The obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus pandemic: Part I. Increased cardiovascular disease risk and the importance of atherogenic dyslipidemia in persons with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Journal of the CardioMetabolic Syndrome

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 113-119

  Ginsberg, Henry N ^a   Maccallum, Paul R ^b  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b Envision Pharma   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN B; ATORVASTATIN; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLACEBO; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CAUSE OF DEATH; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HEART DEATH; HUMAN; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PANDEMIC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

ADULT; AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 65349195631     PISSN: 15594564     EISSN: 15594572     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.00044.x     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight: World Health Organization global strategy on diet, physical activity and health fact sheet, 2003. http://www.who.int. Accessed September 16, 2005.
2. Wyatt SB, Winters KP, Dubbert PM. Overweight and obesity: Prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. Am J Med Sci. 2006;331:166-174.
3. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047-1053.
4. American Diabetes Association: National Fact Sheet, 2005. Available at http://www.diabetesorg/diabetes-statisticsjsp. Accessed September 16, 2005.
5. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356-359.
6. Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2745-2749.
7. Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Elisaf M, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the National Cholesterol Educational Program and International Diabetes Federation definitions. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:1157-1159.
8. Harzallah F, Alberti H, Ben Khalifa F. The metabolic syndrome in an Arab population: A first look at the new International Diabetes Federation criteria. Diabet Med. 2006;23:441-444.
9. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709-2716.
10. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:683-689.
11. Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1066-1076.
12. Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, et al. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50years and older. Diabetes. 2003;52:1210-1214.
13. Ford ES. The metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study. Atherosclerosis. 2004;173:309-314.
14. Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, et al. National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110:1251-1257.
15. McNeill AM, Rosamond WD, Girman CJ, et al. The metabolic syndrome and 11-year risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:385-390.
16. Sundstrom J, Vallhagen E, Riserus U, et al. Risk associated with the metabolic syndrome versus the sum of its individual components. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1673-1674.
17. Ford ES. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: A summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1769-1778.
18. Lorenzo C, Okoloise M, Williams K, et al. The metabolic syndrome as predictor of type 2 diabetes: The San Antonio heart study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3153-3159.
19. Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation. 2003;108:414-419.
20. Deedwania P, Barter P, Carmena R, et al. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: Analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. Lancet. 2006;368:919-928.
21. Girman CJ, Rhodes T, Mercuri M, et al. The metabolic syndrome and risk of major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:136-141.
22. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:229-234.
23. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:434-444.
24. Almdal T, Scharling H, Jensen JS, et al. The independent effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke, and death: A population-based study of 13,000 men and women with 20years of follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1422-1426.
25. Koskinen P, Manttari M, Manninen V, et al. Coronary heart disease incidence in NIDDM patients in the Helsinki Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:820-825.
26. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Pankow JS, et al. Cardiovascular events in diabetic and nondiabetic adults with or without history of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;109:855-860.
27. Evans JM, Wang J, Morris AD. Comparison of cardiovascular risk between patients with type 2 diabetes and those who had had a myocardial infarction: Cross sectional and cohort studies. BMJ. 2002;324:939-942.
28. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L. Cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in older men with diabetes and in men with coronary heart disease. Heart. 2004;90:1398-1403.
29. Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL, et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2102-2107.
30. Laaksonen DE, Lindstrom J, Lakka TA, et al. Physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: The Finnish diabetes prevention study. Diabetes. 2005;54:158-165.
31. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:383-393.
32. Brunzell JD, Ayyobi AF. Dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 2003;115(suppl 8A):24S-28S.
33. Chapman MJ. Therapeutic elevation of HDL-cholesterol to prevent atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Pharmacol Ther. 2006;111:893-908.
34. Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ. 1998;316:823-828.
35. Eberly LE, Stamler J, Neaton JD. Relation of triglyceride levels, fasting and nonfasting, to fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1077-1083.
36. Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, et al. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA. 2007;298:309-316.
37. Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA. 2007;298:299-308.
38. Tirosh A, Rudich A, Shochat T, et al. Changes in triglyceride levels and risk for coronary heart disease in young men. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:377-385.
39. Jeppesen J, Hein HO, Suadicani P, et al. Relation of high TG-low HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol to the incidence of ischemic heart disease. An 8-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1114-1120.
40. Assmann G, Schulte H. Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (the PROCAM experience). Prospective Cardiovascular Munster study. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:733-737.
41. Ballantyne CM, Olsson AG, Cook TJ, et al. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation. 2001;104:3046-3051.
42. Manninen V, Tenkanen L, Koskinen P, et al. Joint effects of serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations on coronary heart disease risk in the Helsinki Heart Study. Implications for treatment. Circulation. 1992;85:37-45.
43. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study Group. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation. 2000;102:21-27.
44. Sacks FM, Campos H. Clinical review 163: Cardiovascular endocrinology: low-density lipoprotein size and cardiovascular disease: A reappraisal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4525-4532.
45. Assmann G, Schulte H, von Eckardstein A, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk. The PROCAM experience and pathophysiological implications for reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis. 1996;124(suppl):S11-S20.