 279-286 (2006).
16. Cleland, S. J., Petrie, J. R., Ueda, S., Elliott, H. L & Connell, J. M. Insulin as a vascular homone: Implications for the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 25, 175-184 (1998).
17. Prince, C. T., Becker D. J., Costacou, T., Miller, R. G. & Orchard, T. J. Changes in glycaemic control and risk of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Findings from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC). Diabetologia 50, 2280-2288 (2007).
18. Orchard, T. J., Secrest, A. M., Miller, R. G. & Costacou, T. In the absence of renal disease, 20 year mortality risk in type 1 diabetes is comparable to that of the general population: A report from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia 53, 2312-2319 (2010).
19. Groop, P. H. et al. The presence and severity of chronic kidney disease predicts all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 58, 1651-1658 (2009).
20. Conway, B. et al. Adiposity and mortality in type 1 diabetes. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 33, 796-805 (2009).
21. Deckert, T., Feldt-Rasmussen, B., Borch-Johnsen, K., Jensen, T. & Kofoed-Enevoldsen, A. Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage: The Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia 32, 219-226 (1989).
22. Stehouwer, C. D. A., Fischer, A., van Kuijk, A. W. R., Polak, B. C. P. & Donker, A. J. M. Endothelial dysfunction precedes development of microalbuminuria in IDDM. Diabetes 44, 561-564 (1995).
23. Del Prato, S. Megatrials in type 2 diabetes. From excitement to frustration? Diabetologia 52, 1219-1226 (2009).
24. Gerstein, H. C. et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 2545-2559 (2008).
25. Patel, A. et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 2560-2572 (2008).
26. Duckworth, W. et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 129-139 (2009).
27. Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R. & Neil, H. A. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1577-1589 (2008).
28. Wadén, J. et al. A1c variability predicts incident cardiovascular events, microalbuminuria, and overt diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 58, 2649-2655 (2009).
29. Snell-Bergeon, J. K. et al. Glycaemic varibility is associated with coronary artery calcium in men with type 1 diabetes: The Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study. Diabet. Med. 27, 1436-1442 (2010).
30. Orchard, T. J. et al. Insulin resistance-related factors, but not glycemia, predict coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26, 1374-1379 (2003).
31. Giunti, S. et al. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in type 1 diabetes: Prevalence and relation to coronary heart disease and the cardiovascular risk factors: The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabetes Care 28, 2255-2257 (2005).
32. Olson, J. C. et al. Glycemia (or, in women, estimated glucose disposal rate) predicts lower extremity arterial disease events in type 1 diabetes. Metabolism 51, 248-254 (2002).
33. Teupe, B. & Bergis, K. Epidemiological evidence for 'double diabetes'. Lancet 337, 361-362 (1991).
34. Erbey, J. R, Kuller, L. H, Becker, D. J. & Orchard, T. J. The association between a family history of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease in a type 1 diabetes population. Diabetes Care 21, 610-614 (1998).
35. Williams, K. V., Erbey, J., Becker, D. & Orchard, T. J. Can clinical factors estimate insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes? Diabetes 49, 626-632 (2000).
36. Kilpatrick, E. S., Rigby, A. S. & Atkin S. L. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and complication risk in type 1 diabetes: 'double diabetes' in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care. 30, 707-712 (2007).
37. Chaturvedi, N. et al. Markers of insulin resistance are strong risk factors for retinopathy incidence in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 24, 284-289 (2001).
38. Schauer, I. E. et al. Insulin resistance, defective insulin-mediated fatty acid suppression, and coronary artery calcification in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes. The CACTI study. Diabetes 60, 306-314 (2011).
39. Mäkimattila, S., Virkamäki, A., Malmström, R., Urtiainen, T. & Yki-Järvinen, H. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A major role for reduced glucose extraction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 707-712 (1996).
40. Yki-Järvinen, H. & Koivisto, V. A. Natural course of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 224-230 (1986).
41. Perseghin, G. et al. Reduced intrahepatic fat content is associated with increased whole-body lipid oxidation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 48, 2615-2621 (2005).
42. Perseghin, G. et al. Insulin resistance, intramyocellular lipid content and plasma adiponectin in patients with type 1 diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285, E1174-E1181 (2003).
43. Hepatulla, R. A. et al. In situ evidence that peripheral insulin resistance in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes is associated with impaired suppression of lipolysis: A microdialysis study. Pediatr. Res. 53, 830-835 (2003).
44. Yki-Järvinen H. et al. Site of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: Insulin-mediated glucose disposal in vivo in relation to insulin binding and action in adipocytes in vitro. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 59, 1183-1192 (1984).
45. Kahn, B. B. et al. Expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 transporters in skeletal muscle of humans with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Regulatory effects of metabolic factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74, 1101-1109 (1992).
46. Baron, A. D. Cardiovascular actions of insulin in humans. Implications for insulin sensitivity and vascular tone. Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 7, 961-987 (1993).
47. Valabhji, J. et al. Rates of cholesterol esterification and esterified cholesterol net mass transfer between high-density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med. 19, 424-428 (2002).
48. Colhoun, H.M. et al. Relationship of phospholipid transfer protein activity to HDL and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 51, 3300-3305 (2002).
49. Molitch, M. E., Rupp, D. & Carnethon, M. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a decreased likelihood of albuminuria in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29, 78-82 (2006).
50. Daousi, C., Bain, S. C., Barnett, A. H. & Gill, G. V. Hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with an increased likelihood of albuminuria in extreme duration (>50 years) type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med. 25, 1234-1236 (2008).
51. Tolonen, N. et al. Lipid abnormalities predict progression of renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 52, 2522-2530 (2009).
52. Gale, E. A. How to survive diabetes. Diabetologia 52, 559-567 (2009).
53. Bain, S. C. et al. Characteristics of type 1 diabetes of over 50 years duration (the Golden Years Cohort). Diabet. Med. 20, 808-811 (2003).
54. Taskinen, M. R. Diabetic dyslipidaemia: From basic research to clinical practice. Diabetologia 46, 733-749 (2003).
55. Betteridge, D. J. Lipid control in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 8, 278-290 (2011).
56. Caixas A. et al. Effects of short-acting insulin analog (Insulin Lispro) versus regular insulin on lipid metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 47, 371-376 (1998).
57. Ruotolo, G. et al. Normalization of lipoprotein composition by intraperitoneal insulin in IDDM. Role of increased hepatic lipase activity. Diabetes Care 17, 6-12 (1994).
58. Sibley, S. D., Palmer, J. P., Hirsch, I. B. & Brunzell J. Visceral obesity, hepatic lipase activity, and dyslipidaemia in type 1 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 3379-3384 (2003).
59. Nevalainen, P., Lahtela, J. T., Mustonen, J. & Pasternack, A. The influence of peritoneal dialysis and the use of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal insulin on glucose metabolism and serum lipids in type 1 diabetic patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 12, 145-150 (1997).
60. Selam, J. L. et al. Comparison of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous insulin administration on lipids, apolipoproteins, fuel metabolites, and hormones in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 38, 908-912 (1989).
61. Lahtela, J. T., Mustonen, J. & Pasternack, A. Comparison of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous insulin administration on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids in type 1 diabetic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 88, 427-432 (1995).
62. Petruzzo, P. et al. Metabolic consequences of pancreatic systemic or portal venous drainage in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients. Diabet. Med. 23, 654-659 (2006).
63. Stefan, N., Kantartzis, K & Häring, H. U. Causes and metabolic consequences of fatty liver. Endocr. Rev. 29, 939-960 (2008).
64. Torun, D. et al. Hepatic subcapsular steatosis as a complication associated with intraperitoneal insulin treatment in diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit. Dial. Int. 25, 596-600 (2005).
65. Lopes-Virella, M. F. et al. Levels of oxidized LDL and advanced glycation end products-modified LDL in circulating immune complexes are strongly associated with increased levels of carotid intima-media thickness and its progression in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 60, 582-589 (2011).
66. Makinen, V. P. et al. Metabolic phenotypes, vascular complications, and premature deaths in a population of 4,197 patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 57, 2480-2487 (2008).
67. Arslanian, S., Nixon, P. A., Becker, D., Drash, A. L. Impact of physical fitness and glycemic control on in vivo insulin action in adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care 13, 9-15 (1990).
68. Landt, K. W., Campaigne, B. N., James, F. W. & Sperling, M. A. Effects of exercise training on insulin sensitivity in adolescents with type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 8, 461-465 (1985).
69. Yki-Järvinen, H., DeFronzo, R. A. & Koivisto, V. A. Normalization of insulin sensitivity in type I diabetic subjects by physical training during insulin pump therapy. Diabetes Care 7, 520-527 (1984).
70. Bak, J. F., Jacobsen, U. K., Jorgensen, F. S. & Pedersen, O. Insulin receptor function and glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Effects of physical training. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 69, 158-164 (1989).
71. Lehmann, R., Kaplan, V., Bingisser, R., Bloch, K. E. & Spinas, G. A. Impact of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in IDDM. Diabetes Care 20, 1603-1611 (1997).
72. Rosenfalck, A. M., Almdal, T., Viggers, L., Madsbad, S. & Hilsted, J. A low-fat diet improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med. 23, 384-392 (2006).
73. Ferguson, A. W., de la Harpe, P. L. & Farquhar, J. W. Dimethyldiguanide in the treatment of diabetic children. Lancet 1, 1367-1369 (1961).
74. Pirart, J. Failure of the biguanides to improve the control of unstable diabetes treated with insulin. Diabetologia 4, 283-286 (1971).
75. Schatz, H., Winkler, G., Jonatha, E. M. & Pfeiffer, E. F. Studies on juvenile-type diabetes in children. Assessment of control under treatment with constant and variable doses of insulin with or without addition of biguanides. Diabetes Metab. 1, 211-220 (1975).
76. Pagano, G. et al. Metformin reduces insulin requirement in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 24, 351-354 (1983).
77. Gin, H., Messerchmitt, C., Brottier, E. & Aubertin, J. Metformin improved insulin resistance in type I, insulin-dependent, diabetic patients. Metabolism 34, 923-925 (1985).
78. Meyer. et al. The benefits of metformin therapy during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment of type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 25, 2153-2158 (2002).
79. Hamilton, J., Cummings, E., Zdravkovic, V., Finegood, D. & Daneman, D. Metformin as an adjunct therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 26, 138-143 (2003).
80. Sarnblad, S., Kroon, M. & Aman, J. Metformin as additional therapy in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: Randomised placebo-controlled trial with aspects on insulin sensitivity. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 149, 323-329 (2003).
81. Lund, S. S. et al. Effect of adjunct metformin treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes and persistent inadequate glycaemic control. A randomized study. PLoS ONE 3, e3363 (2008).
82. Jacobsen, I. B., Henriksen, J. E. & Beck-Neilsen, H. The effect of metformin in overweight patients with type 1 diabetes and poor metabolic control. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 105, 145-149 (2009).
83. Vella, S. et al. The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review of efficacy. Diabetologia 53, 809-820 (2010).
84. Pang, T. T. & Narendran, P. Addressing insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med. 25, 1015-1024 (2008).
85. Zdravkovic, V., Hamilton, J. K., Daneman, D. & Cummings, E. A. Pioglitazone as adjunctive therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J. Pediatr. 149, 845-849 (2006).
86. Strowig, S. M. & Raskin P. The effect of rosiglitazone on overweight subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28, 1562-1567 (2005).