Increases in individualistic words and phrases in American books, 1960-2008

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 7, 2012, Pages

  Twenge, Jean M ^a   Campbell, W Keith ^b   Gentile, Brittany ^b  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b University of Georgia ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BOOK; CONTENT ANALYSIS; CULTURAL FACTOR; INDIVIDUALIZATION; LANGUAGE; TREND STUDY; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BOOKS; FEMALE; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; LINGUISTICS; LITERATURE, MODERN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84863705253     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040181     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Schaie KW, (1965) A general model for the study of developmental problems. Psychol Bull 64: 92-107.
2. Stewart AJ, Healy JM, (1989) Linking individual development and social changes. Am Psychol 44: 30-42.
3. Koenig AM, Eagly AH, Mitchell AA, Ristikari T, (2011) Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychol Bull 137: 616-642.
4. Konrath SH, O'Brien EH, Hsing C, (2011) Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: A meta-analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 15: 180-198.
5. Lindfors P, Solantaus T, Rimpela A, (2012) Fears for the future among Finnish adolescents in 1983-2007: From global concerns to ill health and loneliness. J Adolesc: In press.
6. Simmons DD, Penn JR, (1994) Stability and sharing of value norms among American university student cohorts in 1970, 1980, and 1990. J Soc Psychol 134: 69-78.
7. Twenge JM, Im C, (2007) Changes in the need for social approval, 1958-2001. J Res Pers 41: 171-189.
8. Twenge JM, (2006) Generation me: Why today's young Americans are more confident, assertive, entitled-and more miserable than ever before. New York: Free Press. 304 p.
9. Andre M, Lissner L, Bengtsson C, Hallstrom T, Sundh V, et al. (2010) Cohort differences in personality in middle-aged women during a 36-year period. Scand J Public Health 38: 457-464.
10. Terracciano A, (2010) Secular trends and personality: Perspectives from longitudinal and cross-cultural studies. Perspect Psychol Sci 5: 93-96.
11. Twenge JM, Campbell WK, Gentile B, (2012) Generational increases in agentic self-evaluations among American college students, 1966-2009. Self Identity: In press.
12. Twenge JM, Foster JD, (2010) Birth cohort increases in narcissistic personality traits among American college students, 1982-2009. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 1: 99-106.
13. Trzesniewski KH, Donnellan MB, (2010) Rethinking "Generation Me": A study of cohort effects from 1976-2006. Perspect Psychol Sci 5: 58-75.
14. Kim H, Markus HR, (1999) Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol 77: 785-800.
15. Lamoreaux M, Morling B, (2012) Outside the head and outside individualism-collectivism: Further meta-analyses of cultural products. J Cross Cult Psychol 43: 299-327.
16. Morling B, Lamoreaux M, (2008) Measuring culture outside the head: A meta-analysis of individualism-collectivism in cultural products. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 12: 199-221.
17. Uhls YT, Greenfield PM, (2011) The rise of fame: An historical content analysis. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research 5: Article 1.
18. Friedan B, (1963) The feminine mystique. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 410 p.
19. Howe N, Strauss W, (2000) Millennials rising: The next great generation. New York: Vintage Books. 415 p.
20. Kroeber A, Kluckhohn C, (1952) Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum. 223 p.
21. Zou X, Tam KP, Morris MW, Lee SL, Lau IY, et al. (2009) Culture as common sense: Perceived consensus versus personal beliefs as mechanisms of cultural influence. J Pers Soc Psychol 97: 579-597.
22. Pennebaker JW, (2011) The secret life of pronouns: What our words say about us. New York: Bloomsbury Press. 352 p.
23. DeWall CN, Pond RS, Campbell WK, Twenge JM, (2011) Tuning in to psychological change: Linguistic markers of psychological traits and emotions over time in popular U.S. song lyrics. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 5: 200-207.
24. Michel JB, Shen YK, Aiden AP, Veres A, Gray MK, et al. (2011) Quantitative analysis of culture using millions of digitized books. Science 331: 176-182.
25. Baumeister RF, (1987) How the self became a problem. J Pers Soc Psychol 52: 163-176.
26. Fukuyama F, (1999) The great disruption: Human nature and the reconstitution of social order. New York: Free Press. 354 p.
27. Myers DG, (2000) The American paradox: Spiritual hunger in an age of plenty. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 414 p.
28. Yankelovich D, (1981) New rules: Searching for self-fulfillment in a world turned upside down. New York: Bantam. 278 p.
29. Markus HR, Kitayama S, (1991) Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol Rev 98: 224-253.
30. Buhrmester M, Kwang T, Gosling SD, (2011) Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspect Psychol Sci 6: 3-5.
31. U.S Census, (2004) The statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
32. Twenge JM, Campbell WK, (2009) The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement. New York: Free Press. 339 p.
33. Schwartz SH, Bardi A, (2001) Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a similarities perspective. J Cross Cult Psychol 32: 268-290.