Phylogenetic and functional characteristics of household yard floras and their changes along an urbanization gradient

Ecology

Volumn 93, Issue 8 SPEC. ISSUE, 2012, Pages

  Knapp, Sonja ^a,b   Dinsmore, Lucy ^b   Fissore, Cinzia ^b,e   Hobbie, Sarah E ^b   Jakobsdottir, Ina ^b   Kattge, Jens ^c   King, Jennifer Y ^d   Klotz, Stefan ^a   McFadden, Joseph P ^d   Cavender Bares, Jeannine ^b  

^a HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH UFZ   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e WHITTIER COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve; Community assembly; Domestic gardens; Exotic species; Functional traits; Land use; Novel ecosystems; Phylogenetic distinctness; Phylogenetic diversity; Urban ecology; Vascular plants

Indexed keywords

DICOTYLEDON; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; HOME GARDEN; HOMOGENEITY; LAND USE CHANGE; METROPOLITAN AREA; PHYLOGENETICS; RELATEDNESS; SPECIES POOL; SPECIES RICHNESS; URBAN ECOSYSTEM; URBANIZATION;

CEDAR CREEK NATURAL HISTORY AREA; MINNEAPOLIS; MINNESOTA; SAINT PAUL; UNITED STATES;

TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 84864060988     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/11-0392.1     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Aitchison, J. 1982. The statistical analysis of compositional data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 44:139-177.
2. APG [Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161:105-121.
3. Atkin, O. K., M. H. M. Westbeek, M. L. Cambridge, H. Lambers, and T. L. Pons. 1997. Leaf respiration in light and darkness: A comparison of slow-and fast-growing Poa species. Plant Physiology 113:961-965.
4. Beaulieu, J. M., R. H. Ree, J. Cavender-Bares, G. D. Weiblen, and M. J. Donoghue. 2012. Synthesizing phylogenetic knowledge for ecological research. Ecology 93(Supplement): S4-S13.
5. Billheimer, D., P. Guttorp, and F. Fagan. 2001. Statistical interpretation of species composition. Journal of the American Statistical Association 96:1205-1214.
6. Blomberg, S. P., T. Garland, and A. R. Ives. 2003. Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: Behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57:717-745.
7. Brazel, A., N. Selover, R. Vose, and G. Heisler. 2000. The tale of two climates: Baltimore and Phoenix urban LTER sites. Climate Research 15:123-135.
8. Cadotte, M. W., E. T. Borer, E. W. Seabloom, J. Cavender-Bares, W. S. Harpole, E. Cleland, and K. F. Davies. 2010. Phylogenetic patterns differ for native and exotic plant communities across a richness gradient in Northern California. Diversity and Distributions 16:892-901.
9. Cadotte, M. W., B. J. Cardinale, and T. H. Oakley. 2008. Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105:17012-17017.
10. Campbell, C., L. Atkinson, J. Zaragoza-Castells, M. Lund-mark, O. Atkin, and V. Hurry. 2007. Acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration is asynchronous in response to changes in temperature regardless of plant functional group. New Phytologist 176:375-389.
11. Cavender-Bares, J., A. Keen, and B. Miles. 2006. Phylogenetic structure of floridian plant communities depends on taxo-nomic and spatial scale. Ecology 87(Supplement):S109-S122.
12. Cavender-Bares, J., K. H. Kozak, P. V. A. Fine, and S. W. Kembel. 2009. The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology. Ecology Letters 12:693-715.
13. Chocholouskova, Z., and P. Pysek. 2003. Changes in composition and structure of urban flora over 120 years: a case study of the city of Plzen. Flora 198:366-376.
14. Chrobock, T., A. Kempel, M. Fischer, and M. van Kleunen. 2011. Introduction bias: Cultivated alien plant species germinate faster and more abundantly than native species in Switzerland. Basic and Applied Ecology 12:244-250.
15. Cornelissen, J. H. C. 1996. An experimental comparison of leaf decomposition rates in a wide range of temperate plant species and types. Journal of Ecology 84:573-582.
16. Cornelissen, J. H. C., B. Cerabolini, P. Castro-Diez, P. Villar-Salvador, G. Montserrat-Marti, J. P. Puyravaud, M. Maestro, M. J. A. Werger, and R. Aerts. 2003. Functional traits of woody plants: correspondence of species rankings between field adults and laboratory-grown seedlings? Journal of Vegetation Science 14:311-322.
17. Cornelissen, J. H. C., P. C. Diez, and R. Hunt. 1996. Seedling growth, allocation and leaf attributes in a wide range of woody plant species and types. Journal of Ecology 84:755-765.
18. Cornelissen, J. H. C., H. M. Quested, D. Gwynn-Jones, R. S. P. van Logtestijn, M. A. H. De Beus, A. Kondratchuk, T. V. Callaghan, and R. Aerts. 2004. Leaf digestibility and litter decomposability are related in a wide range of subarctic plant species and types. Functional Ecology 18:779-786.
19. Cornelissen, J. H. C., M. J. A. Werger, P. Castro-Diez, J. W. A. van Rheenen, and A. P. Rowland. 1997. Foliar nutrients in relation to growth, allocation and leaf traits in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types. Oecologia 111:460-469.
20. Craine, J. M., W. G. Lee, W. J. Bond, R. J. Williams, and L. C. Johnson. 2005. Environmental constraints on a global relationship among leaf and root traits of grasses. Ecology 86:12-19.
21. Crawley, M. J. 2002. Statistical computing. An introduction to data analysis using S-Plus. Wiley, Chichester, UK.
22. Dehnen-Schmutz, K., J. Touza, C. Perrings, and M. Williamson. 2007. The horticultural trade and ornamental plant invasions in Britain. Conservation Biology 21:224-231.
23. Diaz, S., and M. Cabido. 2001. Vive la difference: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:646-655.
24. Diaz, S., et al. 2004. The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:295-304.
25. Dobson, A. P., J. P. Rodriguez, and W. M. Roberts. 2001. Synoptic tinkering: Integrating strategies for large-scale conservation. Ecological Applications 11:1019-1026.
26. Donoghue, M. J. 2008. A phylogenetic perspective on the distribution of plant diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105:11549-11555.
27. Faggi, A., and M. Ignatieva. 2009. Urban green spaces in Buenos Aires and Christchurch. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer 162:241-250.
28. Fissore, C., L. Baker, S. Hobbie, J. King, J. P. McFadden, K. Nelson, and I. Jakobsdottir. 2011. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fluxes in household ecosystems in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, urban region. Ecological Applications 21:619-639
29. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993-2009. Flora of North America north of Mexico. New York, New York, USA. http://www.fna.org
30. Fonseca, C. R., J. M. Overton, B. Collins, and M. Westoby. 2000. Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients. Journal of Ecology 88:964-977.
31. Fry, J. M., T. R. L. Fry, and K. R. McLaren. 2000. Compositional data analysis and zeros in micro data. Applied Economics 32:953-959.
32. Gaston, K. J., P. H. Warren, K. Thompson, and R. M. Smith. 2005. Urban domestic gardens (IV): The extent of the resource and its associated features. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:3327-3349.
33. Gerhold, P., M. Partel, J. Liira, K. Zobel, and A. Prinzing. 2008. Phylogenetic structure of local communities predicts the size of the regional species pool. Journal of Ecology 96:709-712.
34. Gleason, H. A. 1922. On the relation between species and area. Ecology 3:158-162.
35. Godefroid, S., and N. Koedam. 2007. Urban plant species patterns are highly driven by density and function of built-up areas. Landscape Ecology 22:1227-1239.
36. Grimm, N. B., S. H. Faeth, N. E. Golubiewski, C. L. Redman, J. G. Wu, X. M. Bai, and J. M. Briggs. 2008. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319:756-760.
37. Grove, J. M., A. R. Troy, J. P. M. O'Neil-Dunne, W. R. Burch, M. L. Cadenasso, and S. T. A. Pickett. 2006. Characterization of households and its implications for the vegetation of urban ecosystems. Ecosystems 9:578-597.
38. Hammer, R. B., S. I. Stewart, R. L. Winkler, V. C. Radeloff, and P. R. Voss. 2004. Characterizing dynamic spatial and temporal residential density patterns from 1940-1990 across the North Central United States. Landscape and Urban Planning 69:183-199.
39. Hanspach, J., I. Kuhn, P. Pysek, E. Boos, and S. Klotz. 2008. Correlates of naturalization and occupancy of introduced ornamentals in Germany. Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics 10:241-250.
40. Hobbs, R. J., et al. 2006. Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15:1-7.
41. Hope, D., C. Gries, W. X. Zhu, W. F. Fagan, C. L. Redman, N. B. Grimm, A. L. Nelson, C. Martin, and A. Kinzig. 2003. Socioeconomics drive urban plant diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100:8788-8792.
42. Hulme, P. E. 2011. Addressing the threat to biodiversity from botanic gardens. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:168-174.
43. Kattge, J., et al. 2011. TRY: a global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology 17:2905-2935.
44. Kattge, J., W. Knorr, T. Raddatz, and C. Wirth. 2009. Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models. Global Change Biology 15:976-991.
45. Kembel, S. W., D. D. Ackerly, S. P. Blomberg, P. D. Cowan, M. R. Helmus, H. Morlon, and C. O. Webb. 2010. Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26:1463-1464.
46. Kershner, B., D. Mathews, G. Nelson, R. Spellenberg, and C. Tufts. 2008. National Wildlife Federation field guide to trees of North America. Sterling, New York, New York, USA.
47. Kirkpatrick, J. B., G. D. Daniels, and T. Zagorski. 2007. Explaining variation in front gardens between suburbs of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 79:314-322.
48. Kleyer, M., et al. 2008. The LEDA traitbase: a database of life-history traits of Northwest European flora. Journal of Ecology 96:1266-1274.
49. Knapp, S., I. Kuhn, J. P. Bakker, M. Kleyer, S. Klotz, W. A. Ozinga, P. Poschlod, K. Thompson, W. Thuiller, and C. Romermann. 2009. How species traits and affinity to urban land use control large-scale species frequency. Diversity and Distributions 15:533-546.
50. Knapp, S., I. Kuhn, O. Schweiger, and S. Klotz. 2008a. Challenging urban species diversity: contrasting phylogenetic patterns across plant functional groups in Germany. Ecology Letters 11:1054-1064.
51. Knapp, S., I. Kuhn, R. Wittig, W. A. Ozinga, P. Poschlod, and S. Klotz. 2008b. Urbanization causes shifts in species' trait state frequencies. Preslia 80:375-388.
52. Kowarik, I. 2011. Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation. Environmental Pollution 159:1974-1983.
53. Kuhn, I., W. Durka, and S. Klotz. 2004. BiolFlor: a new plant-trait database as a tool for plant invasion ecology. Diversity and Distributions 10:363-365.
54. Landsberg, H. 1981. The urban climate. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
55. Laughlin, D. C., J. J. Leppert, M. M. Moore, and C. H. Sieg. 2010. A multi-trait test of the leaf-height-seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora. Functional Ecology 24:493-501.
56. Loram, A., K. Thompson, P. H. Warren, and K. J. Gaston. 2008. Urban domestic gardens (XII): The richness and composition of the flora in five UK cities. Journal of Vegetation Science 19:U321-U367.
57. Lorenzi, H. J., and L. S. Jeffery. 1987. Weeds of the United States and their control. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, New York, USA.
58. Louault, F., V. D. Pillar, J. Aufrere, E. Garnier, and J. F. Soussana. 2005. Plant traits and functional types in response to reduced disturbance in a semi-natural grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science 16:151-160.
59. Loveys, B. R., L. J. Atkinson, D. J. Sherlock, R. L. Roberts, A. H. Fitter, and O. K. Atkin. 2003. Thermal acclimation of leaf and root respiration: an investigation comparing inherently fast-and slow-growing plant species. Global Change Biology 9:895-910.
60. Mac Nally, R. 2000. Regression and model-building in conservation biology, biogeography and ecology: The distinction between and reconciliation of 'predictive' and 'explanatory' models. Biodiversity and Conservation 9:655-671.
61. Maddison, W. P., and D. R. Maddison. 2006. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 1.11. Arizona Board of Regents on Behalf of the University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. http://mesquiteproject.org/
62. Marco, A., T. Dutoit, M. Deschamps-Cottin, J. F. Mauffrey, M. Vennetier, and V. Bertaudiere-Montes. 2008. Gardens in urbanizing rural areas reveal an unexpected floral diversity related to housing density. Comptes Rendus Biologies 331:452-465.
63. McCarty, L. B., J. W. Everest, D. W. Hall, T. R. Murphy, and F. Yelverton. 2008. Color atlas of turfgrass weeds: a guide to weed identification and control strategies. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
64. McKenna, M. F., and B. Shipley. 1999. Interacting determinants of interspecific relative growth: Empirical patterns and a theoretical explanation. Ecoscience 6:286-296.
65. Meziane, D., and B. Shipley. 1999a. Interacting components of interspecific relative growth rate: constancy and change under differing conditions of light and nutrient supply. Functional Ecology 13:611-622.
66. Meziane, D., and B. Shipley. 1999b. Interacting determinants of specific leaf area in 22 herbaceous species: effects of irradiance and nutrient availability. Plant Cell and Environment 22:447-459.
67. Moles, A. T., D. D. Ackerly, C. O. Webb, J. C. Tweddle, J. B. Dickie, and M. Westoby. 2005. A brief history of seed size. Science 307:576-580.
68. Morlon, H., D. W. Schwilk, J. A. Bryant, P. A. Marquet, A. G. Rebelo, C. Tauss, B. J. M. Bohannan, and J. L. Green. 2011. Spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity. Ecology Letters 14:141-149.
69. Niinemets, U., and J. Peñuelas. 2008. Gardening and urban landscaping: Significant players in global change. Trends in Plant Science 13:60-65.
70. Norden, N., S. G. Letcher, V. Boukili, N. G. Swenson, and R. Chazdon. 2012. Demographic drivers of successional changes in phylogenetic structure across life-history changes in plant communities. Ecology 93(Supplement):S70- S82.
71. Olden, J. D., N. L. Poff, and M. L. McKinney. 2006. Forecasting faunal and floral homogenization associated with human population geography in North America. Biological Conservation 127:261-271.
72. Paradis, E., K. Strimmer, J. Claude, G. Jobb, R. Opgen-Rhein, J. Dutheil, Y. Noel, B. Bolker, and J. Lemon. 2004. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20:289-290.
73. Paula, S., et al. 2009. Fire-related traits for plant species of the Mediterranean Basin. Ecology 90:1420.
74. Pautasso, M. 2007. Scale dependence of the correlation between human population presence and vertebrate and plant species richness. Ecology Letters 10:16-24.
75. Poschlod, P., M. Kleyer, A. K. Jackel, A. Dannemann, and O. Tackenberg. 2003. BIOPOP: a database of plant traits and Internet application for nature conservation. Folia Geo-botanica 38:263-271.
76. Pysek, P. 1998a. Alien and native species in Central European urban floras: a quantitative comparison. Journal of Bioge-ography 25:155-163.
77. Pysek, P. 1998b. Is there a taxonomic pattern to plant invasion? Oikos 82:282-294.
78. Quested, H. M., J. H. C. Cornelissen, M. C. Press, T. V. Callaghan, R. Aerts, F. Trosien, P. Riemann, D. Gwynn-Jones, A. Kondratchuk, and S. E. Jonasson. 2003. Decomposition of sub-arctic plants with differing nitrogen economies: A functional role for hemiparasites. Ecology 84:3209-3221.
79. R Development Core Team. 2009. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www. R-project.org
80. Radeloff, V. C., R. B. Hammer, and S. I. Stewart. 2005. Rural and suburban sprawl in the US Midwest from 1940 to 2000 and its relation to forest fragmentation. Conservation Biology 19:793-805.
81. Reich, P. B., D. S. Ellsworth, M. B. Walters, J. M. Vose, C. Gresham, J. C. Volin, and W. D. Bowman. 1999. Generality of leaf trait relationships: a test across six biomes. Ecology 80:1955-1969.
82. Reichard, S. H., and P. White. 2001. Horticulture as a pathway of invasive plant introductions in the United States. Bioscience 51:103-113.
83. Ricotta, C., S. Godefroid, and L. Celesti-Grapow. 2008. Common species have lower taxonomic diversity: Evidence from the urban floras of Brussels and Rome. Diversity and Distributions 14:530-537.
84. Ricotta, C., F. A. La Sorte, P. Pysek, G. L. Rapson, L. Celesti-Grapow, and K. Thompson. 2009. Phyloecology of urban alien floras. Journal of Ecology 97:1243-1251.
85. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. 2008. Seed information database (SID). Version 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid/
86. Schmiedel, A. E. 2010. Introduction and invasion success of herbaceaous ornamental and crop plant species in Germany. Thesis. University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
87. Schweiger, O., S. Klotz, W. Durka, and I. Kuhn. 2008. A test of phylogenetic diversity indices. Oecologia 157:485-495.
88. Shipley, B. 1995. Structured interspecific determinants of specific leaf-area in 34 species of herbaceous angiosperms. Functional Ecology 9:312-319.
89. Shipley, B. 2002. Trade-offs between net assimilation rate and specific leaf area in determining relative growth rate: relationship with daily irradiance. Functional Ecology 16:682-689.
90. Shipley, B., and T. T. Vu. 2002. Dry matter content as a measure of dry matter concentration in plants and their parts. New Phytologist 153:359-364.
91. Steiner, L. M. 2005. Landscape with native plants of Minnesota. Voyageur Press, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
92. Sudnik-Wojcikowska, B., and H. Galera. 2005. Floristic differences in some anthropogenic habitats in Warsaw. Annales Botanici Fennici 42:185-193.
93. van Bodegom, P. M., B. K. Sorrell, A. Oosthoek, C. Bakke, and R. Aerts. 2008. Separating the effects of partial submergence and soil oxygen demand on plant physiology. Ecology 89:193-204.
94. van Elsen, T. 2000. Species diversity as a task for organic agriculture in Europe. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 77:101-109.
95. Venables, W. N., and B. D. Ripley. 2002. Modern applied statistics with S. Fourth edition. Springer, New York, New York, USA.
96. von der Lippe, M., and I. Kowarik. 2008. Do cities export biodiversity? Traffic as dispersal vector across urban-rural gradients. Diversity and Distributions 14:18-25.
97. Walters, S. M. 1970. The next twenty years. Pages 136-141 in F. Perring, editor. The flora of a changing Britain. Classey, Hampton, UK.
98. Walters, S. M., A. Brady, C. D. Brikell, J. Cullen, P. S. Green, J. Lewis, V. A. Matthews, D. A. Webb, P. F. Yeo, and J. C. M. Alexander. 1986-2000. European garden flora. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
99. Walther, G. R., E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T. J. C. Beebee, J. M. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and F. Bairlein. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389-395.
100. Warwick, R. M., and K. R. Clarke. 1998. Taxonomic distinctness and environmental assessment. Journal of Applied Ecology 35:532-543.
101. Webb, C. O. 2000. Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: An example for rain forest trees. American Naturalist 156:145-155.
102. Webb, C. O., and M. J. Donoghue. 2005. Phylomatic: tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Molecular Ecology Notes 5:181-183.
103. Westoby, M. 1998. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant and Soil 199:213-227.
104. Wikstrom, N., V. Savolainen, and M. W. Chase. 2001. Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268:2211-2220.
105. Williams, N. S. G., J. W. Morgan, M. J. McDonnell, and M. A. McCarthy. 2005. Plant traits and local extinctions in natural grasslands along an urban-rural gradient. Journal of Ecology 93:1203-1213.
106. Williams, N. S. G., M. W. Schwartz, P. A. Vesk, M. A. McCarthy, A. K. Hahs, S. E. Clemants, R. T. Corlett, R. P. Duncan, B. A. Norton, K. Thompson, and M. J. McDonnell. 2009. A conceptual framework for predicting the effects of urban environments on floras. Journal of Ecology 97:4-9.
107. Willis, C. G., M. Halina, C. Lehman, P. B. Reich, A. Keen, S. McCarthy, and J. Cavender-Bares. 2010. Phylogenetic community structure in Minnesota oak savanna is influenced by spatial extent and environmental variation. Ecography 33:565-577.
108. Willis, C. G., B. Ruhfel, R. B. Primack, A. J. Miller-Rushing, and C. C. Davis. 2008. Phylogenetic patterns of species loss in Thoreau's woods are driven by climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105:17029-17033.
109. Winkler, J. A., R. H. Skaggs, and D. G. Baker. 1981. Effect of temperature adjustments on the Minneapolis-St-Paul urban heat-island. Journal of Applied Meteorology 20:1295-1300.
110. Winter, M., et al. 2009. Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106:21721-21725.
111. Wright, I. J., P. B. Reich, O. K. Atkin, C. H. Lusk, M. G. Tjoelker, and M. Westoby. 2006. Irradiance, temperature and rainfall influence leaf dark respiration in woody plants: evidence from comparisons across 20 sites. New Phytologist 169:309-319.
112. Wright, I. J., et al. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428:821-827.