Cardiovascular health in the menopausal woman: Impact of the timing of hormone replacement therapy

Climacteric

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 299-305

  Rosano, G ^a   Vitale, C ^a   Spoletini, I ^a   Fini, M ^a  

^a IRCCS SAN RAFFAELE PISANA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular Risk; Estrogen; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Menopause; Postmenopausal Women; Progestin

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; PLACEBO;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; HORMONE RESPONSE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TIME; VASCULARIZATION; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

AGE FACTORS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; POSTMENOPAUSE; PROGESTINS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84863596947     PISSN: 13697137     EISSN: 14730804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2012.658899     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et a l . Risks and benefi ts of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women' Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-33
2. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al . Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women' Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701-12
3. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al . Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;335:453-61
4. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al . Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997;336: 1769-1775
5. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:933-41
6. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et a l . Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses health study. N Engl J Med 1991;325:756-62
7. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al . Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1016-37
8. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al . Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: HEART and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:49-57
9. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T , et a l . Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280: 605-13
10. Vickers MR, Maclennan AH, Lawton B, et a l . Main morbidities recorded in the Women' International Study of long Duration Oestrogen after Menopause (WISDOM): A randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. BMJ 2007;335:239
11. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al . Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:523-34
12. Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R, et al . Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2004;292:1573-80
13. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, et al . Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: The Women' Health Initiative: A randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289:2673-84
14. Prentice RL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML, et a l . Combined analysis of Women' Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:589-99
15. Curb JD, Prentice RL, Bray PF, et al . Venous thrombosis and conjugated equine estrogen in women without a uterus. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:772-80
16. Hendrix SL, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Johnson KC, et al . Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women' Health Initiative. Circulation 2006;113:2425-34
17. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et a l . Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465-77
18. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Greyber E, Salpeter EE. Brief report: CORONARY heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women. A meta-Analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:363-6
19. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: The role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006;15: 35-44
20. Hernán MA, Alonso A, Logan R, et al . Observational studies analyzed like randomized experiments: An application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease. Epidemiology 2008;19:766-79
21. Karas RH. Current controversies regarding the cardiovascular effects of hormone therapy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2004;47:489-99
22. Willett WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et a l . Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women. Risk within the 'normal' weight range. JAMA 1995;273:461-5
23. Shetty KD, Vogt WB, Bhattacharya J. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular health in the United States. Med Care 2009;47:600-6
24. Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P. Prior to use of estrogen replacement therapy, are users healthier than nonusers' Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:971-8
25. Karas RH, Clarkson TB. Considerations in interpreting the cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy observed in the WHI: Timing is everything. Menopausal Med 2003;10:8-12
26. Clarkson TB, Appt SE. Controversies about HRT - lessons from monkey models. Maturitas 2005;51:64-74
27. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et a l . Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-Artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:522-9
28. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Azen SP, et al . Hormone therapy and the progression of coronary-Artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2003;349:535-45
29. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J , et al . Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2432-40
30. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Lobo RA , et a l . Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:939-53
31. Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE , et a l . Estrogen therapy and coronary-Artery calcifi cation. N Engl J Med 2007;356: 2591-2602
32. Allison MA, Manson JE, Langer RD, et al . Oophorectomy, hormone therapy, and subclinical coronary artery disease in women with hysterectomy: The Women' Health Initiative coronary artery calcium study. Menopause 2008;15:639-47
33. Goodman N, Goldzieher J, Ayala C. Critique of the report from the Writing Group of the WHI. Menopausal Med 2003;10:1-4
34. Vitale C, Mercuro G, Cerquetani E, et al . Time since menopause infl uences the acute and chronic effect of estrogens on endothelial function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:348-52
35. Losordo DW, Kearney M, Kim EA, Jekanowski J, Isner JM. Variable expression of the estrogen receptor in normal and atherosclerotic coronary arteries of premenopausal women. Circulation 1994;89:1501-10
36. Post WS, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Wilhide CC, et al . Methylation of the estrogen receptor gene is associated with aging and atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:985-91
37. Grodstein F, Clarkson TB, Manson JE. Understanding the divergent data on postmenopausal hormone therapy. N Engl J Med 2003;348:645-50
38. Tannen RL, Weiner MG, Xie D, Barnhart K. Estrogen affects post-menopausal women differently than estrogen plus progestin replacement therapy. Hum Reprod 2007;22:1769-77
39. Sorensen KE, Dorup I, Hermann AP, Mosekilde L. Combined hormone replacement therapy does not protect women against the age-related decline in endothelium-dependent vasomotor function. Circulation 1998;97:1234-8
40. Adams MR, Register TC, Golden DL, Wagner JD, Williams JK. Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:217-21
41. Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe GD, Scarabin PY. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: Systematic review and meta-Analysis. BMJ 2008;336:1227-31
42. Vrablik M, Fait T, Kovar J, Poledne R, Ceska R. Oral but not transdermal estrogen replacement therapy changes the composition of plasma lipoproteins. Metabolism 2008;57:1088-92
43. Alessandri N, Piccioni MG, Isabelli V, et al . Morphological and functional changes of cardiovascular system in postmenopausal women. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2007;11:107-17
44. Stevenson JC, Crook D, Godsland IF. Infl uence of age and menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women. Atherosclerosis 1993;98:83-90
45. Sowers MR, Randolph J Jr, Jannausch M, Lasley B, Jackson E, McConnell D. Levels of sex steroid and cardiovascular disease measures in premenopausal and hormone-treated women at midlife: Implications for the 'timing hypothesis' . Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2146-53
46. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences. Science 2005;308:1583-7
47. Schindler TH, Campisi R, Dorsey D , et a l . Effect of hormone replacement therapy on vasomotor function of the coronary microcirculation in post-menopausal women with medically treated cardiovascular risk factors. Eur Heart J 2009;30:978-86
48. Huang AJ, Sawaya GF, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Grady D. Hot flushes, coronary heart disease, and hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2009;16:639-43
49. Szmuilowicz ED, Manson JE, Rossouw JE, et a l . Vasomotor symptoms and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2011;18:603-10
50. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 420, November 2008: Hormone therapy and heart disease. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:1189-92
51. North American Menopause Society. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: JULY 2008 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2008;15: 584-602
52. Miller VM, Black DM, Brinton EA, et a l . Using basic science to design a clinical trial: Baseline characteristics of women enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS). J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2009;2:228-39
53. ELITE: EARLY Versus Late Intervention Trial With Estradiol. ClinicalTrials. gov Identifi er: nct00114517. http://www.clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT00114517 [serial online]; accessed May 30, 2008