Long-term mechanical ventilation: Management strategies

Respiratory Care

Volumn 57, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 889-897

  White, Alexander C ^a  

^a New England Sinai Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

Long term mechanical ventilation; Mechanical ventilation; Prolonged mechanical ventilation; Tracheostomy; Weaning

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; ASSISTED CIRCULATION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DIAPHRAGM INJURY; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; MANAGED CARE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NONHUMAN; PATIENT IDENTIFICATION; PATIENT SELECTION; REVIEW; STRATEGIC PLANNING; TRACHEOSTOMY; TREATMENT DURATION; DIAPHRAGM; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; STATISTICS; SURVIVOR;

DIAPHRAGM; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; LONG-TERM CARE; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL; RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY; SURVIVORS; TRACHEOSTOMY; VENTILATOR WEANING;

EID: 84863560004     PISSN: 00201324     EISSN: 19433654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01850     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Nelson JE, Cox CE, Hope AA, Carson SS. Chronic critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182(4):446-454.
2. Boles JM, Bion J, Connors A, Herridge M, Marsh B, Melot C, et al. Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 2007;(5):1033-1056.
3. MacIntyre NR, Epstein SK, Carson S, Scheinhorn D, Christopher K, Muldoon S, et al. Management of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: report of a NAMDRC consensus conference. Chest 2005;128(6):3937-3954.
4. Farfel JM, Franca SA, Sitta MDC, Filho WJ, Carvalho CRR. Age, invasive ventilatory support and outcomes in elderly patients admitted to intensive care units. Age Ageing 2009;(5):515-520.
5. Topeli A, Cakir B. Hospital survival of older patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit. Aging Clin Exp Res 2007;(1):69-74.
6. Criswell DS, Shanely RA, Betters JJ, McKenzie MJ, Sellman JE, Van Gammeren DL, et al. Cumulative effects of aging and mechanical ventilation on in vitro diaphragm function. Chest 2003;(6):2302-2308.
7. Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia ME, Budak MT, Rothenberg P, et al. Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans. N Engl J Med 2008;358(13):1327-1335.
8. Rennie MJ. Anabolic resistance in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2009;37(10 Suppl):S398-S399.
9. Pisani MA. Considerations in caring for the critically ill older patient. J Intensive Care Med 2009;24(2):83-95.
10. Ghamloush M, O'Connor HH, White AC. Patient-ventilator interaction in the long-term acute-care hospital. Respir Care 2011;56(2): 207-213.
11. Scheinhorn D, Hassenpflug M, Votto J, Chao D, Epstein SK, Doig G, et al. Ventilator-dependent survivors of catastrophic illness transferred to 23 long term care hospitals for weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Chest 2007;131(1):76-84.
12. Grasso S, Leone A, De Michele M, Anaclerio R, Cafarelli A, Ancona G, et al. Use of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide to detect acute cardiac dysfunction during weaning failure in difficult-to-wean patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 2007;35(1):96-105.
13. Shirzad M, Karimi A, Ahmadi SH, Marzban M, Tazik M, Aramin H. Predictors and early outcome of prolonged mechanical ventilation in contemporary heart valve surgery. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2010; 74(1):22-27.
14. Zapata L, Vera P, Roglan A, Gich I, Ordonez-Llanos J, Betbese AJ. B-type natriuretic peptides for prediction and diagnosis of weaning failure from cardiac origin. Intensive Care Med 2011;37(3):477-485.
15. Adamopoulos C, Tsagourias M, Arvaniti K, Veroniki F, Matamis D. Weaning failure from mechanical ventilation due to hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Intensive Care Med 2005;31(5):734-737.
16. de Jonghe B, Lacherade J-C, Sharshar T, Outin H. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: risk factors and prevention. Crit Care Med 2009;37(10 Suppl):S309-S315.
17. Fan E, Zanni JM, Dennison CR, Lepre SJ, Needham DM. Critical illness neuromyopathy and muscle weakness in patients in the intensive care unit. AACN Adv Crit Care 2009;20(3):243-253.
18. Sharshar T, Bastuji-Garin S, De Jonghe B, Stevens RD, Polito A, Maxime V, et al. Hormonal status and ICU-acquired paresis in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2010;36(8):1318-1326.
19. Stevens RD, Dowdy DW, Michaels RK, Mendez-Tellez PA, Pronovost PJ, Needham DM. Neuromuscular dysfunction acquired in critical illness: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2007;33(11): 1876-1891.
20. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Narrative review: ventilator-induced respiratory muscle weakness. Ann Intern Med 2010;153(4):240-245.
21. De Jonghe B, Bastuji-Garin S, Durand M-C, Malissin I, Rodrigues P, Cerf C, et al. Respiratory weakness is associated with limb weakness and delayed weaning in critical illness. Crit Care Med 2007;35(9): 2007-2015.
22. Haitsma JJ. Diaphragmatic dysfunction in mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011;24(2):214-218.
23. Kavazis AN, Talbert EE, Smuder AJ, Hudson MB, Nelson WB, Powers SK. Mechanical ventilation induces diaphragmatic mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidant production. Free Radic Biol Med 2009;46(6):842-850.
24. Sassoon CS, Caiozzo VJ. Bench-to-bedside review: diaphragm muscle function in disuse and acute high-dose corticosteroid treatment. Crit Care 2009;13(5):221.
25. Sassoon CSH, Zhu E, Caiozzo VJ. Assist-control mechanical ventilation attenuates ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170(6):626-632.
26. Futier E, Constantin J-M, Combaret L, Mosoni L, Roszyk L, Sapin V, et al. Pressure support ventilation attenuates ventilator-induced protein modifications in the diaphragm. Crit Care 2008;12(5):R116.
27. Epstein SK. How often does patient-ventilator asynchrony occur and what are the consequences? Respir Care 2011;56(1):25-38.
28. Elizur A, Sweet SC, Huddleston CB, Gandhi SK, Boslaugh SE, Kuklinski CA, et al. Pre-transplant mechanical ventilation increases short-term morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26(2):127-131.
29. Driscoll JA, Chakinala MM. Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008;9(1):65-81.
30. Onders R, McGee MF, Marks J, Chak A, Schilz R, Rosen MJ, et al. Diaphragm pacing with natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: potential for difficult-to-wean intensive care unit patients. Surg Endosc 2007;21(3):475-479.
31. Onders RP, Elmo M, Khansarinia S, Bowman B, Yee J, Road J, et al. Complete worldwide operative experience in laparoscopic diaphragm pacing: results and differences in spinal cord injured patients and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Surg Endosc 2009;23(7): 1433-1440.
32. Banerjee A, Girard TD, Pandharipande P. The complex interplay between delirium, sedation, and early mobility during critical illness: applications in the trauma unit. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011;24(2): 195-201.
33. Scheinhorn DJ, Chao DC, Stearn-Hassenpflug M, Wallace WA. Outcomes in post-ICU mechanical ventilation: a therapist-implemented weaning protocol. Chest 2001;119(1):236-242.
34. Chao DC, Scheinhorn DJ. Determining the best threshold of rapid shallow breathing index in a therapist-implemented patient-specific weaning protocol. Respir Care 2007;52(2):159-165.
35. Vitacca M, Vianello A, Colombo D, Clini E, Porta R, Bianchi L, et al. Comparison of two methods for weaning patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 15 days. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164(2):225-230.
36. Blackwood B, Alderdice F, Burns K, Cardwell C, Lavery G, O'Halloran P. Use of weaning protocols for reducing duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:c7237.
37. Burns KE, Adhikari NK, Keenan SP, Meade MO. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as a weaning strategy for intubated adults with respiratory failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(8):CD004127.
38. Carlucci A, Ceriana P, Prinianakis G, Fanfulla F, Colombo R, Nava S. Determinants of weaning success in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit Care 2009;13(3):R97.
39. Brochard L, Rauss A, Benito S, Conti G, Mancebo J, Rekik N, et al. Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150(4):896-903.
40. Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, Alia I, Solsona JF, Valverdu I, et al. A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1995;332(6):345-350.
41. Scheinhorn D, Hassenpflug M, Votto J, Chao D, Epstein SK, Doig G, et al. Post-ICU mechanical ventilation at 23 long-term care hospitals: a multicenter outcomes study. Chest 2007;131(1):85-93.
42. Mamary AJ, Kondapaneni S, Vance GB, Gaughan JP, Ubado JM, Criner GJ. Survival in patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation: Factors that influence outcome Clin Med Insights 2011;5: 17-26.
43. Scheinhorn DJ, Chao DC, Hassenpflug MS, Gracey DR, Scheinhorn DJ, Chao DC, et al. Post-ICU weaning from mechanical ventilation: the role of long-term facilities. Chest 2001;120(6 Suppl):482S-484S.
44. Bigatello LM, Stelfox HT, Berra L, Schmidt U, Gettings EM. Outcome of patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation after critical illness. Crit Care Med 2007;35(11):2491-2497.
45. Sereika SM, Tate JA, DiVirgilio-Thomas D, Hoffman LA, Swigart VA, Broyles L, et al. The association between bathing and weaning trial duration. Heart Lung 2011;40(1):41-48.
46. Pilcher DV, Bailey MJ, Treacher DF, Hamid S, Williams AJ, Davidson AC. Outcomes, cost and long term survival of patients referred to a regional weaning centre. Thorax 2005;60(3):187-192.
47. Wu Y-K, Kao K-C, Hsu K-H, Hsieh M-J, Tsai Y-H. Predictors of successful weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation in Taiwan. Respir Med 2009;103(8):1189-1195.
48. Wieske L, Harmsen RE, Schultz MJ, Horn J. Is critical illness neuromyopathy and duration of mechanical ventilation decreased by strict glucose control? Neurocritical Care 2011;14(3):475-481.
49. Camhi SL, Mercado AF, Morrison RS, Du Q, Platt DM, August GI, et al. Deciding in the dark: advance directives and continuation of treatment in chronic critical illness. Crit Care Med 2009;37(3):919-925.
50. Penson RT, Schapira L, Mack S, Stanzler M, Lynch TJ Jr. Connection: Schwartz Center Rounds at Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. Oncologist 2010;15(7):760-764.
51. White AC, Joseph B, Gireesh A, Shantilal P, Garpestad E, Hill NS, et al. Terminal withdrawal of mechanical ventilation at a long-term acute care hospital: comparison with a medical ICU. Chest 2009; 136(2):465-470.
52. Aboussouan LS, Lattin CD, Kline JL. Determinants of long-term mortality after prolonged mechanical ventilation. Lung 2008;186(5): 299-306.
53. Weber S. Traumatic complications of airway management. Anesthesiol Clin North America 2002;20(3):503-512.
54. Diehl JL, El Atrous S, Touchard D, Lemaire F, Brochard L. Changes in the work of breathing induced by tracheotomy in ventilator-dependent patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159(2):383-388.
55. Engels PT, Bagshaw SM, Meier M, Brindley PG. Tracheostomy: from insertion to decannulation. Can J Surg 2009;52(5):427-433.
56. Liew L, Gibbins N, Oyarzabal M. How I do it: securing tracheostomy tubes. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008;265(5):607-608.
57. Burke A. The advantages of stay sutures with tracheostomy Ann Royal Coll Surg Engl 1981;63(6):426-428.
58. Tabaee A, Lando T, Rickert S, Stewart MG, Kuhel WI, Tabaee A, et al. Practice patterns, safety, and rationale for tracheostomy tube changes: a survey of otolaryngology training programs. Laryngoscope 2007; 117(4):573-576.
59. White AC, Kher S, O'Connor HH. When to change a tracheostomy tube. Respir Care 2010;55(8):1069-1075.
60. Rumbak MJ, Walsh FW, Anderson WM, Rolfe MW, Solomon DA. Significant tracheal obstruction causing failure to wean in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: a forgotten complication of long-term mechanical ventilation. Chest 1999;115(4):1092-1095.
61. Schmidt U, Hess D, Kwo J, Lagambina S, Gettings E, Khandwala F, et al. Tracheostomy tube malposition in patients admitted to a respiratory acute care unit following prolonged ventilation. Chest 2008; 134(2):288-294.
62. Siddharth P, Mazzarella L. Granuloma associated with fenestrated tracheostomy tubes. Am J Surg 1985;150(2):279-280.
63. Backman S, Bjorling G, Johansson UB, Lysdahl M, Markstrom A, Schedin U, et al. Material wear of polymeric tracheostomy tubes: a six-month study. Laryngoscope 2009;119(4):657-664.
64. Tassinari D, Poggi B, Fantini M, Tamburini E, Sartori S. Treating sialorrhea with transdermal scopolamine. Exploiting a side effect to treat an uncommon symptom in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2005;13(7):559-561.
65. Young CA, Ellis C, Johnson J, Sathasivam S, Pih N. Treatment for sialorrhea (excessive saliva) in people with motor neuron disease/ amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(5): CD006981.
66. Ohmae Y, Adachi Z, Isoda Y, Maekawa H, Kitagawa Y, Karaho T, et al. [Effects of one-way speaking valve placement on swallowing physiology for tracheostomized patients: impact on laryngeal clearance.] Nihon Jibinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 2006;109(7):594-599. Article in Japanese.
67. Hess DR. Facilitating speech in the patient with a tracheostomy. Respir Care 2005;50(4):519-525.
68. O'Connor HH, Kirby KJ, Terrin N, Hill NS, White AC. Decannulation following tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation. J Intensive Care Med 2009;24(3):187-194.
69. de Lassence A, Alberti C, Azoulay E, Le Miere E, Cheval C, Vincent F, et al. Impact of unplanned extubation and reintubation after weaning on nosocomial pneumonia risk in the intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter study. Anesthesiology 2002;97(1): 148-156.
70. Eisner MD, Thompson T, Hudson LD, Luce JM, Hayden D, Schoenfeld D, et al. Efficacy of low tidal volume ventilation in patients with different clinical risk factors for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164(2):231-236.
71. Hager DN, Krishnan JA, Hayden DL, Brower RG, Network ACT. Tidal volume reduction in patients with acute lung injury when plateau pressures are not high. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172(10): 1241-1245.
72. Parthasarathy S. Sleep during mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2004;10(6):489-494.
73. Bailey PP, Miller RR 3rd, Clemmer TP. Culture of early mobility in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2009;37(10 Suppl): S429-S435.
74. Truong AD, Fan E, Brower RG, Needham DM. Bench-to-bedside review: mobilizing patients in the intensive care unit-from pathophysiology to clinical trials. Crit Care 2009;13(4):216.