Environmental contamination, human exposure and body loadings of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), focusing on Asian countries

Chemosphere

Volumn 89, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 355-368

  Zhao, Y G ^a   Wong, C K C ^a   Wong, M H ^a,b  

^a HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^b ZHEJIANG A F UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Dust; Human blood; Human milk; Water; Wild animal

Indexed keywords

DUST; HISTOLOGY; TISSUE; WATER;

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS; HUMAN BLOODS; HUMAN MILK; PERFLUORINATED COMPOUND (PFCS); PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATES; WILD ANIMALS;

ANIMALS;

FRESH WATER; PERFLUOROOCTANESULFONIC ACID; SEA WATER;

ANIMAL; ARRAY; DUST; HYDROCARBON; POLLUTANT SOURCE; POLLUTION EFFECT; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; SULFONATE; WILD POPULATION;

AIR POLLUTION; ASIA; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION; NONHUMAN; POLLUTION; REVIEW; SEA FOOD; SEA POLLUTION; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER SUPPLY;

ASIA;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84864075955     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: 18791298     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.043     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. 3M, 1999a. The Science of Organic Fluorochemistry.
2. 3M, 1999b. 3M PFOS KAW AR226-0051 1999, 95-104. AR226-0547.
3. 3M, 2000. Phase-Out Plan for POSF-Based Products. USEPA Docket ID OPPT-2002-0043.
4. 3M, 2008. What is 3M Doing?. http://www.solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/PFOS/PFOA/Information/Action/.
5. Ahrens L., Yamashita N., Yeung L.W.Y., Taniyasu S., Horii Y., Lam P.K.S., Ebinghaus R. Partitioning behavior of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds between pore water and sediment in two sediment cores from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:6969-6975.
6. Bao J., Jin Y.H., Liu W., Ran X.R., Zhang Z.X. Perfluorinated compounds in sediments from the Daliao River system of northeast China. Chemosphere 2009, 77:652-657.
7. Bao J., Liu W., Liu L., Jin Y.H., Ran X.R., Zhang Z.X. Perfluorinated compounds in urban river sediments from Guangzhou and Shanghai of China. Chemosphere 2010, 80:123-130.
8. Belisle J., Hagen D.F. Method for the determination of the total fluorine content of whole blood, serum/plasma, and other biological samples. Anal. Biochem. 1978, 87:545-555.
9. Belisle J., Hagen D.F. A method for the determination of perfluorooctanoic acid in blood and other biological samples. Anal. Biochem. 1980, 101:369-376.
10. Borg D., Bogdanska J., Sundstrom M., Nobel S., Hakansson H., Bergman A., DePierre J.W., Halldin K., Bergstrom U. Tissue distribution of S-35-labelled perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in C57Bl/6 mice following late gestational exposure. Reprod. Toxicol. 2010, 30:558-565.
11. Brustad M., Sandanger T.M., Nieboer E., Lund E. 10th Anniversary review: when healthy food becomes polluted-implications for public health and dietary advice. J. Environ. Monit. 2008, 10:422-427.
12. Butt C.M., Berger U., Bossi R., Tomy G.T. Levels and trends of poly- and per-fluorinated compounds in the arctic environment. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:2936-2965.
13. Calafat A.M., Kuklenyik Z., Caudill S.P., Reidy J.A., Needham L.L. Perfluorochemicals in pooled serum samples from United States residents in 2001 and 2002. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:2128-2134.
14. Calafat A.M., Needham L.L., Kuklenyik Z., Reidy J.A., Tully J.S., Aguilar-Villalobos M., Naeher L.P. Perfluorinated chemicals in selected residents of the American continent. Chemosphere 2006, 63:490-496.
15. Calafat A.M., Kuklenyik Z., Reidy J.A., Caudill S.P., Tully J.S., Needham L.L. Serum concentrations of 11 polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the US population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:2237-2242.
16. Calafat A.M., Wong L.Y., Kuklenyik Z., Reidy J.A., Needham L.L. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the US population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000. Environ. Health. Perspect. 2007, 115:1596-1602.
17. Chaemfa C., Barber J.L., Huber S., Breivik K., Jones K.C. Screening for PFOS and PFOA in European air using passive samplers. J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12:1100-1109.
18. Dai J.Y., Li M., Jin Y.H., Saito N., Xu M.Q., Wei F.W. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in Red Panda and Giant Panda from China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:5647-5652.
19. D'eon J.C., Mabury S.A. Is indirect exposure a significant contributor to the burden of perfluorinated acids observed in humans?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:7974-7984.
20. Dovydaitis T. Fish consumption during pregnancy: an overview of the risks and benefits. J. Midwifery. Womens Health 2008, 53:325-330.
21. Duarte-Davidson R., Jones K.C. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the UK population: estimated intake, exposure and body burden. Sci. Total Environ. 1994, 151:131-152.
22. Ehresman D.J., Froehlich J.W., Olsen G.W., Chang S.C., Butenhoff J.L. Comparison of human whole blood, plasma, and serum matrices for the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other fluorochemicals. Environ. Res. 2007, 103:176-184.
23. Fromme H., Tittlemier S.A., Volkel W., Wilhelm M., Twardella D. Perfluorinated compounds - exposure assessment for the general population in western countries. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212:239-270.
24. Fujii S., Tanaka S., Lien N.P.H., Qiu Y., Polprasert C. New POPs in the water environment: distribution, bioaccumulation and treatment of perfluorinated compounds - a review paper. J. Water. Suppl. Res. 2007, 56:313-326.
25. Geneva: Stockholm Convention Secretariat, 2009. Governments Unite to Step-up Reduction on Global DDT Reliance and Add Nine New Chemicals Under International Treaty. Stockhlom Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Pressrelease/COP4Geneva8May2009/tabid/542/language/en-US/Default.aspx.
26. Genuis S.J. To sea or not to sea: benefits and risks of gestational fish consumption. Reprod. Toxicol. 2008, 26:81-85.
27. Giesy J.P., Kannan K. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35:1339-1342.
28. Gulkowska A., Jiang Q., So M.K., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Yamashita N. Persistent perfluorinated acids in seafood collected from two cities of China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:3736-3741.
29. Guruge K.S., Taniyasu S., Yamashita N., Wijeratna S., Mohotti K.M., Seneviratne H.R., Kannan K., Yamanaka N., Miyazaki S. Perfluorinated organic compounds in human blood serum and seminal plasma: a study of urban and rural tea worker populations in Sri Lanka. J. Environ. Monit. 2005, 7:371-377.
30. Hansen K.J., Clemen L.A., Ellefson M.E., Johnson H.O. Compound-specific, quantitative characterization of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35:766-770.
31. Harada K., Saito N., Sasaki K., Inoue K., Koizumi A. Perfluorooctane sulfonate contamination of drinking water in the Tama River, Japan: estimated effects on resident serum levels. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2003, 71:31-36.
32. Harada K., Nakanishi S., Saito N., Tsutsui T., Koizumi A. Airborne perfluorooctanoate may be a substantial source contamination in Kyoto area, Japan. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2005, 74:64-69.
33. Harada K., Nakanishi S., Sasaki K., Furuyama K., Nakayama S., Saito N., Yamakawa K., Koizumi A. Particle size distribution and respiratory deposition estimates of airborne perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in Kyoto area, Japan. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 76:306-310.
34. Harada K., Koizumi A., Saito N., Inoue K., Yoshinaga T., Date C., Fujii S., Hachiya N., Hirosawa I., Koda S., Kusaka Y., Murata K., Omae K., Shimbo S., Takenaka K., Takeshita T., Todoriki H., Wada Y., Watanabe T., Ikeda M. Historical and geographical aspects of the increasing perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate contamination in human serum in Japan. Chemosphere 2007, 66:293-301.
35. Harada K.H., Yang H.R., Moon C.S., Hung N.N., Hitomi T., Inoue K., Niisoe T., Watanabe T., Kamiyama S., Takenaka K., Kim M.Y., Watanabe K., Takasuga T., Koizumi A. Levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in female serum samples from Japan in 2008, Korea in 1994-2008 and Vietnam in 2007-2008. Chemosphere 2010, 79:314-319.
36. Harino H., Iwasaki N., Arai T., Ohji M., Miyazaki N. Occurrence of antifouling biocides and fluorinated alkyl compounds in sediment core from deep sea: Suruga Bay, Tosa Bay, and Nankai Tough, Japan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009, 57:661-669.
37. Hart K., Kannan K., Isobe T., Takahashi S., Yamada T.K., Miyazaki N., Tanabe S. Time trends and transplacental transfer of perfluorinated compounds in melon-headed whales stranded along the Japanese coast in 1982, 2001/2002, and 2006. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:7132-7137.
38. Hart K., Kannan K., Tao L., Takahashi S., Tanabe S. Skipjack tuna as a bioindicator of contamination by perfluorinated compounds in the oceans. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 403:215-221.
39. Haug L.S., Thomsen C., Becher G. Time trends and the influence of age and gender on serum concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in archived human samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:2131-2136.
40. Haug L.S., Thomsen C., Brantsæter A.L., Kvalem H.E., Haugen M., Becher G., Alexander J., Meltzer H.M., Knutsen H.K. Diet and particularly seafood are major sources of perfluorinated compounds in humans. Environ. Int. 2010, 36:772-778.
41. Hemat H., Wilhelm M., Volkel W., Mosch C., Fromme H., Wittsiepe J. Low serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) in children and adults from Afghanistan. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:3493-3495.
42. Holmstrom K.E., Jarnberg U., Bignert A. Temporal trends of PFOS and PFOA in guillemot eggs from the Baltic Sea, 1968-2003. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:80-84.
43. Houde M., Martin J.W., Letcher R.J., Solomon K.R., Muir D.C.G. Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances: a review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:3463-3473.
44. Jin Y.H., Liu X., Qin H.M., Ma Y.X., Fan Y.O., Zhang Y.H., Saitou N., Sasaki K., Akio K. The status quo of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) pollution in tap water and different waters in partial areas of China. Environ. Sci. 2004, 24:166-169.
45. Jin Y.H., Ding M., Zhai C., Wang L., Dong G.H., Shu W.Q., Zhang Y.H., Saitou N., Sasaki K. An investigation of the PFOS and PFOA pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir areas of the Yangtze River and surface water of Wuhan areas. Ecol. Environ. 2006, 15:486-489.
46. Jin Y.H., Saito N., Harada K.H., Inoue K., Koizumi A. Historical trends in human serum levels of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate in Shenyang, China. Tohoku. J. Exp. Med. 2007, 212:63-70.
47. Jin Y.H., Liu W., Sato I., Nakayama S.F., Sasaki K., Saito N., Tsuda S. PFOS and PFOA in environmental and tap water in China. Chemosphere 2009, 77:605-611.
48. Jogsten I.E., Perello G., Llebaria X., Bigas E., Marti-Cid R., Karrman A., Domingo J.L. Exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain, through consumption of various raw and cooked foodstuffs, including packaged food. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47:1577-1583.
49. Ju X.D., Jin Y.H., Sasaki K., Saito N. Perfluorinated surfactants in surface, subsurface water and microlayer from Dalian Coastal waters in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:3538-3542.
50. Kannan K., Choi J.W., Iseki N., Senthilkumar K., Kim D.H., Masunaga S., Giesy J.P. Concentrations of perfluorinated acids in livers of birds from Japan and Korea. Chemosphere 2002, 49:225-231.
51. Kannan K., Corsolini S., Falandysz J., Fillmann G., Kumar K.S., Loganathan B.G., Mohd M.A., Olivero J., Van Wouwe N., Yang J.H., Aldous K.M. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from several countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:4489-4495.
52. Kannan K., Yun S.H., Evans T.J. Chlorinated, brominated, and perfluorinated contaminants in livers of Polar Bears from Alaska. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:9057-9063.
53. Karrman A., Mueller J.F., Van Bavel B., Harden F., Toms L.M.L., Lindstrom G. Levels of 12 perfluorinated chemicals in pooled Australian serum, collected 2002-2003, in relation to age, gender, and region. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:3742-3748.
54. Karrman A., Ericson I., van Bavel B., Darnerud P.O., Aune M., Glynn A., Lignell S., Lindstrom G. Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996-2004, in Sweden. Environ. Health. Perspect. 2007, 115:226-230.
55. Karrman A., Harada K.H., Inoue K., Takasuga T., Ohi E., Koizumi A. Relationship between dietary exposure and serum perfluorochemical (PFC) levels-a case study. Environ. Int. 2009, 35:712-717.
56. Karrman A., Domingo J.L., Llebaria X., Nadal M., Bigas E., van Bavel B., Lindstrom G. Biomonitoring perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain: concentrations and trends in human liver and milk samples. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2010, 17:750-758.
57. Kelly B.C., Ikonomou M.G., Blair J.D., Surridge B., Hoover D., Grace R., Gobas F.A.P.C. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in an Arctic marine food web: trophic magnification and wildlife exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:4037-4043.
58. Kissa, E., 2001. Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents, second ed. http://www.openlibrary.org/books/OL3944888M/Fluorinated_surfactants_and_repellents.
59. Kubwabo C., Vais N., Benoit F.M. A pilot study on the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other perfluorinated compounds in blood of Canadians. J. Environ. Monit. 2004, 6:540-545.
60. Kudo N., Bandai N., Kawashima Y. Determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids by gas-liquid chromatography in rat tissues. Toxicol. Lett. 1998, 99:183-190.
61. Kunacheva C., Fujii S., Tanaka S., Boontanon S.K., Poothong S., Wongwatthana T., Wongwatthana T., Shivakoti B.R. Perfluorinated compounds contamination in tap water and bottled water in Bangkok, Thailand. J. Water. Suppl. Res. T. 2010, 59:345-354.
62. Kwok K.Y., Taniyasu S., Yeung L.W.Y., Murphy M.B., Lam P.K.S., Kannan K., Petrick G., Sinha R.K., Yamashita N. Flux of perfluorinated chemicals through wet deposition in Japan, the United States, and several other countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:7043-7049.
63. Li X.M., Yeung L.W.Y., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Yamashita N., Xu M.Q., Dai J.Y. Accumulation of perfluorinated compounds in captive Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) and African lions (Panthera leo Linnaeus) in China. Chemosphere 2008, 73:1649-1653.
64. Li X.M., Yeung L.W.Y., Taniyasu S., Li M., Zhang H.X., Liu D., Lam P.K.S., Yamashita N., Dai J.Y. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in the Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) from China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:7078-7083.
65. Li X., Yeung L.W.Y., Xu M., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Yamashita N., Dai J. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in fish blood collected near the outfall of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 156:1298-1303.
66. Li F., Zhang C., Qu Y., Chen J., Chen L., Liu Y., Zhou Q. Quantitative characterization of short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in solid matrices in Shanghai, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:617-623.
67. Lin A.Y.C., Ch S., Panchangam ana, Lo C.C. The impact of semiconductor, electronics and optoelectronic industries on downstream perfluorinated chemical contamination in Taiwanese rivers. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157:1365-1372.
68. Liu J.Y., Li J.G., Luan Y., Zhao Y.F., Wu Y.N. Geographical distribution of perfluorinated compounds in human blood from Liaoning Province, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 11:4044-4048.
69. Liu W., Dong G.H., Jin Y.H., Sasaki K., Saito N., Sato I., Tsuda S., Nakayama S.F. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids in precipitation from Shenyang, China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2009, 54:2440-2445.
70. Liu W., Jin Y.H., Quan X., Sasaki K., Saito N., Nakayama S.F., Sato I., Tsuda S. Perfluorosulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in snow and rain in Dalian, China. Environ. Int. 2009, 35:737-742.
71. Liu J.Y., Li J.G., Zhao Y.F., Wang Y.X., Zhang L., Wu Y.U. The occurrence of perfluorinated alkyl compounds in human milk from different regions of China. Environ. Int. 2010, 36:433-438.
72. Mak Y.L., Taniyasu S., Yeung L.W.Y., Lu G.H., Jin L., Yang Y.L., Lam P.K.S., Kannan K., Yamashita N. Perfluorinated compounds in tap water from China and several other countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:4824-4829.
73. Martin J.W., Asher B.J., Beesoon S., Benskin J.P., Ross M.S. PFOS or PreFOS? Are perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors (PreFOS) important determinants of human and environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure?. J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12:1979-2004.
74. Melzer D., Rice N., Depledge M.H., Henley W.E., Galloway T.S. Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:686-692.
75. Moody C.A., Field J.A. Determination of perfluorocarboxylates in groundwater impacted by fire-fighting activity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33:2800-2806.
76. Moon H.B., Kannan K., Yun S., An Y.R., Choi S.G., Park J.Y., Kim Z.G., Moon D.Y., Choi H.G. Perfluorinated compounds in minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis) from Korean coastal waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2010, 60:1130-1135.
77. Moore, J., 2003. Environmental and Health Assessment of Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid and Its Salts. http://www.3m.com.
78. Moriwaki H., Takata Y., Arakawa R. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in vacuum cleaner dust collected in Japanese homes. J. Environ. Monit. 2003, 5:753-757.
79. Murakami M., Takada H. Perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs) in size-fractionated street dust in Tokyo. Chemosphere 2008, 73:1172-1177.
80. Murakami M., Imamura E., Shinohara H., Kiri K., Muramatsu Y., Harada A., Takada H. Occurrence and sources of perfluorinated surfactants in rivers in Japan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:6566-6572.
81. Murakami M., Kuroda K., Sato N., Fukushi T., Takizawa S., Takada H. Groundwater pollution by perfluorinated surfactants in Tokyo. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:3480-3486.
82. Naile J.E., Khim J.S., Wang T.Y., Chen C.L., Luo W., Kwon B.O., Park J., Koh C.H., Jones P.D., Lu Y.L., Giesy J.P. Perfluorinated compounds in water, sediment, soil and biota from estuarine and coastal areas of Korea. Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158:1237-1244.
83. Nakata H., Kannan K., Nasu T., Cho H.S., Sinclair E., Takemura A. Perfluorinated contaminants in sediments and aquatic organisms collected from shallow water and tidal flat areas of the Ariake Sea, Japan: environmental fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic ecosystems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:4916-4921.
84. OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2002. Co-operation on Existing Chemicals. Hazard Assessment of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Its Salts. ENV/JM/RD(2002) 17/FINAL, Paris.
85. Ohya T., Kudo N., Suzuki E., Kawashima Y. Determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B 1998, 720:1-7.
86. Omer Ali A.K. Study of chemical composition in wet atmospheric precipitation in Eshidiya area, Jordan. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39:6175-6183.
87. Ostertag S.K., Tague B.A., Humphries M.M., Tittlemier S.A., Chan H.M. Estimated dietary exposure to fluorinated compounds from traditional foods among Inuit in Nunavut, Canada. Chemosphere 2009, 75:1165-1172.
88. Pan G., You C. Sediment-water distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Yangtze River Estuary. Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158:1363-1367.
89. Pan G., Jia C.X., Zhao D.Y., You C., Chen H., Jiang G.B. Effect of cationic and anionic surfactants on the sorption and desorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on natural sediments. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157:325-330.
90. Pan Y.Y., Shi Y.L., Wang J., Cai Y., Wu Y. Concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in human blood from twelve cities in China. Toxicol. Chemos. 2010, 29:2695-2701.
91. Pan Y.Y., Shi Y.L., Wang Y.W., Cai Y.Q., Jiang G.B. Investigation of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in mollusks from coastal waters in the Bohai Sea of China. J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12:508-513.
92. Paul A.G., Jones K.C., Sweetman A.J. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:386-392.
93. Peng H., Wei Q., Wan Y., Giesy J.P., Li L., Hu J. Tissue distribution and maternal transfer of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis): implications for reproductive risk. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:1868-1874.
94. Pirali B., Negri S., Chytiris S., Perissi A., Villani L., La Manna L., Cottica D., Ferrari M., Imbriani M., Rotondi M., Chiovato L. Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in surgical thyroid specimens of patients with thyroid diseases. Thyroid 2009, 12:1407-1412.
95. Powley C.R., George S.W., Ryan T.W., Buck R.C. Matrix effect-free analytical methods for determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in environmental matrixes. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77:6353-6358.
96. Renner R. The long and the short of perfluorinated replacements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:12-13.
97. Roosens L., D'Hollanderm W., Bervoets L., Reynders H., Van Campenhout K., Cornelis C., Van Den Heuvel R., Koppen G., Covaci A. Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in Belgian human blood and milk. Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158:2546-2552.
98. Rostkowski P., Yamashita N., So I.M.K., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Falandysz J., Lee K.T., Kim S.K., Khim J.S., Im S.H., Newsted J.L., Jones P.D., Kannan K., Giesy J.P. Perfluorinated compounds in streams of the Shihwa industrial zone and Lake Shihwa, South Korea. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25:2374-2380.
99. Rylander C., Duong T.P., Odland J.O., Sandanger T.M. Perfluorinated compounds in delivering women from south central Vietnam. J. Environ. Monit. 2009, 11:2002-2008.
100. Ryosuke O., Shigeki M. Environmental behavior of perfluorinated surfactants in Tokyo Bay. J. Jpn. Soc. Water Environ. 2006, 29:221-228.
101. Saito N., Harada K., Inoue K., Sasaki K., Yoshinaga T., Koizumi A. Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan. J. Occup. Health 2004, 46:49-59.
102. Sakurai T., Serizawa S., Isobe T., Kobayashi J., Kodama K., Kume G., Lee J.H., Maki H., Imaizumi Y., Suzuki N., Horiguchi T., Morita M., Shiraishi H. Spatial, phase, and temporal distributions of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:4110-4115.
103. Sasaki K., Harada K., Saito N., Tsutsui T., Nakanishi S., Koizumi A. Impact of airborne perfluorooctanesulfonate on the human body burden and the ecological system. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2003, 71:408-413.
104. Schultz, M., Barofsky, D., Field, J., 2003. Fluorinated Alkyl Surfactants. http://www.cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15145121.
105. Senthilkumar K., Ohi E., Sajwan K., Takasuga T., Kannan K. Perfluorinated compounds in river water, river sediment, market fish, and wildlife samples from Japan. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2007, 79:427-431.
106. Shi Y., Pan Y., Yang R., Wang Y., Cai Y. Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in fish from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Int. 2010, 36:46-50.
107. Skutlarek D., Exner M., Farber H. Perfluorinated surfactants in surface and drinking water. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R 2006, 13:299-307.
108. Smithwick M., Norstrom R.J., Mabury S.A., Solomon K., Evans T.J., Stirling I., Taylor M.K., Muir D.C.G. Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) from two locations in the North American Arctic, 1972-2002. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:1139-1143.
109. So M.K., Taniyasu S., Yamashita N., Giesy J.P., Zheng J., Fang Z., Im S.H., Lam P.K.S. Perfluorinated compounds in coastal waters of Hong Kong, South China, and Korea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:4056-4063.
110. So M.K., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Zheng G.J., Giesy J.P., Yamashita N. Alkaline digestion and solid phase extraction method for perfluorinated compounds in mussels and oysters from south China and Japan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 50:240-248.
111. So M.K., Yamashita N., Taniyasu S., Jiang Q.T., Giesy J.P., Chen K., Lam P.K.S. Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:2924-2929.
112. So M.K., Miyake Y., Yeung W.Y., Ho Y.M., Taniyasu S., Rostkowski P., Yamashita N., Zhou B.S., Shi X.J., Wang J.X., Giesy J.P., Yu H., Lam P.K.S. Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China. Chemosphere 2007, 68:2085-2095.
113. Sonne C. Health effects from long-range transported contaminants in Arctic top predators: an integrated review based on studies of polar bears and relevant model species. Environ. Int. 2010, 36:461-491.
114. Strynar M.J., Lindstrom A.B. Perfluorinated compounds in house dust from Ohio and North Carolina, USA. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:3751-3756.
115. Sugita K., Koyano M., Endo O., Watanabe T., Yamashita N., Ushiyama A., Suzuki G. Perfluorinated compound levels in urban airborne particles - recent aspects in Tokyo area. Organohalogen. Compd. 2007, 69:2885-2888.
116. Takagi S., Adachi F., Miyano K., Koizumi Y., Tanaka H., Mimura M., Watanabe I., Tanabe S., Kannan K. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in raw and treated tap water from Osaka, Japan. Chemosphere 2008, 72:1409-1412.
117. Takazawa Y., Nishino T., Sasaki Y., Yamashita H., Suzuki N., Tanabe K., Shibata Y. Occurrence and distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in the rivers of Tokyo. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2009, 202:57-67.
118. Taniyasu S., Kannan K., Horii Y., Hanari N., Yamashita N. A survey of perfluorooctane sulfonate and related perfluorinated organic compounds in water, fish, birds, and humans from Japan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:2634-2639.
119. Tao L., Kannan K., Wong C.M., Arcaro K.F., Butenhoff J.L. Perfluorinated compounds in human milk from Massachusetts, U.S.A. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:3096-3101.
120. Tao L., Ma J., Kunisue T., Libelo E.L., Tanabe S., Kannan K. Perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from several Asian countries, and in infant formula and dairy milk from the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:8597-8602.
121. Tittlemier S.A., Pepper K., Seymour C., Moisey J., Bronson R., Cao X.L., Dabeka R.W. Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2007, 55:3203-3210.
122. Toms L.M.L., Calafat A.M., Kato K., Thompson J., Harden F., Hobson P., Sjodin A., Mueller J.F. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in pooled blood serum from infants, children, and adults in Australia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:4194-4199.
123. Tseng C.L., Liu L.L., Chen C.M., Ding W.H. Analysis of perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in water and biological tissue samples by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 2006, 1105:119-126.
124. Tsuda T., Inoue A., Igawa T., Tanaka K. Seasonal changes of PFOS and PFOA concentrations in Lake Biwa Water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 85:593-597.
125. Tsunenobu K., Ayako N., Yusuke I., Rie I., Koichi S., Hiroyuki N. Determination of perfluorochemicals in house-dust by LC/MS/MS after supercritical fluid extraction. Bunseki Kagaku 2006, 55:955-961.
126. Volkel W., Genzel-Boroviczeny O., Demmelmair H., Gebauer C., Koletzko B., Twardella D., Raab U., Fromme H. Perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human breast milk: results of a pilot study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2008, 211:440-446.
127. Wang Y., Yeung L.W.Y., Taniyasu S., Yamashita N., Lam J.C.W., Lam P.K.S. Perfluorooctane sulfonate and other fluorochemicals in waterbird eggs from South China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:8146-8151.
128. Wang Y., Fu J., Wang T., Liang Y., Pan Y., Cai Y., Jiang G. Distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorochemicals in the ambient environment around a manufacturing facility in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:8062-8067.
129. Wang J., Shi Y., Pan Y., Cai Y. Perfluorinated compounds in milk, milk powder and yoghurt purchased from markets in China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2010, 55:1020-1025.
130. Wang J., Shi Y., Pan Y., Cai Y. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in viscera and muscle of farmed pigs and chickens in Beijing, China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2010, 55:3550-3555.
131. Wilhelm M., Holzer J., Dobler L., Rauchfuss K., Midasch O., Kraft M., Angerer J., Wiesmuller G. Preliminary observations on perfluorinated compounds in plasma samples (1977-2004) of young German adults from an area with perfluorooctanoate-contaminated drinking water. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212:142-145.
132. Xu L., Liu W., Jin Y. Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in the fingernails of urban and rural children. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2010, 55:3755-3762.
133. Yamamoto G., Yoshitake K., Sato T., Kimura T., Ando T. Distribution and forms of fluorine in whole blood of human male. Anal. Biochem. 1989, 182:371-376.
134. Yamashita N., Kannan K., Taniyasu S., Horii Y., Okazawa T., Petrick G., Gamo T. Analysis of perfluorinated acids at parts-per-quadrillion levels in seawater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:5522-5528.
135. Yeung L.W.Y., So M.K., Jiang G.B., Taniyasu S., Yamashita N., Song M.Y., Wu Y.N., Li J.G., Giesy J.P., Guruge K.S., Lam P.K.S. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood samples from China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:715-720.
136. Yeung L.W.Y., Miyake Y., Taniyasu S., Wang Y., Yu H.X., So M.K., Jiang G.B., Wu Y.N., Li J.G., Giesy J.P., Yamashita N., Lam P.K.S. Perfluorinated compounds and total and extractable organic fluorine in human blood samples from China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 21:8140-8145.
137. Yeung L.W.Y., Miyake Y., Wang Y., Taniyasu S., Yamashita N., Lam P.K.S. Total fluorine, extractable organic fluorine, perfluorooctane sulfonate and other related fluorochemicals in liver of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from South China. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157:17-23.
138. Yeung L.W.Y., Yamashita N., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Sinha R.K., Borole D.V., Kannan K. A survey of perfluorinated compounds in surface water and biota including dolphins from the Ganges River and in other waterbodies in India. Chemosphere 2009, 76:55-62.
139. Ylinen M., Auriola S. Tissue distribution and elimination of perfluorodecanoic acid in the rat after single intraperitoneal administration. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1990, 66:45-48.
140. Yoo H., Yamashita N., Taniyasu S., Lee K.T., Jones P.D., Newsted J.L., Khim J.S., Giesy J.P. Perfluoroalkyl acids in marine organisms from Lake Shihwa, Korea. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009, 57:552-560.
141. You C., Jia C., Pan G. Effect of salinity and sediment characteristics on the sorption and desorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate at sediment-water interface. Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158:1343-1347.
142. Yu W.G., Liu W., Jin Y.H., Liu X.H., Wang F.Q., Liu L., Nakayama S.F. Prenatal and postnatal impact of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on rat development: a cross-foster study on chemical burden and thyroid hormone system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:8416-8422.
143. Zhang T., Sun H.W., Wu Q., Zhang X.Z., Yun S.H., Kannan K. Perfluorochemicals in meat, eggs and indoor dust in China: assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to perfluorochemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:3572-3579.
144. Zhang T., Wu Q., Sun H.W., Zhang X.Z., Yun S.H., Kannan K. Perfluorinated compounds in whole blood samples from infants, children, and adults in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:4341-4347.
145. Zushi Y., Tamada M., Kanai Y., Masunaga S. Time trends of perfluorinated compounds from the sediment core of Tokyo Bay, Japan (1950s-2004). Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158:756-763.