Genital warts: A comprehensive review

Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 25-36

  Patel, Rita V ^a   Yanofsky, Valerie R ^b   Goldenberg, Gary ^a,c  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Dermatology Faculty Practice   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUOROURACIL; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; IMIQUIMOD; PLACEBO; PODOPHYLLOTOXIN; PROTEIN P53; RECOMBINANT INTERFERON; TRICHLOROACETIC ACID; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

ARTHRALGIA; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRONCHOSPASM; BURNING SENSATION; CANCER INVASION; CARBON DIOXIDE LASER; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CRYOTHERAPY; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DIZZINESS; DRUG COST; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELECTROSURGERY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EPIDERMIS; EROSION; ERYTHEMA; FATIGUE; FEVER; FOLLOW UP; GASTROENTERITIS; GENITAL SYSTEM; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 11; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 18; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 6; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; INJECTION SITE EDEMA; INJECTION SITE ERYTHEMA; INJECTION SITE PAIN; INJECTION SITE PRURITUS; MALAISE; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; OPEN READING FRAME; PAIN; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRURITUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RHINOPHARYNGITIS; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL INTERCOURSE; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN IRRITATION; SURGICAL SCISSOR EXCISION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYNCOPE; TREATMENT DURATION; ULCER; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; VACCINATION; VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA; VIROLOGY; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VOMITING;

EID: 84863671805     PISSN: 19412789     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Fleischer AB, Jr., et al. Condylomata acuminata (genital warts): patient demographics and treating physicians. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28(11):643-647.
2. Cates W, Jr. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. American Social Health Association Panel. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26(4 Suppl):S2-S7.
3. Batista CS, et al. 5-FU for genital warts in non-immunocompromised individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(4):CD006562.
4. Markowitz LE, et al. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56(RR-2):1-24.
5. Tyring SK. Human papillomavirus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and host immune response. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(1 Pt 2):S18-S26. (Pubitemid 30447908)
6. Lombard I, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype as a major determinant of the course of cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(8):2613-2619. (Pubitemid 28363023)
7. Brown DR, et al. Detection of multiple human papillomavirus types in Condylomata acuminata lesions from otherwise healthy and immunosuppressed patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(10):3316-3322. (Pubitemid 29455226)
8. Insinga RP, Dasbach EJ, Elbasha EH. Epidemiologic natural history and clinical management of human papillomavirus (HPV) disease: a critical and systematic review of the literature in the development of an HPV dynamic transmission model. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:119.
9. Moore RA, et al. Imiquimod for the treatment of genital warts: a quantitative systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2001;1:3.
10. Koutsky LA, Galloway DA, Holmes KK. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Epidemiol Rev. 1988;10:122-163. (Pubitemid 18262843)
11. Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W, Jr. Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2004;36(1): 6-10. (Pubitemid 38258322)
12. Scheinfeld N, Lehman DS. An evidence-based review of medical and surgical treatments of genital warts. Dermatol Online J. 2006;12(3):5.
13. Mougin C, et al. [Epidemiology of cervical papillomavirus infections. Recent knowledge]. Presse Med. 2001;30(20): 1017-1023.
14. Sanclemente G, Gill DK. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and pathogenesis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(3):231-240. (Pubitemid 34785320)
15. Koutsky L. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Am J Med. 1997;102(5A):3-8. (Pubitemid 127695953)
16. Koliopoulos G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomized studies. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104(1):232-246. (Pubitemid 46054137)
17. Jenkins D, et al. Histological and immunocytochemical study of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with associated HPV 6 and HPV 16 infections. J Clin Pathol. 1986;39(11):1177-1180. (Pubitemid 17187732)
18. McDougall JK, Beckmann AM, Kiviat NB. Methods for diagnosing papillomavirus infection. Ciba Found Symp. 1986;120:86-103.
19. Pirog EC, Chen YT, Isacson C. MIB-1 immunostaining is a beneficial adjunct test for accurate diagnosis of vulvar condyloma acuminatum. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24(10): 1393-1399.
20. Winer RL, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection: incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(3):218-226. (Pubitemid 36152435)
21. Baken LA, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection among male and female sex partners: prevalence and type-specific concordance. J Infect Dis. 1995;171(2):429-432.
22. Ho GY, et al. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(7): 423-428. (Pubitemid 28135669)
23. Coleman N, et al. Immunological events in regressing genital warts. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102(6):768-774.
24. Oriel JD. Natural history of genital warts. Br J Vener Dis. 1971;47(1):1-13.
25. Dubina M. Viral-associated non-melanoma skin cancers: a review. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31(6):561-573.
26. Schwartz RA. Verrucous carcinoma of the skin and mucosa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(1):1-21; quiz 22-24.
27. Scheffner M, et al. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell. 1990;63(6):1129-1136. (Pubitemid 120035062)
28. Brownstein MH, Shapiro L. Verrucous carcinoma of skin: epithelioma cuniculatum plantare. Cancer. 1976;38(4): 1710-1716.
29. Batsakis JG, et al. The pathology of head and neck tumors: verrucous carcinoma, part 15. Head Neck Surg. 1982;5(1):29-38. (Pubitemid 13234771)
30. Drachenberg CB, et al. Comparative study of invasive squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity: expression of bcl-2, p53, and Her-2/neu, and indexes of cell turnover. Cancer Detect Prev. 1997;21(6):483-489. (Pubitemid 27518936)
31. Stanley M. Pathology and epidemiology of HPV infection in females. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;117(2 Suppl):S5-S10.
32. Maden C, et al. History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(1):19-24. (Pubitemid 23023218)
33. US Department of Health and Human Services. Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma Publication No 92-0023. Clinical Practice Guidelines No 1; 1998.
34. G VK. Podophyllotoxin for condyloma acuminata eradication. Clinical and experimental comparative studies on Podophyllum lignans, colchicine, and 5-fluorouracil. Acta Dermatolvenereol. 1991;98:31-48.
35. Mohanty KC. The cost effectiveness of treatment of genital warts with podophyllotoxin. Int J STD AIDS. 1994;5(4): 253-256. (Pubitemid 24230472)
36. Lacey CJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of podophyllotoxin solution, podophyllotoxin cream, and podophyllin in the treatment of genital warts. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79(4):270-275. (Pubitemid 37026341)
37. Greenberg MD, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of 0.5% podofilox and placebo for the treatment of genital warts in women. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;77(5):735-739.
38. Edwards A, Atma-Ram A, Thin RN. Podophyllotoxin 0.5% v podophyllin 20% to treat penile warts. Genitourin Med. 1988;64(4):263-265.
39. Beutner KR, et al. Genital warts and their treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(Suppl 1):S37-S56. (Pubitemid 29249960)
40. Wiley DJ, et al. External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(Suppl 2):S210-S224. (Pubitemid 35178333)
41. Perry CM, Lamb HM. Topical imiquimod: a review of its use in genital warts. Drugs. 1999;58(2):375-390. (Pubitemid 29403277)
42. Bilu D, Sauder DN. Imiquimod: modes of action. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(Suppl 66):5-8. (Pubitemid 38064505)
43. Sauder DN, et al. Topical imiquimod 5% cream as an effective treatment for external genital and perianal warts in different patient populations. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30(2):124-128. (Pubitemid 36184359)
44. Arany I, et al. Enhancement of the innate and cellular immune response in patients with genital warts treated with topical imiquimod cream 5%. Antiviral Res. 1999;43(1):55-63. (Pubitemid 29361501)
45. Edwards L, et al. Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts. HPV Study Group. Human papillomavirus. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(1):25-30. (Pubitemid 28087109)
46. Gollnick H, et al. Safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of penile genital warts in uncircumcised men when applied three times weekly or once per day. Int J STD AIDS. 2001;12(1):22-28. (Pubitemid 32113007)
47. FDA Approves Zyclara. http://www.drugs.com/new drugs/fdaapproves- zyclara-imiquimod-cream-3-75-actinic-keratoses- 2082.html. Accessed on April 14, 2011.
48. New Data Demonstrate Zyclara™ Imiquimod 3.75% Superior to Placebo for Treatment of External Genital Warts (EGW). http://www.gracewaypharma.com/ news/0094-new-datademonstrate- zyclara%E2%84%A2-imiquimod-375-superiorplacebo- treatment-external-genital-wa. Accessed on April 14, 2011.
49. Meltzer SM, Monk BJ, Tewari KS. Green tea catechins for treatment of external genital warts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(3):233; e1-7.
50. Ahn W-S, Y.J., Huh S-W, et al. Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003;12:383-390.
51. Sutherland BA, Rahman RM, Appleton I. Mechanisms of action of green tea catechins, with a focus on ischemiainduced neurodegeneration. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17(5): 291-306.
52. Abdullah AN, Walzman M, Wade A. Treatment of external genital warts comparing cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen) and trichloroacetic acid. Sex Transm Dis. 1993;20(6):344-345. (Pubitemid 23347231)
53. Godley MJ, et al. Cryotherapy compared with trichloroacetic acid in treating genital warts. Genitourin Med. 1987;63(6):390-392. (Pubitemid 18026260)
54. Taner ZM, et al. Therapeutic value of trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of isolated genital warts on the external female genitalia. J Reprod Med. 2007;52(6):521-525. (Pubitemid 46981873)
55. Kodner CM, Nasraty S. Management of genital warts. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70(12):2335-2342.
56. Simmons PD, Langlet F, Thin RN. Cryotherapy versus electrocautery in the treatment of genital warts. Br J Vener Dis. 1981;57(4):273-274. (Pubitemid 11014875)
57. Handley JM, et al. Subcutaneous interferon alpha 2a combined with cryotherapy vs cryotherapy alone in the treatment of primary anogenital warts: a randomised observer blind placebo controlled study. Genitourin Med. 1991;67(4):297-302.
58. Stone KM, et al. Treatment of external genital warts: a randomised clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation. Genitourin Med. 1990;66(1):16-19. (Pubitemid 20095882)
59. Scoular A. Choosing equipment for treating genital warts in genitourinary medicine clinics. Genitourin Med. 1991;67(5):413-419.
60. Duus BR, et al. Refractory condylomata acuminata: a controlled clinical trial of carbon dioxide laser versus conventional surgical treatment. Genitourin Med. 1985;61(1):59-61. (Pubitemid 15019010)
61. Pennington BE, Leffell DJ. Mohs micrographic surgery: established uses and emerging trends. Oncology (Williston Park). 2005;19(9):1165-1171; discussion 1171-1172, 1175.
62. Ferenczy A, Bergeron C, Richart RM. Human papillomavirus DNA in CO2 laser-generated plume of smoke and its consequences to the surgeon. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75(1): 114-118. (Pubitemid 20047944)
63. Carrozza PM, et al. CO2 laser surgery for extensive, cauliflower-like anogenital condylomata acuminata: retrospective long-term study on 19 HIV-positive and 45 HIV-negative men. Dermatology. 2002;205(3):255-259. (Pubitemid 36158536)
64. Sawchuk WS, et al. Infectious papillomavirus in the vapor of warts treated with carbon dioxide laser or electrocoagulation: detection and protection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21(1): 41-49. (Pubitemid 19171464)
65. Garden JM, et al. Papillomavirus in the vapor of carbon dioxide laser-treated verrucae. JAMA. 1988;259(8):1199-1202. (Pubitemid 18058832)
66. von Krogh G, et al. European guideline for the management of anogenital warts. Int J STD AIDS. 2001;12(Suppl 3):40-47.
67. von Krogh G, Longstaff E. Podophyllin office therapy against condyloma should be abandoned. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77(6):409-412. (Pubitemid 33086921)
68. Dyment PG. Human papillomavirus infection. Adolesc Med. 1996;7(1):119-130.
69. Longley DB, Harkin DP, Johnston PG. 5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(5):330-338. (Pubitemid 37328853)
70. Wein AJ, Benson GS. Treatment of urethral condyloma acuminatum with 5-fluorouracil cream. Urology. 1977;9(4):413-415. (Pubitemid 8068939)
71. G VK. The beneficial effect of 1% 5-FU in 70% ethanol on therapeutically refractory condylomas in the preputial cavity. Sex Transm Dis. 1978;5:137-140.
72. Yang J, et al. Interferon for the treatment of genital warts: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:156.
73. Petersen CS, et al. Systemic interferon alpha-2b increases the cure rate in laser treated patients with multiple persistent genital warts: a placebo-controlled study. Genitourin Med. 1991;67(2):99-102.
74. Vance JC, et al. Intralesional recombinant alpha-2 interferon for the treatment of patients with condyloma acuminatum or verruca plantaris. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122(3):272-277. (Pubitemid 16132929)
75. Douglas JM, Jr., et al. A randomized trial of combination therapy with intralesional interferon alpha 2b and podophyllin versus podophyllin alone for the therapy of anogenital warts. J Infect Dis. 1990;162(1):52-59.
76. Schwartz JL. HPV vaccination's second act: promotion, competition, and compulsion. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(10):1841-1844.
77. Schiller JT, Davies P. Delivering on the promise: HPV vaccines and cervical cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004;2(4):343-347. (Pubitemid 39490104)
78. Gardasil [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck & Co.
79. Dillner J, et al. Four year efficacy of prophylactic human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine against low grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital warts: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c3493.
80. Villa LL. Overview of the clinical development and results of a quadrivalent HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) vaccine. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11(Suppl 2):S17-S25. (Pubitemid 350298917)
81. Castle PE, Scarinci I. Should HPV vaccine be given to men? BMJ. 2009;339:b4127.
82. Kim JJ, Goldie SJ. Cost effectiveness analysis of including boys in a human papillomavirus vaccination programme in the United States. BMJ. 2009;339:b3884.
83. Cervarix [package Insert]. Brentford, Middlesex, United Kingdom: GlaxoSmithKline.
84. Saslow D, et al. American Cancer Society Guideline for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine use to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57(1): 7-28. (Pubitemid 46148088)
85. Einstein MH, et al. Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of Cervarix and Gardasil human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical cancer vaccines in healthy women aged 18-45 years. Hum Vaccin. 2009;5(10):705-719.