Patterns of beta diversity in Europe: The role of climate, land cover and distance across scales

Journal of Biogeography

Volumn 39, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1473-1486

  Keil, Petr ^a,b   Schweiger, Oliver ^c   Kühn, Ingolf ^c   Kunin, William E ^d   Kuussaari, Mikko ^e   Settele, Josef ^c   Henle, Klaus ^c   Brotons, Lluís ^f,g   Pe'er, Guy ^c,h   Lengyel, Szabolcs ⁱ   Moustakas, Aristides ^d,h   Steinicke, Henning ^c   Storch, David ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^c HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH UFZ   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^e FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^f CENTRE TECNOLÒGIC FORESTAL DE CATALUNYA   (Spain)

^g Museu de Zoologia   (Spain)

^h UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN   (Greece)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Beta diversity; Biodiversity; Dispersal limitation; Dissimilarity; Herptiles; Mantel test; Spatial scale; Species turnover; Species area relationship

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIAN; BIRD; BUTTERFLY; CLIMATE CHANGE; DATA SET; DISPERSAL; LAND COVER; PLANT; REPTILE; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP;

CATALONIA; FINLAND; SPAIN; UNITED KINGDOM;

AMPHIBIA; AVES; PAPILIONOIDEA; REPTILIA;

EID: 84864023618     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: 13652699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02701.x     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Anderson, M.J., Crist, T.O., Chase, J.M., Vellend, M., Inouye, B.D., Freestone, A.L., Sanders, N.J., Cornell, H.V., Comita, L.S., Davies, K.F., Harrison, S.P., Kraft, N.J.B., Stengen, J.C. & Swenson, N.G. (2011) Navigating the multiple meanings of β-diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecology Letters, 14, 19-28.
2. Araújo, M.B. (2003) The coincidence of people and biodiversity in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 5-12.
3. Araújo, M.B. & Luoto, M. (2007) The importance of biotic interactions for modelling species distributions under climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 743-753.
4. Arita, H.T. & Rodríguez, M.A. (2002) Geographic range, turnover rate and the scaling of species diversity. Ecography, 25, 541-550.
5. Baselga, A. (2008) Determinants of species richness, endemism and turnover in European longhorn beetles. Ecography, 31, 263-271.
6. Baselga, A. (2010) Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 134-143.
7. Baselga, A. & Jiménez-Valverde, A. (2007) Environmental and geographical determinants of beta diversity of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Ecological Entomology, 32, 312-318.
8. Bonnet, E. & Van de Peer, Y. (2002) zt: a software tool for simple and partial Mantel tests. Journal of Statistical Software, 7, 1-12.
9. Chevan, A. & Sutherland, M. (1991) Hierarchical partitioning. The American Statistician, 45, 90-96.
10. Cornell, H.V. & Lawton, J.H. (1992) Species interactions, local and regional processes, and limits to the richness of ecological communities: a theoretical perspective. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 1-12.
11. Currie, D.J., Mittelbach, G.G., Cornell, H.V., Field, R., Guégan, J.F., Hawkins, B.A., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E. & Turner, J.R.G. (2004) Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale variation in taxonomic richness. Ecology Letters, 7, 1121-1134.
12. Dormann, C.F., Schweiger, O., Augenstein, I., Bailey, D., Billeter, R., de Blust, G., DeFilippi, R., Frenzel, M., Hendrickx, F., Herzog, F., Klotz, S., Liira, J., Maelfait, J.P., Schmidt, T., Speelmans, M., van Wingerden, W. & Zobel, M. (2007) Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 774-787.
13. Ekroos, J., Heliölä, J. & Kuussaari, M. (2010) Homogenization of lepidopteran communities in intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 459-467.
14. Elith, J. & Leathwick, J. (2009) Species distribution models: ecological explanation and prediction across space and time. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 40, 677-697.
15. Estrada, J., Pedrocchi, V., Brotons, L. & Herrando, S. (eds) (2004) Atles dels ocells nidificants de Catalunya 1999-2002. Institut Català d'Ornitologia (ICO)/Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
16. Field, R., Hawkins, B.A., Cornell, H.V., Currie, D.J., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Guégan, J.-F., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Mittelbach, G.G., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E.M. & Turner, J.R.G. (2009) Spatial species-richness gradients across scales: a meta-analysis. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 132-147.
17. Gasc, J.-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica, J.P., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M.E., Sofianidou, T.S., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997) Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica and Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
18. Gaston, K.J., Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Olson, V.A., Thomas, G.H., Ding, T.S., Rasmussen, P.C., Lennon, J.J., Bennett, P.M., Owens, I.P.F. & Blackburn, T.M. (2007a) Spatial turnover in the global avifauna. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274, 1567-1574.
19. Gaston, K.J., Evans, K.L. & Lennon, J.J. (2007b) The scaling of spatial turnover: pruning the thicket. Scaling biodiversity (ed. by D. Storch, P.A. Marquet and J.H. Brown ), pp. 181-222. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
20. Gotelli, N.J., Graves, G.R. & Rahbek, C. (2010) Macroecological signals of species interactions in the Danish avifauna. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, 5030-5035.
21. Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. (1997) The EBCC atlas of European breeding birds, their distribution and abundance. Poyser, London.
22. Hanski, I. (1999) Metapopulation ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
23. Härmä, P., Teiniranta, R., Törmä, M., Repo, R., Järvenpää, E. & Kallio, M. (2004) Production of CORINE2000 land cover data using calibrated LANDSAT 7 ETM satellite image mosaics and digital maps in Finland. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings, 4, 2703-2706.
24. Harrison, S., Ross, S.J. & Lawton, J.H. (1992) Beta diversity on geographic gradients in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 151-158.
25. Harte, J. & Kinzig, A.P. (1997) On the implications of species-area relationships for endemism, spatial turnover, and food web patterns. Oikos, 80, 417-427.
26. Harte, J., McCarthy, S., Taylor, K., Kinzig, A. & Fischer, M.L. (1999) Estimating species-area relationships from plot to landscape scale using species spatial-turnover data. Oikos, 86, 45-54.
27. Harte, J., Smith, A.B. & Storch, D. (2009) Biodiversity scales from plots to biomes with a universal species-area curve. Ecology Letters, 12, 789-797.
28. Hawkins, B.A. (2012) Eight (and a half) deadly sins of spatial analysis. Journal of Biogeography, 39, 1-9.
29. Hawkins, B.A., Field, R., Cornell, H.V., Currie, D.J., Guegan, J.F., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Mittelbach, G.G., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E.M., Porter, E.E. & Turner, J.R.G. (2003) Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 84, 3105-3117.
30. Hawkins, B.A., Rueda, M. & Rodriguez, M.A. (2008) What do range maps and surveys tell us about diversity patterns? Folia Geobotanica, 43, 345-355.
31. Heikkinen, R.K., Luoto, M., Virkkala, R., Pearson, R.G. & Korber, J.H. (2007) Biotic interactions improve prediction of boreal bird distributions at macro-scales. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 754-763.
32. Hendrickx, F., Maelfait, J.P., van Wingerden, W., Schweiger, O., Speelmans, M., Aviron, S., Augenstein, I., Billeter, R., Bailey, D., Bukacek, R., Burel, F., Diekotter, T., Dirksen, J., Herzog, F., Liira, J., Roubalova, M., Vandomme, V. & Bugter, R. (2007) How landscape structure, land-use intensity and habitat diversity affect components of total arthropod diversity in agricultural landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 340-351.
33. Henle, K., Davies, K.F., Kleyer, M., Margules, C. & Settele, J. (2004) Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13, 207-251.
34. Henle, K., Kunin, W., Schweiger, O. et al. (2010) Securing the conservation of biodiversity across administrative levels and spatial, temporal, and ecological scales research needs and approaches of the SCALES Project. Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 19, 187-193.
35. Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. & Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1965-1978.
36. Jetz, W., Wilcove, D.S. & Dobson, A.P. (2007) Projected impacts of climate and land-use change on the global diversity of birds. PLoS Biology, 5, 1211-1219.
37. Koleff, P., Gaston, K.J. & Lennon, J.J. (2003) Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72, 367-382.
38. Kuussaari, M., Heliölä, J., Luoto, M. & Pöyry, J. (2007) Determinants of local species richness of diurnal Lepidoptera in boreal agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 122, 366-376.
39. Lahti, T. & Lampinen, R. (1999) From dot maps to bitmaps: Atlas Florae Europaeae goes digital. Acta Botanica Fennica, 162, 5-9.
40. Lawton, J.H. (1999) Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos, 84, 177-192.
41. Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. (1998) Numerical ecology. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
42. Lennon, J.J., Koleff, P., Greenwood, J.J.D. & Gaston, K.J. (2001) The geographical structure of British bird distributions: diversity, spatial turnover and scale. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70, 966-979.
43. Levanoni, O., Levin, N., Pe'er, G., Turbé, A. & Kark, S. (2011) Can we predict butterfly diversity along an elevation gradient from space? Ecography, 34, 372-383.
44. Levin, S.A. (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 73, 1943-1967.
45. Mac Nally, R., Fleishman, E., Bulluck, L.P. & Betrus, C.J. (2004) Comparative influence of spatial scale on beta diversity within regional assemblages of birds and butterflies. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 917-929.
46. MacArthur, R.H. (1972) Geographical ecology. Harper and Row, New York.
47. Mackey, B.G. & Lindenmayer, D.B. (2001) Towards a hierarchical framework for modelling the spatial distribution of animals. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 1147-1166.
48. Menéndez, R., Megías, A.G., Hill, J.K., Braschler, B., Willis, S.G., Collingham, Y., Fox, R., Roy, D.B. & Thomas, C.D. (2006) Species richness changes lag behind climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 1465-1470.
49. Mittelbach, G.G., Steiner, C.F., Scheiner, S.M., Gross, K.L., Reynolds, H.L., Waide, R.B., Willig, M.R., Dodson, S.I. & Gough, L. (2001) What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology, 82, 2381-2396.
50. Nekola, J.C. & Brown, J.H. (2007) The wealth of species: ecological communities, complex systems and the legacy of Frank Preston. Ecology Letters, 10, 188-196.
51. Nekola, J.C. & White, P.S. (1999) The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 867-878.
52. Oksanen, J., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., O'Hara, B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H. & Wagner, H. (2009) vegan: community ecology package. R package version 1.15-4. Available at:
53. O'Malley, M.A. (2008) 'Everything is everywhere: but the environment selects': ubiquitous distribution and ecological determinism in microbial biogeography. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 39, 314-325.
54. Pe'er, G., van Maanen, C., Turbé, A., Matsinos, Y.G. & Kark, S. (2011) Butterfly diversity at the ecotone between agricultural and semi-natural habitats across a climatic gradient. Diversity and Distributions, 17, 1186-1197.
55. Pompe, S., Hanspach, J., Badeck, F., Klotz, S., Thuiller, W. & Kühn, I. (2008) Climate and land use change impacts on plant distributions in Germany. Biology Letters, 4, 564-567.
56. Potts, S.G., Biesmeijer, J.C., Bommarco, R. et al. (2011) Developing European conservation and mitigation tools for pollination services: approaches of the STEP (Status and Trends of European Pollinators) project. Journal of Apicultural Research, 50, 152-164.
57. Preston, F.W. (1960) Time and space and the variation of species. Ecology, 41, 612-627.
58. Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (eds) (2002) New atlas of the British and Irish flora: an atlas of the vascular plants of Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
59. Qian, H. & Ricklefs, R.E. (2007) A latitudinal gradient in large-scale beta diversity for vascular plants in North America. Ecology Letters, 10, 737-744.
60. Qian, H., Ricklefs, R.E. & White, P.S. (2005) Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America. Ecology Letters, 8, 15-22.
61. Qian, H., McKinney, M.L. & Kühn, I. (2008) Effects of introduced species on floristic similarity: comparing two US states. Basic and Applied Ecology, 9, 617-625.
62. R Development Core Team (2009) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
63. Rahbek, C. (2005) The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns. Ecology Letters, 8, 224-239.
64. Rocchini, D., Hortal, J., Lengyel, S., Lobo, J.M., Jiménez-Valverde, A., Ricotta, C., Bacaro, G. & Chiarucci, A. (2011) Accounting for uncertainty when mapping species distributions: the need for maps of ignorance. Progress in Physical Geography, 35, 211-226.
65. Rosindell, J. & Cornell, S.J. (2009) Species-area curves, neutral models, and long-distance dispersal. Ecology, 90, 1743-1750.
66. Saarinen, K., Lahti, T. & Marttila, O. (2003) Population trends of Finnish butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea) in 1991-2000. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12, 2147-2159.
67. Schweiger, O., Maelfait, J.P., van Wingerden, W., Hendrickx, F., Billeter, R., Speelmans, M., Augenstein, I., Aukema, B., Aviron, S., Bailey, D., Bukacek, R., Burel, F., Diekotter, T., Dirksen, J., Frenzel, M., Herzog, F., Liira, J., Roubalova, M. & Bugter, R. (2005) Quantifying the impact of environmental factors on arthropod communities in agricultural landscapes across organizational levels and spatial scales. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 1129-1139.
68. Schweiger, O., Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Klotz, S. & Kühn, I. (2008) Climate change can cause spatial mismatch of trophically interacting species. Ecology, 89, 3472-3479.
69. Schweiger, O., Heikkinen, R.K., Harpke, A., Hickler, T., Klotz, S., Kudrna, O., Kühn, I., Pöyry, J. & Settele, J. (2012) Increasing range mismatching of interacting species under global change is related to species traits. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 88-99.
70. Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Harpke, A., Kühn, I., van Swaay, C., Verovnik, R., Warren, M., Wiemers, M., Hanspach, J., Hickler, T., Kühn, E., van Halder, I., Veling, K., Vliegenthart, A., Wynhoff, I. & Schweiger, O. (2008) Climatic risk atlas of European butterflies. BioRisk, 1, 1-710.
71. Šizling, A.L., Kunin, W., Šizlingová, E., Reif, J. & Storch, D. (2011) Between geometry and biology: the problem of universality of the species-area relationship. The American Naturalist, 178, 602-611.
72. Soininen, J., Lennon, J.J. & Hillebrand, H. (2007) A multivariate analysis of beta diversity across organisms and environments. Ecology, 88, 2830-2838.
73. Spencer, M., Schwartz, S.S. & Blaustein, L. (2002) Are there fine-scale spatial patterns in community similarity among temporary freshwater pools? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11, 71-78.
74. Steinitz, O., Heller, J., Tsoar, A., Rotem, D. & Kadmon, R. (2006) Environment, dispersal and patterns of species similarity. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1044-1054.
75. Storch, D. & Šizling, A.L. (2008) The concept of taxon invariance in ecology: do diversity patterns vary with changes in taxonomic resolution? Folia Geobotanica, 43, 329-344.
76. Svenning, J.C. & Skov, F. (2007) Could the tree diversity pattern in Europe be generated by postglacial dispersal limitation? Ecology Letters, 10, 453-460.
77. Svenning, J.C., Flojgaard, C. & Baselga, A. (2011) Climate, history and neutrality as drivers of mammal beta diversity in Europe: insights from multiscale deconstruction. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, 393-402.
78. Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Araújo, M.B., Sykes, M.T. & Prentice, I.C. (2005) Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 8245-8250.
79. Tilman, D. (1988) Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
80. Tuomisto, H., Ruokolainen, K. & Yli-Halla, M. (2003) Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests. Science, 299, 241-244.
81. Whittaker, R.J., Nogués-Bravo, D. & Araújo, M.B. (2007) Geographical gradients of species richness: a test of the water-energy conjecture of Hawkins et al. (2003) using European data for five taxa. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 76-89.
82. Willis, K.J. & Whittaker, R.J. (2002) Species diversity - scale matters. Science, 295, 1245-1248.
83. Winter, M., Kühn, I., La Sorte, F.A., Schweiger, O., Nentwig, W. & Klotz, S. (2010) The role of non-native plants and vertebrates in defining patterns of compositional dissimilarity within and across continents. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 332-342.