Why is rosacea considered to be an inflammatory disorder? The primary role, clinical relevance, and therapeutic correlations of abnormal innate immune response in rosacea-prone skin

Journal of Drugs in Dermatology

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 694-700

  Del Rosso, James Q ^a,b,c   Gallo, Richard L ^d   Kircik, Leon ^e,f,g   Thiboutot, Diane ^h   Baldwin, Hilary E ⁱ   Cohen, David ^j  

^a VALLEY HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b TOURO UNIVERSITY NEVADA   (United States)

^c Las Vegas Skin & Cancer Clinics Ltd   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e Physicians Skin Care PLLC   (United States)

^f MOUNT SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ SUNY Downstate Medical Center   (United States)

^j NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPALENE; AZELAIC ACID; AZITHROMYCIN; BENZOYL PEROXIDE; BRIMONIDINE; CLINDAMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; ISOTRETINOIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; METRONIDAZOLE; MINOCYCLINE; OXYMETAZOLINE; PIMECROLIMUS; RETINOIC ACID; TACROLIMUS; TETRACYCLINE; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; ERYTHEMA; ERYTHEMATOTELANGIECTATIC ROSACEA; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INNATE IMMUNITY; PAPULOPUSTULAR ROSACEA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; ROSACEA; VASCULARIZATION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INFLAMMATION; ROSACEA; SKIN; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84863545051     PISSN: 15459616     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Crawford GH, Pelle MT, James WD. Rosacea I: etiology, pathogenesis, and subtype classification. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:327-341. (Pubitemid 39178655)
2. Wilkin J, Dahl M, Detmar M, et al. Standardized classification system of rosacea: Report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the classification and staging of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:584-587.
3. Odom R, Dahl M, Dover J, et al. Standard management options for rosacea, part 1: overview and broad spectrum of care. Cutis. 2009;84:43-47.
4. Del Rosso JQ, Baldwin H, Webster G. American Acne & Rosacea Society rosacea medical management guidelines. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:531-533.
5. McAleer MA, Fitzpatrick P, Powell FC. Papulopustular rosacea: prevalence and relationship to photodamage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:33-39.
6. Abram K, Silm H, Oona M. Prevalence of rosacea in an Estonian working population using a standard classification. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010;90:269-73.
7. Woolery-Lloyd H, Good E. Acne and rosacea in skin of color. Cosmet Dermatol. 2011;24:159-162.
8. Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Aubert J, et al. Clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;15:2-11.
9. Schwab VD, Sulk M, Seeliger S, et al. Neurovascular and neuroimmune aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;15:53-62.
10. Bamford JTM. Rosacea: current thoughts on origin. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001;20:199-206. (Pubitemid 32927782)
11. Steinhoff M, Stander S, Seelinger S, et al. Modern aspects of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:479-488.
12. Thibotout D, Thieroff-Ekerdt R, Graupe K. Efficacy and safety of azelaic acid (15%) gel as a new treatment for papulopustular rosacea: results from two vehicle-controlled randomized phase III studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:836-845. (Pubitemid 36706214)
13. Elewski B, Fleischer AB, Pariser DM et al. A comparison of 15% azelaic acid gel and 0.75% metronidazole gel in the topical treatment of papulopustular rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1444-1450. (Pubitemid 37433134)
14. Del Rosso JQ, Baum EW. Comprehensive medical management of rosacea: an interim study report and literature review. J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol. 2008;1:20-25.
15. Subramanyan K. Role of mild cleansing in the management of patient skin. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(4 suppl):26-34.
16. Torok HM. Rosacea skin care. Cutis. 2000;66(4 Suppl):14-16.
17. Marks R. The enigma of rosacea. J Dermatol Treat. 2007;18:326-328. (Pubitemid 350223201)
18. Yamasaki K, Gallo RL. The molecular pathology of rosacea. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;55(2):77-81.
19. Fleischer AB. Inflammation in rosacea and acne: implications for patient care. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:614-620.
20. Guzman-Sanchez DA, Ishiuji Y, et al. Enhanced skin blood flow and sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli in papulopustular rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:800-805. (Pubitemid 47553073)
21. Oztas MO, Balk M, Ogus E, et al. The role of free radicals in the aetiopathogenesis of rosacea. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:188-192. (Pubitemid 36459629)
22. Yamasaki K, Gallo RL. Rosacea as a disease of cathelicidins and skin innate immunity. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;15:53-62.
23. Bevins CL, Liu FT. Rosacea: skin innate immunity gone awry? Nat Med. 2007;13(8):904-906. (Pubitemid 47222032)
24. Yamasaki K, Kanada K, Macleod DT, et al. TLR2 expression is increased in rosacea and stimulates enhanced serine protease production by keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:688-697.
25. Rosina P, Zamperetti M, Giovannini A, et al. Videocapillaroscopic alterations in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:100-104. (Pubitemid 41832465)
26. De Y, Chen Q, Schmidt AP, et al. LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL-1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. J Exp Med. 2000;192:1069-1074.
27. Koczulla R, von Degenfeld G, Kupatt C, et al. An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1665-72. (Pubitemid 38057748)
28. Park HJ, Cho DH, Kim HJ, et al. Collagen synthesis is suppressed in dermal fibroblasts by the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:843-50.
29. Aubdool AA, Brain SD. Neurovascular aspects of skin neurogenic inflammation. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;15:33-39.
30. Del Rosso JQ. Update on rosacea pathogenesis and correlation with medical therapeutic agents. Cutis. 2006;78:97-100. (Pubitemid 44433118)
31. Martin DB, Gaspari AA. Toll-like receptors. In: Gaspari AA, Tyring SK, Eds. Clinical and Basic Immunology. Springer-Verlag, London, 2008, pp 67-84.
32. Meylan E, Tschopp J, Karin M. Intracellular pattern recognition receptors in the host response. Nature. 2006;442:39-44. (Pubitemid 44064203)
33. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311:1770-1773.
34. Lundwall A, Brattsand M. Kallikrein-related peptidases. Cell Mol Life. 2008;65:2019-2038.
35. Sotiropoulo G, Pampalakis G, Diamandis EP. Functional roles of human kallikrein-related peptidases. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:32989-32994.
36. Lazaridou E, Giannopoulou C, Fotiadou C, et al. The potential role of microorganisms in the development of rosacea. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9:21-25.
37. McAleer MA, Lacey N, Powell FC. The pathophysiology of rosacea. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2009;144:663-671.
38. Bielenberg DR, Bucana CD, Sanchez R, et al. Molecular regulation of UVB-induced cutaneous angiogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;111:864-872. (Pubitemid 28509331)
39. Kanada KN, Nakatsuji T, Gallo RL. Doxycycline indirectly inhibits proteolytic activation of tryptic kallikrein-related peptidases and activation of cathelicidin. J Invest Dermatol. 2012 (accepted for publication).
40. Dirschka T, Tronnier H, Folster-Holst R. Epithelial barrier function and atopic diathesis in rosacea and perioral dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:1136-1141. (Pubitemid 38932283)
41. Draelos ZD. Treating beyond the histology of rosacea. Cutis. 2004;74(3 Suppl):28-31. (Pubitemid 39330115)
42. Torok HM. Rosacea skin care. Cutis. 2000;66(4 Suppl):14-16.
43. Elias PM. The skin barrier as an innate immune element. Semin Immunopath. 2007;29:3-14. (Pubitemid 47596384)
44. Voegeli R, Rawlins AV, Doppler S, et al. Increased basal transepidermal water loss leads to elevation of some but not all stratum corneum serine proteases. Int J Cos Sci. 2008; 30:435-42.
45. Del Rosso JQ, Levin J. The clinical relevance of maintaining the functional integrity of the stratum corneum in both healthy and disease-affected skin. J Clinical Aesthet Dermatol. 2011;91:22-42.
46. Pelle MT, Crawford GH, James WD. Rosacea II: therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:499-512.
47. Del Rosso JQ. Medical treatment of rosacea with emphasis on topical therapies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5:5-13. (Pubitemid 38072714)
48. McClellan KJ, Noble S. Topical metronidazole: a review of its uses in rosacea. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000;1:191-199.
49. Liu RH, Smith MK, Basta SA, et al. Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1047-1052. (Pubitemid 44268483)
50. Odom R, Dahl M, Dover J, et al. Standard management options for rosacea, part 2: options according to rosacea subtype. Cutis. 2009;84:97-104.
51. Kennedy Carney C, Cantrell W, Elewski BE. Rosacea: a review of current topical, systemic and light based therapies. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2009;144:673-688.
52. Del Rosso JQ, Webster GW, Jackson M, et al. Two randomized phase II clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40 mg doxycycline, USP capsules) administered once daily for treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:791-801.
53. Del Rosso JQ. Anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8:664-668.
54. Webster GF. An open-label, community-based, 12-week assessment of the effectiveness and safety of monotherapy with doxycycline 40 mg (30-mg immediate- release and 10-mg delayed-release beads). Cutis. 2010;86(5 Suppl):7-15.
55. Ertl GA, Levine N, Kligman AM. A comparison of the efficacy of topical tretinoin and low-dose oral isotretinoin in rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:319-24. (Pubitemid 24107870)
56. Park H, Del Rosso JQ. Use of oral isotretinoin in the management of rosacea. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011;4:54-61.
57. Del Rosso JQ. Advances in understanding and managing rosacea part 1: connecting the dots between pathophysiologic mechanisms and common clinical features of rosacea with emphasis on vascular changes and facial erythema. J Clinical Aesthet Dermatol. 2012 (in press).
58. Del Rosso JQ. Advances in understanding and managing rosacea part 2: the central role, evaluation, and medical management of diffuse and persistent facial erythema of rosacea. J Clinical Aesthet Dermatol. 2012 (in press).
59. Fowler J, Jarratt M, Moore A, et al. Once-daily topical brimonidine tartrate gel 0.5% is a novel treatment of moderate to severe facial erythema of rosacea: results of two multicenter, randomized and vehicle-controlled studies. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Nov 2. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10716.x. [Epub ahead of print].
60. Shanler SD, Ondo AL. Successful treatment of erythema and flushing of rosacea using a topically applied selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, oxymetazoline. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:1369-1371.
61. Miyachi Y. Potential antioxidant mechanism of action for metronidazole: implications for rosacea management. Adv Ther. 2001;18:237-243. (Pubitemid 34117279)
62. Narayanan S, Hünerbein A, Getie M, et al. Scavenging properties of metronidazole on free oxygen radicals in a skin lipid model system. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007;59:1125-1130. (Pubitemid 47265360)
63. Akamatsu, H, Oguchi, M, Nishijima S, et al. The inhibition of free radical generation by human neutrophils through the synergistic effects of metronidazole with palmitoleic acid: a possible mechanism of action of metronidazole in rosacea and acne. Arch. Dermatol Res. 1990;282: 449-454. (Pubitemid 20350067)
64. Beaufort N, Plaza K, Utzschneider D, et al. Interdependence of kallikrein related pedtidases in proteolytic networks. Biol Chem. 2010;391:581-587.
65. Akamatsu, H, Komura J, Asada Y, et al. Inhibitory effect of azelaic acid on neutrophil functions: a possible cause for its efficacy in treating pathogenetically unrelated disease. Arch Dermatol Res. 1991;283:162-166.
66. Yamasaki K, Gallo RK et al. Effect of azelaic acid on cathelicidin and serine protease expression. Poster presentation at Fall Clinical Dermatology Conference: October 15-18 2009; Las Vegas, NV.
67. Sapadin AN, Fleischmajer R. Tetracyclines: non-antibiotic properties and their clinical implications. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:258-265. (Pubitemid 43144395)
68. Korting HC, Schollmann C. Tetracycline actions relevant to rosacea treatment. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2009;22:287-294.
69. Webster G, Del Rosso JQ. Anti-inflammatory activity of tetracyclines. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25:122-135.
70. Golub LM, Lee HM, Ryan ME, et al. Tetracyclines inhibit connective tissue breakdown by multiple nonantimicrobial mecahanisms. Adv Derm Res. 1998;12:12-26.
71. Del Rosso JQ, Schlessinger J, Werschler P. Comparison of anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline versus doxycycline 100 mg in the treatment of rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:573-576.