Projections of mid-century summer air-quality for North America: Effects of changes in climate and precursor emissions

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 5367-5390

  Kelly, J ^a,b   Makar, P A ^a   Plummer, D A ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; AMMONIA; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CLIMATE EFFECT; CLIMATE MODELING; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMISSION CONTROL; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; GREENHOUSE GAS; NITROGEN; OZONE; PARTICULATE MATTER; REGIONAL CLIMATE; SUMMER;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 84863201516     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-5367-2012     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Averny, S., Mauszerall, D. L., Liu, J., and Horowitz, L. W.: Global crop yield reductions due to surface ozone exposure: 2. Year 2030 potential crop production losses and economic damage under two scenarios of O3 pollution, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2297-2309, 2011.
2. Avise, J., Chen, J., Lamb, B., Wiedinmyer, C., Guenther, A., Salathé, E., and Mass, C.: Attribution of projected changes in summertime US ozone and PM2.5 concentrations to global changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1111-1124, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1111-2009, 2009.
3. Bechtold, P., Bazile, E., Guichard, F., Mascart, P., and Richard, E.: A mass flux convection scheme for regional and global models, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 869-886, 2001. (Pubitemid 32403727)
4. Bell, M. L., Goldberg, R., Hogrefe, C., Kinney, P. L., Knowlton, K., Lynn, B., Rosenthal, J., Rosenzweig, C., and Patz, J. A.: Climate change, ambient ozone, and health in 50 US cities, Climatic Change, 82, 61-76, 2007. (Pubitemid 46571745)
5. Brasseur, G. P., Schultz, M., Granier, C., Saunois, M., Diehl, T., Botzet, M., Roeckner, E., and Walters, S.: Impact of climate change on the future chemical composition of the global troposphere, J. Climate, 19, 3932-3951, 2006. (Pubitemid 44405151)
6. Briggs, G. A.: Plume rise and buoyancy effects, in: Atmospheric Science and Power Productions, edited by: Randerson, D. J., DOE/PIC-27601, Technical Information Center, US DOE, Oak Ridge, TN, 327-366, 1984.
7. Briggs, G. A.: Analytical parameterizations of diffusion: the con-vective boundary layer, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 24, 1167-1186, 1985.
8. Caya, D. and Laprise, R.: A semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian regional climate model: The Canadian RCM, Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 341-362, 1999.
9. CEP: Carolina Environmental Program, Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emission (SMOKE) modelling system University of North Carolina, Carolina Environmental Programs, Chapel Hill, NC, see http://www.smoke-model.org/index. cfm 2003.
10. Chang, H. H., Zhou, J., and Fuentes, M.: Impact of climate change on ambient ozone level and mortality in Southeastern United States, Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 7, 2866-2880, 2010.
11. Chen, J., Avise, J., Guenther, A., Wiedinmyer, C., Salathe, E., Jackson, R. B., and Lamb, B.: Future land use and land cover influences on regional biogenic emissions and air quality in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5771-5780, 2009a.
12. Chen, J., Avise, J., Lamb, B., Salathé, E., Mass, C., Guenther, A., Wiedinmyer, C., Lamarque, J.-F., O'Neill, S., McKenzie, D., and Larkin, N.: The effects of global changes upon regional ozone pollution in the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1125-1141, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1125-2009, 2009b.
13. Cheng, C. S., Campbell, M., Li, Q., Li, G., Auld, H., Day, N., Pen-gelly, D., Gingrich, S., and Yap, D.: A synoptic climatological approach to assess climatic impact on air quality in south-central Canada. Part II: Future estimates, Water Air Soil Pollut., 182, 117-130, 2007. (Pubitemid 46742150)
14. Cheng, C. S., Campbell, M., Li, Q., Auld, H., Day, N., Pengelly, D., Gingrich, S., Klaassen, J., MacIver, D., Comer, N., Mao, Y., Thompson, W., and Lin, H.: Differential and combined impacts of extreme temperatures and air pollution on human mortality in south-central Canada. Part II: Future estimates, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 2, 223-235, 2009.
15. Civerolo, K., Hogrefe, C., Lynn, B., Rosenthal, J., Ku, J., Solecki, W., Cox, J., Small, C., Rosenzweig, C., Goldberg, R., Knowl-ton, K., and Kinney, P.: Estimating the effects of increased urbanization on surface meteorology and ozone concentrations in the New York City metropolitan region, Atmos. Env., 41, 1803-1818, 2007. (Pubitemid 46150194)
16. CMOS: Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, 2007, Statement on Climate Change, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Bulletin, 35, 99-106, 2007.
17. Côté, J., Gravel, S., Méthot, A., Patoine, A., Roch, M., and Stan-iforth, A.: The operational CMC-MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model. Part 1: Design considerations and formulation, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 1373-1395, 1998. (Pubitemid 128597642)
18. Dave, J. V.: Development of programs for computing characteristics of ultraviolet radiation, Final Report under Contract NAS 5-21680, NASA Report CR-139134, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, NTIS # N75-10746/6SL, 27 pp., 1972.
19. Davies, H. C.: A lateral boundary formulation for multilevel prediction models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 405-418, 1976.
20. Dawson, J. P., Adams, P. J., and Pandis, S. N.: Sensitivity of ozone to summertime climate in the eastern USA: A modelling case study, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1494-1511, 2007. (Pubitemid 46149429)
21. DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Molina, M. J., Golden, D. M., Hamp-son, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Evaluation Number 8, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 266 pp., 1988.
22. Demuzere, M. and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: A new method to estimate air-quality levels using a synoptic-regression approach. Part I: Present-day O3 and PM10 analysis, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1341-1355, 2010a.
23. Demuzere, M. and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: A new method to estimate air-quality levels using a synoptic-regression approach. Part II: Future O3 concentrations, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1356-1366, 2010b.
24. Engardt, M.: Modelling of near-surface ozone over South Asia, J. Atmos. Chem., 59, 61-80, 2008.
25. Fiore, A. M., Levy II, H., and Jaffe, D. A.: North American isoprene influence on intercontinental ozone pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1697-1710, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1697-2011, 2011.
26. Flato, G. M., Boer, G. J., Lee, W. G., McFarlane, N. A., Ramsden, D., Reader, M. C., and Weaver, A. J.: The Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis Global Coupled Model and its climate, Clim. Dynam., 16, 451-467, 2000. (Pubitemid 30454354)
27. Forkel, R. and Knoche, R.: Regional climate change and its impact on photooxidant concentrations in southern Germany: Simulations with a coupled regional climate-chemistry model, J. Geo-phys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D12302, doi:10.1029/2005JD006748, 2006. (Pubitemid 44687641)
28. Forkel, R. and Knoche, R.: Nested regional climate-chemistry simulations for central Europe, Compt. Rendus Geosci., 339, 734-746, 2007. (Pubitemid 350091505)
29. Fujino, J., Nair, R., Kainuma, M., Masui, T., and Matsuoka, Y.: Multigas mitigation analysis on stabilization scenarios using AIM global model, Multigas Mitigation and Climate Policy. The Energy Journal Special Issue, 343-354, 2006.
30. Fung, C. S., Misra, P. K., Bloxam, R., and Wong, S.: A numerical experiment on the relative importance of H2O2 and O3 in aqueous conversion of SO2 to SO24-, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 411-423, 1991.
31. Gal-Chen, T. and Sommerville, R. C.: On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solution of Navier-Stokes, J. Comput. Phys., 17, 209-228, 1975.
32. Gent, P. R., Bryan, F. O., Danabasoglu, G., Doney, S. C., Holland, W. R., Large, W. G., and McWilliams, J. C.: The NCAR climate system model global ocean component, J. Climate, 11, 1287-1306, 1998. (Pubitemid 28466191)
33. Gong, S. L., Barrie, L. A., and Lazare, M.: Canadian Aerosol Module (CAM): A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models 2. Global sea-salt aerosol and its budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4779, doi:10.1029/2001JD002004, 2003a.
34. Gong, S. L., Barrie, L. A., Blanchet, J.-P., von Salzen, K., Lohmann, U., Lesins, G., Spacek, L., Zhang, L. M., Girard, E., Lin, H., Leaitch, R., Leighton, H., Chylek, P., and Huang, P.: Canadian Aerosol Module: A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models. 1. Module development, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4007, doi:10.1029/2001JD002002, 2003b.
35. Gong, W., Dastoor, A. P., Bouchet, V. S., Gong, S. L., Makar, P. A., Moran, M. D., Pabla, B., Menard, S., Crevier, L.-P., Cousineau, S., and Venkatesh, S.: Cloud processing of gases and aerosols in a regional air quality model (AURAMS), Atmos. Res., 82, 248-275, 2006. (Pubitemid 44469234)
36. Hijioka, Y., Matsuoka, Y., Nishimoto, H., Masui, M., and Kainuma, M.: Global GHG emissions scenarios under GHG concentration stabilization targets, Journal of Global Environmental Engineering, 13, 97-108, 2008. (Pubitemid 351486284)
37. Hogrefe, C., Lynn, B., Civerolo, K., Ku, J.-Y., Rosenthal, J., Rosen-zweig, C., Goldberg, R., Gaffin, S., Knowlton, K., and Kin-ney, P. L.: Simulating changes in regional air pollution over the eastern United States due to changes in global and regional climate and emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22301, doi:10.1029/2004JD004690, 2004. (Pubitemid 40294875)
38. Houyoux, M. R., Vukovich, J. M., Coats Jr., C. J., and Wheeler, N. J. M.: Emission inventory development and processing for the Seasonal Model for Regional Air Quality (SMRAQ) project, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9079-9090, 2000.
39. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, edited by: Nacenovic, N. and Swart, R., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 612 pp., 2000.
40. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 12-17, 2007.
41. Jacob, D. J. and Winner, D. A.: Effect of climate change on air quality, Atmos. Environ., 43, 51-63, 2009.
42. Jackson, J. E., Yost, M. G., Karr, C., Fitzpatrick, C., Lamb, B. K, Chung, S. H., Chen, J., Avise, J., Rosenblatt, R. A., and Fenske, R. A.: Public health impacts of climate change in Washington State: Projected mortality risks due to heat events and air pollution, Climate Change, 102, 159-186, 2010.
43. Jacobson, M. Z. and Streets, D. B.: Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural emissions, and air quality, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08118, doi:10.1029/2008JD011476, 2009.
44. Kain, J. S. and Fritsch, J. M.: A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its implication in convective parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802, 1990.
45. Kawase, H., Nagashima, T., Sudo, K., and Nozawa, T.: Future changes in tropospheric ozone under Representative Con-centration Pathways (RCPs), Geophy. Res. Lett., 38, L05801, doi:10.1029/2010GL046402, 2011.
46. Kelly, J., Makar, P. A., and Plummer, D. A.: Projections of mid-century summer air-quality for North America: effects of changes in climate and precursor emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 3875-3940, doi:10.5194/acpd-12-3875-2012, 2012.
47. Kuhn, M., Builtjes, P. J. H., Poppe, D. Simpson, D., Stockwell, W. R., Andersson-Skoeld, Y., Baart, A., Das, M., Fiedler, F., Hov, O., Kirchner, F., Makar, P. A., Milford, J. B., Roemer, M. G. M., Ruhnke, R., Strand, A., Vogel, B., and Vogel, H.: Intercompari-son of the Gas-Phase Chemistry in Several Chemistry and Transport Models, Atmos. Environ., 32, 693-709, 1998. (Pubitemid 28142516)
48. Lam, Y. F., Fu, J. S., Wu, S., and Mickley, L. J.: Impacts of future climate change and effects of biogenic emissions on surface ozone and particulate matter concentrations in the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4789-4806, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4789-2011, 2011.
49. Laprise, R., Caya, D., Frigon, A., and Paquin, D.: Current and perturbed climate as simulated by the second-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM-II) over northwestern North America, Clim. Dynam., 21, 405-421, 2003. (Pubitemid 37515223)
50. Lelieveld, J., Butler, T. M., Crowley, J. N., Dillon, T. J., Fischer, H., Ganzeveld, L., Harder, H., Lawrence, M. G., Martinez, M., Taraborrelli, D., and Williams, J.: Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest, Nature, 452, 737-740, doi:10.1038/nature06870, 2008. (Pubitemid 351521085)
51. Leung, L. R. and Gustafson Jr., W. I.: Potential regional climate change and implications to U.S. air quality, Geophys. Res. Lett, 32, L16711, doi:10.1029/2010GL046402, 2005.
52. Liao, H., Seinfeld, J. H., Adams, P. J., and Mickley, L. J.: Global radiative forcing of coupled tropospheric ozone and aerosols in a unified general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D16207, doi:10.1029/2003JD004456, 2004. (Pubitemid 39428411)
53. Liao, H., Chen, W.-T., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Role of climate change in global predictions of future tropospheric ozone and aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D12304, doi:10.1029/2005JD006852, 2006. (Pubitemid 44687643)
54. Liao, H., Henze, D. K., Seinfeld, J. H., Wu, S., and Mickley, L. J.: Biogenic secondary organic aerosol over the United States: Comparison of climatological simulations with observations, J. Geo-phys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D06201, doi:10.1029/2006JD007813, 2007. (Pubitemid 46824894)
55. Lin, J.-T, Wuebbles, D. J., Huang, H.-C., Tao, Z., Caughhey, M., Liang, X.-Z., Zhu, J.-H., and Holloway, T.: Potential effects of climate and emissions changes on surface ozone in the Chicago area, J. Great Lakes Res., 36 (supplement 2), 59-64, 2010.
56. Makar, P. A., Bouchet, V. S., and Nenes, A.: Inorganic Chemistry Calculations using HETV-A Vectorized Solver for the SO24-NO-3-NH+4 system based on the ISORROPIA Algorithms, At-mos. Environ., 37, 2279-2294, 2003. (Pubitemid 36428948)
57. Makar, P. A., Moran, M. D., Zheng, Q., Cousineau, S., Sassi, M., Duhamel, A., Besner, M., Davignon, D., Crevier, L.-P., and Bouchet, V. S.: Modelling the impacts of ammonia emissions reductions on North American air quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7183-7212, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7183-2009, 2009.
58. Makar, P. A., Zhang, J., Gong, W., Stroud, C., Sills, D., Hayden, K. L., Brook, J., Levy, I., Mihele, C., Moran, M. D., Tarasick, D. W., He, H., and Plummer, D.: Mass tracking for chemical analysis: the causes of ozone formation in southern Ontario during BAQS-Met 2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11151-11173, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11151-2010, 2010a.
59. Makar, P. A., Gong, W., Mooney, C., Zhang, J., Davignon, D., Samaali, M., Moran, M. D., He, H., Tarasick, D. W., Sills, D., and Chen, J.: Dynamic adjustment of climatological ozone boundary conditions for air-quality forecasts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8997-9015, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8997-2010, 2010b.
60. Meehl, G. A., Covey, C., Delworth, T., Latif, M., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, J. F. B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: The WCRP CMIP3 Mulitmodel dataset: A new era in climate change research, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 1383-1394, 2007. (Pubitemid 47616759)
61. Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Field, B. D., and Rind, D.: Climate response to the increase in tropospheric ozone since preindustrial times: A comparison between ozone and equivalent CO2 forcings, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D05106, doi:10.1029/2003JD003653, 2004a.
62. Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Field, B. D., and Rind, D.: Effects of future climate change on regional air pollution episodes in the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24103, doi:10.1029/2004GL021216, 2004b. (Pubitemid 40301175)
63. Mladjic, B., Sushama, L., Khaliq, M. N., Laprise, R., Caya, D., and Roy, R.: Canadian RCM projected changes to extreme precipitation characteristics over Canada, J. Climate, 24, 2565-2584, 2011.
64. Murazaki, K. and Hess, P.: How does climate change contribute to surface ozone change over the United States?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D05301, doi:10.1029/2005JD005873, 2006.
65. Murphy, J. M., Sexton, D. M. H., Barnett, D. N., Jones, G. S., Webb, M. J., Collins, M., and Stainforth, D. A.: Quantification of modelling uncertainties in a large ensemble of climate change simulations, Nature, 430, 768-772, 2004. (Pubitemid 39071344)
66. Odum, J. R., Jungkamp, T. P. W., Griffin, R. J., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: The atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of whole gasoline vapour, Science, 276, 96-99, 1996.
67. Peterson, J. T.: Calculated actinic fluxes (290-700 nm) for air pollution photochemistry applications, US Environmental Protection Agency Report Number EPA-600/4-76-025, 55 pp., 1976.
68. Pierce, T., Geron, C., Bender, L., Dennis, R., Tonneson, G., and Guenther, A.: Influence of increased isoprene emissions on regional ozone modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25611-25629, 1998. (Pubitemid 128700108)
69. Plummer, D. A., Caya, D., Frigon, A., Cote, H., Gigurere, M., Paquin, D., Biner, S., Harvey, R., and de Elia, R.: Climate and climate change over North America as simulated by the Canadian RCM, J. Climate, 19, 3112-3132, 2006. (Pubitemid 44177909)
70. Racherla, P. N. and Adams, P. J.: Sensitivity of Global Tro-pospheric Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations to Climate Change, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24103, doi:10.1029/2005JD006939, 2006. (Pubitemid 47260773)
71. Racherla, P. N. and Adams, P. J.: The response of surface ozone to climate change over the Eastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 871-885, doi:10.5194/acp-8-871-2008, 2008.
72. Racherla, P. N. and Adams, P. J.: U.S. ozone air quality under changing climate and anthropogenic emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 571-577, 2009.
73. RCP Database: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/tnt/RcpDb/dsd? Action=htmlpage&page=compare, last access: 18 May 2012.
74. Richtmyer, R. D.: Difference methods for initial value problems, Krieger Pub. Co., Malabar, Fla., 405 pp., 1994.
75. Riette, S. and Caya, D.: Sensitivity of short simulations to the various parameters in the new CRCM spectral nudging, in: Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, edited by: Ritchie, H., WMO/TD-No. 1105, Rep. 32, 7.39-7.40, 2002.
76. Scinocca, J. F. and McFarlane, N. A.: The parameterization of drag induced by stratified flow over anisotropic orography, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2353-2393, 2000.
77. Scinocca, J. F., McFarlane, N. A., Lazare, M., Li, J., and Plummer, D.: Technical Note: The CCCma third generation AGCM and its extension into the middle atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7055-7074, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7055- 2008, 2008.
78. Selin, N. E., Wu, S., Nam, K. M., Reilly, J. M., Paltsev, S., Prinn, R. G., and Webster, M. D.: Global health and economic impacts of future ozone pollution, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 044014, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/044014, 2009.
79. Sharf, G., Pleg, M., Livnat, M., and Luria, M.: Plume rise measurements from large point sources in Israel, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 1657-1663, 1993.
80. Sheffield, P. E., Knowlton, K., Carr, J. L., and Kinney, P. L.: Modeling of regional climate change effects on ground-level ozone and childhood asthma, Am. J. Preventative Med., 41, 251-257, 2011.
81. Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Pudykiewicz, J. A.: A class of semi-Lagrangian approximations for fluids, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2082-2096, 1992. (Pubitemid 23380796)
82. Stainforth, D. A., Aina, T., Christensen, C., Collins, M., Faull, N., Frame, D. J., Kettleborough, J. A., Knight, S., Martin, A., Murphy, J. M., Piani, C., Sexton, D., Smith, L. A., Spicer, R. A., Thorpe, A. J. and Allen, M. R.: Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases, Nature, 433, 403-406, doi:10.1038/nature03301, 2005. (Pubitemid 40203317)
83. Steiner, A. L., Tonse, S., Cohen, R. C., Goldstein, A. H., and Harley, R. A.: Influence of future climate and emissions on regional air quality in California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D18303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006935, 2006.
84. Stella, P., Personne, E., Loubet, B., Lamaud, E., Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Bonnefond, J. M., Irvine, M., Keravec, P., Mascher, N., and Cellier, P.: Predicting and partitioning ozone fluxes to maize crops from sowing to harvest: the Surfatm-O3 model, Biogeo-sciences, 8, 2869-2886, doi:10.5194/bg-8-2869-2011, 2011.
85. Stieb, D. M., Burnett, R. T., Smith-Doiron, M., Brion, O., Hwashin, H. S., and Economou, V.: A new multipollutant, no-threshold air quality health index based on short-term associations observed in daily time-series analyses, J. Air Waste Manage., 58, 435-450, 2008. (Pubitemid 351462985)
86. Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Ellingsen, K., van Noije, T. P. C., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Amann, M., Ather-ton, C. S., Bell, N., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Butler, T., Co-fala, J., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Doherty, R. M., Drevet, J., Eskes, H. J., Fiore, A. M., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Horowitz, L. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Krol, M. C., Lamarque, J.-F., Lawrence, M. G., Montanaro, V., Müller, J.-F., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M. G., Savage, N. H., Shindell, D. T., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., and Szopa, S.: Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D08301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.
87. Stockwell, W. R. and Lurmann, F. W.: Intercomparison of the ADOM and RADM gas-phase chemical mechanisms. Electrical Power Research Institute Topical Report, Electrical Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 401 pp., 1989.
88. Sushama, L., Khaliq, M. N., and Laprise, R.: Dry spell characteristics over Canada in a changing climate as simulated by the Canadian RCM, Global Planet. Change, 74, 1-14, 2010.
89. Tagaris, E., Manomaiphiboon, K., Liao, K.-J., Leung, L. R., Woo, J.-H., He, S., Amar, P., and Russell, A. G.: Impacts of global climate change and emissions on regional ozone and fine partic-ulate matter concentrations over the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14312, doi:10.1029/2006JD008262, 2007. (Pubitemid 47433830)
90. Tagaris, E., Liao, K.-J., Manomaiphiboon, K., He, S., Woo, J.-H., Amar, P., and Russell, A. G.: The role of climate and emission changes in future air quality over southern Canada and northern Mexico, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3973-3983, doi:10.5194/acp-8-3973-2008, 2008.
91. Tagaris, E., Liao, K.-J., Delucia, A. J., Deck, L., Amar, P., and Russell, A. G.: Potential impact of climate change on air pollution-related human health effects, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4979-4988, 2009.
92. Tagaris, E., Liao, K.-J., DeLucia, A. J., Deck, L., Amar, P., and Russell, A. G.: Sensitivity of air pollution-induced premature mortality to precursor emissions under the influence of climate change, Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 7, 2222-2237, 2010.
93. Timbal, B., Fernandez, E., and Li, Z.: Generalization of a statistical downscaling model to provide local climate change projections for Australia, Environ. Modell. Softw., 24, 341-358, 2009.
94. Turner, D. B.: Proposed pragmatic methods for estimating plume rise and plume penetration through atmospheric layers, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1215-1218, 1985.
95. US EPA: Assessment of the impacts of global change on regional US air quality: a synthesis of climate change impacts on ground-level ozone. An Interim Report of the US EPA Global Change Research Program, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-07/094F, available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, and online at: http://www.epa.gov/ncea, 2009.
96. Van Dingenen, R., Dentener, F. J., Raes, F., Krol, M. C., Emberson, L., and Cofala, J.: The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields under current and future air quality legislation, At-mos. Environ., 43, 604-618, 2009.
97. Venkatram, A., Karamchandani, P. K., and Misra, P. K.: Testing a comprehensive acid deposition model, Atmos. Environ., 22, 737-747, 1988. (Pubitemid 19296562)
98. Verseghy, D. L.: The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS): Its history and future, Atmosphere-Ocean, 38, 1-13, 2000.
99. Wise, E. K.: Climate-based sensitivity of air quality to climate change scenarios for the southwestern United States, Int. J. Cli-matol., 29, 87-97, 2009.
100. Wu, S., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., Yantosca, R. M., and Rind., D.: Why are there large differences between models in global budgets of tropospheric ozone?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D05302, doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007801, 2007. (Pubitemid 47386317)
101. Wu, S., Mickley, L. J., Leibensperger, E. M., Jacob, D. J., Rind, D., and Streets, D. G.: Effects of 2000-2050 global change on ozone air quality in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D06302, doi:10.1029/2007JD008917, 2008a.
102. Wu, S., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Rind, D., and Streets, D. G.: Effects of 2000-2050 changes in climate and emissions on global tropospheric ozone and the policy-relevant background surface ozone in the United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D18312, doi:10.1029/2007JD009639, 2008b.
103. Young, T. R. and Boris, J. P.: A numerical technique for solving stiff ordinary differential equations associated with the chemical kinetics of reactive-flow problems, J. Phys. Chem., 81, 2424-2427, 1977.
104. Zhang, G. J. and McFarlane, N. A.: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the CC-CGCM, Atmos. Ocean, 3, 407-446, 1995.
105. Zhang, L., Gong, S. L., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A Size-segregated Particle Dry Deposition Scheme for an Atmospheric Aerosol Module, Atmos. Environ., 35, 549-560, 2001.